婴幼儿及学龄前儿童百日咳初免对4岁儿童记忆B细胞免疫应答的影响

<正>由博特百日咳杆菌引起的百日咳疾病在接种过百日咳疫苗的人群中再度发生。接种了全细胞百日咳疫苗(wP)和无细胞百日咳疫苗(aP)之后机体内百日咳抗体会迅速衰退,免疫力则主要来自于B细胞和T细胞的长期保护。荷兰根据计划免疫程序,给2、3、4和11月龄的婴幼儿分别接种wP和aP,4     

百日咳、白喉、破伤风、乙型肝炎联合疫苗的实验研究

对制备无细胞百日咳菌苗、白喉、破伤风、乙型肝炎联合疫苗的实验室条件进行了初步探索,实验结果表明,联合疫苗的配方以每毫升无细胞百日咳组分１５－１８μｇ．ＰＮ、白喉类毒素３０ｌｆ、破伤风类毒素７－１０ｌｆ和基因工程乙肝表面抗原２０μｇ为宜,稀释缓冲液选用０．８５％ＮａＣｌ溶液吸附效果较好,动物实验证明联合疫苗中各组分均安全有效。     

Infanrix~(TM)在学步儿童中的免疫原性和反应原性

正3剂b型流感嗜血杆菌-脑膜炎球菌血清群C/Y结合疫苗(HibMenCY-TT)免疫的15~18月龄的幼儿中,共接种四价脑膜炎球菌血清群A、C、W、Y的破伤风类毒素结合疫苗(MenACWY-TT)与第四剂白喉-破伤风-无细胞百日咳疫苗(DTaP)的研究。     

腺苷酸环化酶毒素在无细胞百日咳疫苗中的免疫保护效果评价

目的利用小鼠百日咳感染模型评估在无细胞百日咳疫苗中加入腺苷酸环化酶毒素的C端结构域(RTX_(751)),能否提升无细胞百日咳疫苗的免疫保护效果。方法 (1)用腺苷酸环化酶毒素的C端结构域与百日咳毒素(pertussis toxin, PT)、丝状血凝素(filamentous hemagglutinin, FHA)、百日咳黏附素(pertussis adhesin, PRN)、氢氧化铝(aluminum hydroxide, Alum)佐剂制备成试验疫苗,对C57BL/6小鼠行腹腔两针免疫。(2)第2针免疫后21 d,用浓度为1×10~(11 )CPU/mL的百日咳鲍特菌对小鼠进行气雾攻毒。攻毒后分别在3、7、14、28 d进行取样分析。(3)分析第2次免疫后IgG抗体水平和IgG1/IgG2a比例变化及感染百日咳鲍特菌后不同时间点呼吸道组织细菌载量和细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-17的变化。结果 1/40aP+RTX和1/80aP+RTX的IgG抗体水平高于1/40aP和1/80aP,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),1/80aP+RTX的IgG2a/IgG1高于1/80 aP,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);攻毒后14 d, 1/80aP+RTX组肺细菌菌落数最少、气管细菌已清除完毕,IFN-γ、IL-17细胞因子分泌量最低,与Alum组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Alum组与RTX_(751)组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论单独的RTX_(751)不能作为保护性抗原;但在小鼠模型中,RTX_(751)加入到无细胞百日咳疫苗可使免疫应答向Th1偏向去增强无细胞百日咳疫苗的免疫保护效果。     

牙龈卟啉单胞菌脂多糖对CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞免疫抑制功能的影响

目的探讨牙龈卟啉单胞菌（Porphyromonas gingivalis,Pg）对CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞（regulatory T cells,Tregs）免疫抑制功能的影响。方法采用酚水法提取Pg ATCC 33277株脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）。免疫磁珠法分离BALB／c小鼠脾脏CD4^＋CD25^＋Tregs并进行体外培养,同时给予不同剂量（0～500ng／ml）Pg—LPS干预,培养48h后收集细胞及上清液。Real-TimePCR法测定培养细胞Foxp3mRNA的表达,ELISA法分别测定细胞上清液中IL-10、TGF-β水平;采用体外淋巴细胞混合培养法对Pg-LPS干预后的CD4^＋CD25^＋Tregs进行功能抑制试验。结果Pg-LPS干预不影响CD4^＋CD25^＋Tregs分泌IL-10和TGF-β,但是能够显著上调CD4^＋CD25^＋TregsFoxp3mRNA的表达,增强其免疫抑制作用;当Ps—LPS浓度低于300ng／m1时,CD4^＋CD25^＋TregsFoxp3mRNA表达以及免疫抑制作用的增强与Ps—LPS浓度之间呈剂量-效应关系。结论Pg-LPS能够增强CD4^＋CD25^＋Tregs的免疫抑制作用,这种免疫抑制增强效应可能与CD4^＋CD25^＋Tregs Foxp3基因表达的上调有关,并且不具有抑制性细胞因子依赖性。     

