两种常见麻蜥的生态生物学比较及分析

丽斑麻蜥(Eremias argus)和山地麻蜥(Eremiasbrenchleyi)是我国长江以北数量较多、分布较广的常见小型蜥蜴类,在动物学教材中常作为爬行纲的代表动物。为便于教学和研究,现将这两种麻蜥的生态生物学特征比较如下。1 两种麻蜥的分布及形态全世界约有麻蜥50种,我国有9种,其中丽斑麻蜥和山地麻蜥是我国长江以北地区分布较广、数量较多的种类。关于两种麻蜥在我国的具体分布地点和形     

密点麻蜥的食性及摄食的季节性变化

分析甘肃民勤２０９只成体和４３只幼体密点麻蜥胃含物表明,密点麻蜥是以动物性食物为主的杂食性动物,主要以甲虫和白刺果为食．成体出蛰后即开始强烈摄自,摄食率均在８３％以上．食性季节性变化显著,春季仅以动物为食,夏季动物性和植物性食物各半,秋季植物性食物占１／３．食物种类多样性和营养生态位宽度随体形增大而增加．     

两种麻蜥卵和孵出幼体的特征

研究了山地麻蜥和丽斑麻蜥实验条件下的卵及孵出幼体的特征.山地麻蜥产卵雌体的体长大于丽斑麻蜥,窝卵重小于丽斑麻蜥,但平均卵重和相对窝卵重与丽斑麻蜥相似.两种蜥蜴均通过增加卵长径和卵短径来增加卵重,但卵的外形不同,山地麻蜥卵较长.两种蜥蜴卵孵化过程中均吸水增重.相似孵化条件(波动温度、-12 kPa)下,山地麻蜥的孵化期明显比丽斑麻蜥长.山地麻蜥幼体的尾、头部大于丽斑麻蜥,但体重和SVL相似.     

鄂尔多斯地区密点麻蜥的食性分析

对采自内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯库布齐沙漠85只密点麻蜥Eremias multiocellata,采用胃剖法作食性分析,分别计算出它们的食物数量和频次百分比、营养生态位宽度、营养生态位重叠值和有益系数等。结果显示,密点麻蜥以觅食昆虫为主,其次为蛛形类和植物种子;其中包括2纲13目41科的节肢动物门物种。雌、雄个体的取食食性差异不显著,但幼体、亚成体和成体间食性有显著的差异。雌、雄个体的营养生态位重叠值较大。亚成体的营养生态位宽度与食物多样性指数最大,而成体最小。密点麻蜥的总有益系数为正值,表明该物种摄食较多的害虫。     

山地麻蜥生态的初步研究

山地麻蜥主要栖息在市郊海拔大于100m的山丘上部及山顶。研究结果表明,山地麻蜥正常密度大约为1只／100m^2,其数量与山丘土石状况、植被盖度及海拔高度有一定关系,与植被类型关系不大。山地麻蜥似乎有一定的“护洞”行为。主食昆虫和蜘蛛,春季食物生态位宽度大于秋季,食物生态位重叠度为0．61。性比变化较大,出蛰仞期和冬眠前期雄多雌少;而5～10月份期间,性比接近1。幼体至成体发育期间,雄性生长快于雌性;但成年期后,雌性头体部分的生长快于雄性,可能与怀卵有关。山地麻蜥种群可分为4个年龄组,个体数量比约为幼年：亚成年：成年A：成年B≈1．8：1．9：3．1：1,但成体与非成体的数量比约为1．2：1,应属于稳定型种群。个体自然寿命约为5.5～6周年。人类干扰是山地麻蜥种群下降的原因之一。     

甘肃密点麻蜥三个地理种群的两性异形研究

通过测量和比较采自甘肃省兰州市、张掖市和民勤县3个地区的密点麻蜥Eremias multiocellata成体样本的8个形态学量度指标,分析密点麻蜥雌雄间的两性差异和异速生长。结果表明,密点麻蜥兰州种群和张掖种群体长的两性差异无统计学意义,民勤种群雄性体长显著大于雌性。3个种群的头部大小、附肢长、尾部及最大腹宽在两性间均存在差异,具有两性异形现象。雄性个体头部较大、附肢和尾部较长;而最大腹宽在不同种群中有所不同,兰州种群和张掖种群雄性的最大腹宽显著小于雌性,民勤种群雄性则显著大于雌性。在个体发育过程中,前肢长、后肢长、头长、头宽、头高、尾长及最大腹宽均出现了不同程度的异速生长。     

