TBK1在肿瘤中的作用机制及其抑制剂的研究进展

TANK结合激酶1 (TANK-binding kinase 1, TBK1)通过调节干扰素和NF-κB信号通路在先天免疫反应中扮演着重要的角色,而免疫异常与恶性肿瘤的发生密切相关。最近的研究发现,TBK1在多种肿瘤细胞中呈现高水平表达和活性增强,这说明TBK1在多种肿瘤的发生发展中发挥了一定的作用,暗示了靶向TBK1在癌症治疗中的潜力。该文就TBK1的激活机制、其介导癌细胞生长的机制及TBK1抑制剂展开重点介绍。     

TLR/NF-κB信号通路与肺部疾病

Toll样受体(Toll like receptor,TLR)是一种重要的模式识别受体,核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)处于TLR下游信号通路中的关键位置,当TLR受到病原微生物刺激后,激活NF-κB,诱导炎症因子释放,启动固有免疫。但TLR/NF-κB信号通路过度激活,有可能导致炎症反应失控。本文将介绍TLR/NF-κB信号通路及其在肺部炎症疾病例如急性肺损伤、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肺癌、哮喘等发生发展中的作用。     

斑马鱼TANK基因的克隆及功能初探

哺乳动物中, TRAF家族相关的NF-κB激活因子(TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator, TANK)参与调控核因子κB (nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB)信号通路,在硬骨鱼中,最新研究表明TANK在青鱼抗病毒天然免疫反应中具有重要的功能,但在模式动物斑马鱼(Danio rerio)中还没有有关TANK的报道。本研究率先在斑马鱼开展TANK功能研究,克隆并获得了斑马鱼TANK基因(Danio rerio TANK, DrTANK),其编码区(coding sequence, CDS)包括1 047个核苷酸,编码349个氨基酸。免疫印迹实验显示Dr TANK蛋白大小约50 kD;免疫荧光实验证明Dr TANK主要定位于细胞质中,表明其为一种胞质蛋白;双荧光素酶报告基因研究结果显示,在EPC细胞中,过表达Dr TANK并不能显著上调干扰素启动子的表达,但聚肌胞苷酸[poly (I:C)]和草鱼呼肠孤病毒(grass carp reovirus, GCRV)的刺激能显著增强其诱导干扰素启动子的表达活性。本研究结果表明Dr TANK在斑马鱼抗病毒天然免疫反应中可能具有重要作用,为后续Dr TANK功能研究奠定了基础。     

Toll-NF-κB信号途径及其介导的功能

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)家族是宿主细胞识别各种微生物致病成份的主要受体,NF-κB位于TLR下游信号通路的枢纽位置,当细胞受到生物应激刺激后激活NF-κB,活化的NF-κB进入细胞核调节炎性细胞因子的表达,启动针对病原微生物的固有免疫和获得性免疫。因此,对Toll-NF-κB信号途径的研究将有助于对免疫反应、炎症病理的理解。     

抗病毒免疫中干扰素与炎症信号通路的交互调控：防御反应与维持稳态

天然免疫是机体通过识别自身或外部危险信号后,为维持体内稳态而逐步建立起来的一系列防御反应,当宿主细胞内的模式识别受体识别胞内病原相关分子模式后激活干扰素(interferon, IFN)、核因子-kappa B (nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB)和炎性小体等信号通路。IFNs在天然免疫应答中发挥重要作用,它诱导的抗病毒基因能够通过多种方式抵御病毒的感染,炎症反应则是机体自动的防御反应,能够在病毒感染机体时释放促炎性细胞因子以调控机体的免疫反应,进而发挥抗病毒作用。在病毒感染过程中,IFN信号通路与炎症反应调控网络中的关键分子如NF-κB/RelA、PKR等存在一定的交互作用,此外,IFN信号通路及其产生的细胞因子又影响其他信号通路的活化,进而调控机体的免疫应答以维持自身稳态,它们之间的交互调控失衡将会引起过度炎症反应,导致组织器官的免疫病理损伤,例如SARS-CoV-2感染机体时产生的过度炎症反应。本文综述了机体抗病毒免疫过程中干扰素信号通路与炎症反应之间的交互调控,为研发抗病毒策略提供新思路。     

A型塞内卡病毒2C蛋白通过STING调控IFNβ、TNF-α和IL-6的表达

【背景】A型塞内卡病毒(Senecavirus A, SVA)是新发猪塞内卡病毒病的病原,属于小核糖核酸病毒科(Picornaviridae)塞内卡病毒属(Senecavirus)的单股正链RNA病毒。可引起新生仔猪死亡和成年猪口、蹄部出现水泡。先天免疫是宿主抵御病毒入侵的第一道防线,但SVA与宿主抗病毒先天免疫的相互作用机制尚不清楚。【目的】探究SVA非结构蛋白2C在先天免疫应答中的作用机制。【方法】利用SVA感染和通过在猪PK-15细胞中过表达SVA2C蛋白,利用RT-qPCR和Western blotting分析2C蛋白对细胞因子表达及其关键信号通路的影响。【结果】RT-qPCR检测发现,SVA感染PK-15细胞导致IFNβ、TNF-α和IL-6表达的显著升高;同时,SVA感染导致TBK1和NF-κB的磷酸化。进一步的研究发现,SVA的2C蛋白能够激活TBK1和NF-κB磷酸化,并诱导IFNβ、TNF-α和IL-6的表达;2C蛋白能够激活抗DNA病毒感染关键蛋白干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes, STING)磷酸化,敲除STING抑...     