总状蕨藻盾叶变种多糖及其硒化产物对小鼠T细胞和NK细胞的调节

一种分离自总状蕨藻盾叶变种的多糖CrvpPS与纳米硒反应之后形成稳定的多糖纳米硒（CrvpPS-nano—Se）系统．实验检测了CrvpPS和CrvpPS—nano-Se对小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞的调节功能．用氢化可的松制造免疫功能低下的小鼠动物模型,给模型小鼠分别连续10天灌胃CrvpPS、蔗糖-纳米硒、CrvpPS—nano-Se溶液和阳性对照药物左旋咪唑,检测脾脏和胸腺指数的变化,并用流式细胞仪检测血中T细胞亚群（CD3^＋,CD4^＋,CD8^＋）和脾脏NK细胞百分比．结果表明,CrvpPS和CrvpPS-nano-Se对胸腺有较大的刺激作用,能使模型小鼠的CD3^＋,CD3^＋CD4^＋,NK细胞百分比以及CD4^＋／CD8^＋明显升高（P〈0．05）,CrvpPS-nano—Se提升CD3^＋,CD3^＋CD4^＋细胞百分比的作用明显优于CrvpPS、蔗糖-纳米硒及左旋咪唑（P〈0．05）．表明CrvpPS对免疫功能低下小鼠的胸腺指数、T细胞亚群和NK细胞百分比具有正向调节作用;其硒化产物CrvpPS-nano-Se对CD3^＋,CD3^＋CD4^＋细胞的调节作用优于单纯多糖和单纯纳米硒．     

全细胞百日咳菌苗与含凝集原的无细胞菌苗的第二期现场试验

<正>由英国“应用微生物学及研究中心”研制的无细胞百日咳菌苗,含有凝集原2及3,百日咳毒素和丝状血凝素。188名婴儿进入一项随机的双盲试验,以联合白喉及破伤风类毒素的无细胞或全细胞菌苗按3、5及8～10个月的间隔进行接种。两组的局部反应相以,但在接种无细胞菌苗后,具有全身反应的婴儿显著地少于全细胞菌苗。对无细胞菌苗凝集原和毒素组分的抗体平均对致滴度高于全细胞菌苗。接种第三剂菌苗后一年,无细胞组抗体的持久性亦较好。     

S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽诱导脐带血CD34+细胞来源的巨核细胞产生血小板

为了探讨一氧化氮供体S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽（S—nitrosoglutathione,GSNO）对脐带血CD34^＋细胞分化来源的巨三核细胞产生血小板的可能作用,我们采用免疫磁珠法从8例健康产妇足月顺产的胎儿脐带血中分选CD34^＋细胞,并在含血小板生成素（thrombopoietin,TPO,50ng／ml）、白细胞介素-3（IL-3,10ng／ml）、干细胞因子（stem cell factor,SCF,50ng／ml）和重组人粒-巨噬细胞刺激因子（rHu GM—CSF,20ng／ml）的无血清培养基中培养14d。随后,用免疫磁珠法分选CD61^＋细胞。CD61^＋细胞在含有（实验组）和缺乏（对照组）GSNO（20mg／ml）的无血清培养基[含TPO（50ng／ml）、IL-3（10ng／ml）、SCF（50ng／ml）]中培养不同时间（30min、2h）。采用流式细胞仪检测培养体系中的血小板数;电子显微镜观察巨核细胞的形态学;倒置显微镜和流式细胞仪观察凝血酶诱导的血小板凝集;ELISA方法检测巨核细胞中cGMP的含量。结果显示,与对照组比较,实验组血小板数量明显增加（P〈0．05）;电子显微镜下可见巨核细胞有明显伪足形成和突出;凝血酶诱导后在倒置显微镜和流式细胞仪上均可观察到血小板凝集现象;GSNO作用后巨核细胞中的cGMP明显升高（P〈0．05）。这些结果提示,GSNO可以促进脐带血CD34^＋细胞来源的巨核细胞产生具有一定功能的血小板,其产生的机制可能部分与cGMP途径有关。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌固体发酵基质的筛选与组分优化研究