三种荒漠蜥蜴空间和营养生态位研究

同一荒漠蜥蜴群落中,荒漠沙蜥（Ｐｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉｉ）和虫纹麻蜥（Ｅｒｅｍｉａｓｖｅｒｍｉｃｕｌａｔａ）,密点麻蜥（Ｅｒｅｍｉａｓｍｕｌｔｉｏｃｅｌｌａｔａ）占不有同的空间生态位,其间几乎不存在竞争。两个近缘种虽然占有相同空间生态位,但个体大的密点麻蜥食物种类特化,个体小的虫纹麻蜥偏重于利用较小的食物资源。占有相同空间生态位的近缘种,营养生态位向不同方向特化,利用不同的食物资源,从而在竞争中共存,保持群落结构的稳定性。     

中国八种麻蜥(蜥蜴科,麻蜥属)形态学研究

对8种麻蜥外部形态进行主成分分析,可分为4个种组:1)丽斑麻蜥Eremias argus与山地麻蜥Eremiasbrenchleyi;2)快步麻蜥Eremias velox与虫纹麻蜥Eremias vermiculata;3)密点麻蜥Eremias multiocellata、荒漠麻蜥Eremias przewalskii与敏麻蜥Eremias arguta;4)网纹麻蜥Eremias grammica.研究表明丽斑麻蜥前额鳞数不稳定;密点麻蜥莎车亚种Eremias multiocelfata yarkandensis可能为独立物种;荒漠麻蜥物种有效性值得怀疑.     

雄性山地麻晰选择体温、热耐受性及温度对食物同化和运动表现的影响

研究了捕自安徽宿州的成年雄性山地麻蜥（Eremias brenchleyi）选择体温、热耐受性、温度对食物同化和运动表现的影响。结果显示：①选择体温、临界高温和临界低温的平均值分别为33.7、43.6和3.3℃。②环境温度在26－38℃时,对山地麻蜥食物通过时间、摄食量、表观消化系数（ADC）、同化效率（AE）和运动表现有显著的影响;在26－30℃时食物通过时间随温度升高而缩短,通过30℃则随温度升高而延长;在26和28℃时,摄食量、ADC和AE均小于更高温度的对应值。③体温在19－34℃,蜥蜴的疾跑速随体温上升而加快,31和34℃时最快,超过34℃后随体温升高而减慢;31和34℃时的持续运动距离最长,超过36℃后随体温升高而显著缩短,但体温19－36℃蜥蜴的持续运动距离无显著差异;19－34℃蜥蜴的路道停顿次数较少,无显著差异,超过34℃后显著增加。     

三个种群有尾和断尾丽斑麻蜥的选择体温、表面活动和摄食量

用2006年4-6月捕自长安(陕西)、共和(青海)、哈尔滨(黑龙江)三个地理隔离种群尾部完整的丽斑麻蜥(Eremias argus)成年雄体检测断尾对选择体温、表面活动(表面调温个体数)和摄食量的影响。各种群个体均分为实验和对照组,在距尾基部10 mm处切除实验组蜥蜴尾部,获得断尾个体。实验和对照组个体饲养在相同的实验室条件下收集相关数据,历时四周。表面活动的种群间差异是不同种群个体对其所处区域热环境长期适应的结果。断尾个体减少表面活动见于所有三个种群,表明尾自切能导致丽斑麻蜥活动水平的改变。同一种群断尾和有尾个体表面活动的时间格局无显著差异,不同种群表面活动的时间格局无显著差异,这些结果表明丽斑麻蜥白天活动节律具有种的特异性,不受断尾影响。丽斑麻蜥选择体温随纬度或海拔升高而降低,这种变化趋势可能是热环境制约的结果。所有三个种群断尾个体的选择体温均低于有尾个体,表明断尾可改变丽斑麻蜥的体温调定点。丽斑麻蜥摄食量存在种群间差异,长安种群蜥蜴的摄食量显著大于共和种群蜥蜴。三个种群断尾个体均未增加摄食以满足尾再生的额外能量需求,表明增加摄食不是该种蜥蜴补偿断尾能量代价的对     

Population Dynamics Following the Last Glacial Maximum in Two Sympatric Lizards in Northern China