线粒体抗病毒蛋白对先天免疫的影响

病毒感染启动宿主先天免疫反应是通过激活转录因子NF-κB和干扰素调节因子3（IRF-3）,它们协同调控Ⅰ型干扰素的表达。病毒在复制过程中产生的复制中间体双链RNA作为一个病原相关分子模式,被细胞内具有RNA解旋酶活性的维甲酸诱导基因Ⅰ（RIG-1）编码蛋白检测到。线粒体抗病毒蛋白（MAVS）作为一个接头蛋白,在RIG-1信号通路的下游和NF-κB、IRF-3信号通路的上游扮演着重要的角色。MAVS通过其疏水跨膜结构域定位在线粒体外膜上,是线粒体中发现的第一个与先天免疫相关的蛋白质,将线粒体和先天免疫联系在一起。     

抗病毒感染固有免疫应答的信号转导

入侵病毒的探知和适应性免疫应答启动均依靠固有免疫系统。三种模式识别受体(PRRs)在宿主防御系统第一线占据极其重要地位:Toll样受体、维甲酸诱导基因I样受体、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体。PRRs识别病原相关分子模式(PAMP)或危险信号分子模式(DAMPs)启动和调节固有免疫和适应性免疫应答。每种PRR都有单独的识别配体和细胞定位。激活的PRRs将信号分子传递给其配体分子(MyD88,TRIF,IRAK,IPS-1),配体活化后作为信使激活信号途径下游激酶(IKK复合物,MAPKs,TBK1,RIP-1)和转录因子(NF-κB,AP-1,IRF3),最终产生细胞因子、趋化因子、促炎细胞因子和I型干扰素。本文重点讨论PRRs信号通路及该领域取得的成果,以期为人类健康和免疫疾病防治提供策略。     

新生隐球菌的模式识别受体及下游信号传导

新生隐球菌感染机体后,经固有免疫细胞表面的模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs)识别病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs),引发下游的信号传导通路,激活核因子NF-κB,进而启动固有免疫和适应性免疫,诱导相关炎症因子的生成,活化Th1、Th2、Th17等适应性免疫细胞,同时募集巨噬细胞吞噬清除隐球菌。目前对隐球菌模式识别受体的种类及功能仍有待探索,对其下游信号传导通路的研究需深入,充分研究模式识别受体和下游信号传导,将对隐球菌病的免疫调节和临床治疗提供思路。     

柯萨奇病毒B组5型非结构蛋白抑制NF-κB信号通路的作用机制研究

目的 柯萨奇病毒B组5型（CVB5）是手足口病的重要病原体之一,可导致发热、皮疹或疱疹等临床症状,重症者出现神经系统疾病,甚至死亡。天然免疫应答是机体抗病毒入侵的第一道防线,其中核因子κB (NF-κB)是宿主天然免疫反应中的重要蛋白质,然而关于CVB5感染后调控NF-κB介导信号通路的研究尚鲜有报道。方法 本研究通过检测启动子活性、促炎因子水平以及通路中关键蛋白表达等,阐明CVB5对NF-κB信号通路的调控作用机制。结果 CVB5感染可抑制促炎因子表达和p65的磷酸化。CVB5非结构蛋白（NSP）可抑制促炎因子表达以及重要蛋白p65和IκBα的磷酸化。经STRING11.1数据库预测表明,CVB5 3CD蛋白与宿主多聚胞嘧啶结合蛋白1 (PCBP1)具有相互作用,且PCBP1可促进IκBα和p65的磷酸化,抑制病毒复制。结论 CVB5 NSP可负调控NF-κB信号通路,且与3CD相互作用的PCBP1蛋白可通过调控NF-κB通路抑制CVB5复制。本研究探索病毒与宿主天然免疫应答的调控作用,从而为研制抗CVB5感染的药物提供作用靶点。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒研究进展

传染性法氏囊病(Infection bursal disease, IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV)引起的鸡和火鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,给世界各国的禽养殖业带来了巨大损失.自IBDV发现至今新的变异株不断出现,分子结构的改变导致病毒致病力的改变及宿主对疫苗应答的改变,使得传统的疫苗已不能控制其流行,因此各国学者对其基因组结构和功能进行了广泛深入的研究,并积极研制新型有效的疫苗以达到防治的目的.     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.