对昆虫病原真菌一蜡蚧轮枝菌菌株Tri—BA81进行5种单一基质和4种合基质固体发酵,初筛出谷子单一基质和谷子＋麦麸＋磷酸盐组合基质为最佳发酵基质,后者的产孢量是前者的3倍多。选取谷子、麦麸、磷酸盐和稻壳为4个组分因子,每个因子分别设有不同质量比例的3个水平,按正交设计（L94^3）进行优化组合筛选研究。结果表明,产孢量最高的正交组合为5号配方,分生孢子产量达1．68×10^10个／g。     

无细胞百日咳菌苗纯度和生物学特性研究

本文对无细胞百日咳菌苗的纯度、免疫力和毒性进行了研究。实验证明菌苗中不仅含有百日咳毒素（ＰＴ）和丝状血凝素（ＦＨＡ）,而且还含有百日咳凝集素和百日咳粘着素。菌苗的纯度为５０％－９５．７％,菌苗中ＰＴ和ＦＨＡ的比例为１：１－１：１８。     

百日咳杆菌丝状血凝素的纯制及其生物学特性的研究

介绍了两种纯制百日咳杆菌丝状血凝素的方法，并对不同方法纯化的丝状血凝素的产量、纯度、生物学活性等方面进行了比较，从中选择出一种纯度高、活性好、可以大批量提纯的方法。     

吸附无细胞百日咳菌苗、白喉、破伤风类毒素混合制剂Ⅲ期临床人体接种反应和血清学效果观察报告

吸附无细胞百、白、破混合制剂（ＤＴａｃＰ）于１９９５年６月至１９９７年９月在广东省４个市和陕西省大荔县进行了Ⅲ期临床人体接种反应和血清学效果观察,全程基础免疫婴幼儿６４９６１例,加强注射３８８６０例,总计为１０３８２１例,接种反应轻微,未发现有严重异常反应者。ＤＴａｃＰ在基免后１年和加强注射前抗ＰＴ和抗ＦＨＡ的抗体水平分别为１０１ＥＵ／ｍｌ和５１３ＥＵ／ｍｌ;加强注射后１个月,抗ＰＴ和抗ＦＨＡ的抗体水平显著增长,分别为２４３４ＥＵ／ｍｌ和３１１３ＥＵ／ｍｌ;加强免疫后１年,抗ＰＴ和抗ＦＨＡ的抗体水平均能维持在较高的抗感染水平,分别为２０１ＥＵ／ｍｌ和５８６ＥＵ／ｍｌ;ＤＴａｃＰ抗白喉和抗破伤风的抗体水平,不论是在基免后还是在加强注射后１个月或１年,其≥００１ＨＡＵ／ｍｌ的例数均为１００％,均显著超过儿童抗白喉和抗破伤风感染要求的保护水平（００１ＨＡＵ／ｍｌ）。     

Characterization of pertussis toxoid by two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Pertussis toxoid, an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared by hydrogen peroxide treatment in the presence of Fe³⁺, has not been well characterized. Because the toxoid has been a part of the DTaP vaccine for infants, it is of interest and significance to have a clear understanding of its structure. The five subunits of pertussis toxin (PT) have a combined molecular weight of approximately 95,000 Da. The peroxide treatment in toxoid formation introduces additional complexity into the protein sequence. To maximize sequence coverage, a two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2D LC-MS/MS) approach was used to analyze the tryptic digest of toxoid as a whole. An analytical-scale high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument using a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) column was used as the first-dimensional LC for fraction collection. The fractions were then analyzed by nanoLC-MS/MS using a C18 column to acquire collision-activated dissociation (CAD) spectra of the tryptic peptides. It is shown that a PFP column has a different peptide retention specificity from a C18 column. A combination of a PFP column and a C18 column is a viable approach for dispersing peptides in a complex mixture. From the structures of 65 peptides that represented approximately 50% of its sequence, PT was found to have sustained heavy oxidative damages during toxoid preparation. Nearly all methionine, cysteine, and (likely) tryptophan residues were oxidized. Evidence of histidine and tyrosine oxidation was also observed. In addition, a large percentage of asparagine was found hydrolyzed to aspartic acid. These findings corrrelate well with the reduction of PT toxicity by peroxide treatment.     