Phylogeographic studies of Eremias lizards （Lacertidae） in East Asia have been limited, and the impact of major climatic events on their population dynamics remains poorly known. This study aimed to investigate population histories and refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum of two sympatric Eremias lizards （E. argus and E. brenchleyi） inhabiting northern China. We sequenced partial mitochondrial DNA from the ND4 gene for 128 individuals of E. argus from nine localities, and 46 individuals of E. brenchleyi from five localities. Forty-four ND4 haplotypes were determined from E. argus samples, and 33 from E. brenchleyi samples. Population expansion events began about 0.0044 Ma in E. argus, and 0.031 Ma in E. brenchleyi. The demographic history of E. brenchleyi indicates a long-lasting population decline since the most recent common ancestor, while that of E. argus indicates a continuous population growth. Among-population structure was significant in both species, and there were multiple refugia across their range. Intermittent gene flow occurred among expanded populations across multiple refugia during warmer phases of the glacial period, and this may explain why the effective population size has remained relatively stable in E. brenchleyi and grown in E. argus.     

六种麻蜥核型的研究

报道麻蜥属(Eremias ,Lacertidae) 6种15个不同居群的染色体核型及银分带核型。丽斑麻蜥（E. argus）、快步麻蜥(E. velox)、敏麻蜥(E. arguta)、密点麻蜥(E. multiocellata)、网纹麻蜥（E. grammica ）的核型一致：2n=38=36I+ 2m,NF=38;虫纹麻蜥（E. vermiculata） 2n=38=12V+2sI+22I+2m, NF=50。中国麻蜥属的核型可分为3个类型：（1）丽斑麻蜥型（2）山地麻蜥(E. brenchleyi)型（3）虫纹麻蜥型。虫纹麻蜥核型演化有两种可能性（1）经历三倍体阶段,并通过罗伯逊易位形成;（2）通过染色体臂间倒位形成,倒位成因可能和天山山脉以及青藏高原的隆起有关。密点麻蜥、快步麻蜥、敏麻蜥、网纹麻蜥、虫纹麻蜥均观察到一对NOR于一对较小染色体对上。雌雄个体中均未发现性异型染色体。Abstract: Based on the Giemsa-dyeing karyotypes and silver-staining bands of 15 populations from different localities in China belonging to 6 species of the genus Eremias , We found all species studied have 19 pairs of chromosomes, the size of chromosomes reduces gradually and there are no marked differences between the arranged pairs of macrochromosomes except the last pair of microchromosome. There are the same karyotype formula as 2n=38=36I+2m with NF=38 in E. argus、 E. multiocellata、 E. velox、 E. arguta and E. grammica; but the karyotype formula of E.vermiculata is different as 2n=38=12V+2sI+22I+2m with NF=50. The NOR are all located on one small pair in female of E. velox, and E. arguta , in male of E. grammica and E. vermiculata ,and in both male and female of E. multiocellata. We have not found two or more than two pairs of NOR. Having one pair of NOR may be common in Genus Eremias and also the trait of Eremias. We speculate that the derivation of the karyotype of E.vermiculata had two possible way: one experienced the stage of triploid, and later the Robertsonian transposal of chromosomes; the other way was through the inversions between the arms on the chromosome and the phenomenon of inversions might occur during or subsequently after the upheaval of the Tibet and Qinghai plateau and the founding of the Tianshan . With regard to the trend of the evolution of chromosomes in the lizards [1], the karyotype of E.vermiculata is more advanced. Making specialties of E. vermiculata will help in building the phylogenic tree of Eremias. In both male and female of the species studied, the heteromorphic sex-chromosomes were not found.     

Comparative population genetics and phylogeography of two lacertid lizards (Eremias argus and E. brenchleyi) from China

Eremias argus and Eremias brenchleyi are lacertid lizards that are sympatric throughout the distribution of E. brenchleyi. We sequenced partial mitochondrial DNA from cytochrome (cyt) b gene for 106 individuals of E. argus from nine localities, and for 45 individuals of E. brenchleyi from five localities, in central and northern parts of North China. We determined 53 cyt b haplotypes from the E. argus samples, and 27 cyt b haplotypes from the E. brenchleyi samples. Only E. brenchleyi had followed a stepping-stone model of dispersal. Partitioned Bayesian phylogenetic analysis reveals that E. argus and E. brenchleyi are reciprocally monophyletic, and the divergence time between the two species was dated to about 4.1±1.2 million years ago. Geographical structuring of haplotypes is more significant in E. brenchleyi than in E. argus. Haplotypes of E. brenchleyi could be divided into four groups by the Yellow River and Taihang Mountains. Within-population genetic diversity indices are correlated neither with latitude nor with longitude. We calculated significant among-population structure for both species (E. argus: Φ(ST)=0.608, P<0.001; E. brenchleyi: Φ(ST)=0.925, P<0.001). Eremias brenchleyi has four independent management units, while E. argus has a more homogeneous genetic structure across its range. Our data show that: (1) the pattern seen in North American and European species that southern populations have higher genetic diversity as consequence of post-glaciation dispersal is absent in the two Chinese lizards; (2) the Yellow River and Taihang Mountains may have acted as important barriers to gene flow only in E. brenchleyi; and (3) genetic structure differs between the two lizards that differ in habitat preference and dispersal ability.     

环境因子对荒漠沙蜥种群密度影响的研究

本文研究人类改造荒漠的活动,植被,潜在的可利用的食物资源,竞争种的密度,土壤理化性质等坏境因子对荒漠沙蜥种群密度的影响。结果说明：人类的活动对沙蜥种群密度没有显著影响;决定沙蜥种群密度的主导因子是潜在的可利用的食物资源,植被,土壤含水量,竞争种的密度。这些因子的任何改变都能改变沙蜥的种群密度,均具有调节种群的作用。     

荒漠麻蜥的染色体核型观察

采用常规骨髓细胞制片法,对采自甘肃省民勤县的荒漠麻蜥Eremias przewalskii染色体核型进行分析。荒漠麻蜥染色体核型为2n=38=36I+2m,具18对大型端部着丝粒型和1对微小染色体,属丽斑麻蜥型,与蜥蜴科和麻蜥属的染色体核型一致。系统整理已报道的麻蜥属核型资料,在此基础上探讨麻蜥属的染色体核型特征与演化。     

洱海鲢、鳙的食物组成及与太湖新银鱼的食性重叠研究

为了研究鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）、鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）两种鱼食物组成的空间变化,分析了2010年7月至2011年10月在洱海古生和北部两采样点逐月采集或收集的共93尾鲢和71尾鳙的肠道内含物,对其食物组成的季节变化、空间变化及与太湖新银鱼（Neosalanx taihuensis）的食物重叠进行了研究。结果表明,鲢、鳙全年摄食的饵料生物数分别为75 属和 64属。根据相对重要性指数（IRI%）,微囊藻（Microcystis）和象鼻溞（Bosmina）为两种鱼的主要饵料类群。鲢、鳙的食物组成呈明显的季节变化,这与饵料生物的季节变化密切相关。在空间上,两种鱼在古生摄食的浮游植物比例大于北部,这是由不同区域饵料生物组成差异导致的结果。Schoener重叠指数显示鲢、鳙与太湖新银鱼之间的食性重叠不显著（E0.6）。       

北京松山国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源调查

2009～2010年对北京松山国家级自然保护区两栖爬行类进行了4次调查,调查到两栖爬行类11种,隶属于2目7科。古北界10种,东洋界1种。对比1991年的调查结果,此次调查未发现丽斑麻蜥、赤链蛇、红点锦蛇、团花锦蛇、双斑锦蛇、虎斑颈槽蛇6种爬行类。草地生境两栖爬行类物种多样性最高。中国林蛙(主要分布于溪流)和山地麻蜥(主要分布于岩壁)分别是种群数量最多的两栖类和爬行类物种。在保护实践中可优先保护两栖爬行类物种多样性较高的关键区域,以提高保护成效。     

数理统计法初步分析江汉平原裸藻门植物的分布

裸藻门植物在江汉平原分布的特点是:分布广泛,出现机率高,达96.4％;用方差分析法,检测各采集点浮游生物标本中裸藻门植物种类丰度在平原各地随机分布的差异程度,其结果是无显著的区域性差异;水体中裸藻门植物种类丰度的频数分布近似于一正态曲线,这反映了大多数水体中裸藻类的种类丰度较大;相同频数的种类数与其出现频数的相关性呈明显的幂函数关系,显示了只有少数非常普生的裸藻门种类在区内广泛分布。