Evaluation of Fourth International Standard for Whole Cell Pertussis Vaccine

Whole cell pertussis vaccine is still widely used in many countries. An International Standard is needed for its potency control. The Third International Standard for Pertussis Vaccine was prepared about 40 years ago and its replacement was recommended by the Expert Committee for Biological Standardisation (ECBS) of the WHO. Material in ampoules coded 94/532 was prepared as a candidate replacement and has been evaluated in international collaborative studies which consisted of two parts. The first part, to assess the suitability of the candidate standard by comparing it with the Second International Standard for Pertussis Vaccine (IS2) involved 14 laboratories in 11 countries. The second part to compare the candidate standard with the Third International Standard for Pertussis Vaccine (IS3) involved 16 laboratories in 14 countries. Since 1995 various other studies have included the international standards and the results of these are also considered in assessing likely continuity of the IU for potency of whole cell pertussis vaccine. The preparation in ampoules coded 94/532 was adopted by the WHO ECBS in October 2006 as the 4th International Standard for whole cell pertussis vaccine and assigned an activity of 40 IU per ampoule on the basis of the studies reported here.     

An international collaborative study of the effect of active pertussis toxin on the modified Kendrick test for acellular pertussis vaccines

Speculation that the Japanese modified intra-cerebral challenge assay, which is used in several countries for control of acellular pertussis vaccines, depends on the presence of small amounts of active pertussis toxin led to an assumption that it may not be appropriate for highly toxoided or genetically detoxified vaccines. Consequently, at the recommendation of a World Health Organisation AD Hoc Working Group on mouse protection models for testing and control of acellular pertussis vaccine, the effect of pertussis toxin on the modified intra-cerebral challenge assay (modified Kendrick, MICA) was evaluated in an international collaborative study. Results of this study showed that for genetically detoxified vaccines both with and without active pertussis toxin the MICA clearly distinguished mice vaccinated with acellular vaccines from unvaccinated mice and gave a significant dose–response relationship. However, vaccine samples containing active pertussis toxin (5 or 50 ng/single human dose) appeared to be more potent than the equivalent sample without active pertussis toxin. Similar results were also given by two respiratory infection models (intranasal and aerosol) included in the study. The results also indicated that the effect of pertussis toxin may vary depending on mouse strain.     

Verification of components of acellular pertussis vaccines that have been distributed solely, been in routine use for the last two decades and contributed greatly to control of pertussis in Japan.

An ideal acellular pertussis vaccine is now under investigation worldwide. We have had acellular pertussis vaccines available for the last 22 years, which contributed greatly to the control of pertussis in Japan, although it has not been known whether they are one of ideal acellular pertussis vaccines or not. Moreover, the formulations of acellular pertussis vaccines that we have been using have not been widely recognized. Serum samples were taken from recipients of the T type, B type, and two-component acellular pertussis vaccine and assayed by ELISA for anti-PT, anti-FHA, and anti-69 kD OMP antibody levels and by the agglutination test. Although it was shown that T type vaccine contained four components (PT, FHA, 69 kD OMP, agglutingen), B type vaccine contained three components (PT, FHA, 69 kD OMP) and the two-component vaccine contained PT and FHA, it was concluded that PT and FHA were essential and common antigens contained in all three acellular pertussis vaccines in Japan. The national monitoring system for adverse effects of routine immunization demonstrated low reactogenicity of DTaP in Japan. This resulted in high acceptance rates of DTaP and in virtual control of pertussis.     

百日咳杆菌69KDa外膜蛋白的分离纯化及生物学特性研究

本文发展了一种从百日咳杆菌Ⅰ相菌株中纯化６９ＫＤａ外膜蛋白的简易方法,将细菌体经加热浸提、乙醇沉淀蛋白、ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ａ５０柱层析精制而成。用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ、免疫印迹、光密度仪扫描分析,证明纯化制剂为均一的、特异性的６９ＫＤａ外膜蛋白,其收率为５４．２％,纯度达９９．２％,每微克６９ＫＤａ蛋白制剂中的内毒素含量低于０．８５ＥＵ;ＰＴ残留量小于０．１０５ｎｇ。抗６９ＫＤａ蛋白抗血清能     

Optimal conditions for the toxoiding of pertussis toxin with 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide · HCl

Abstract The optimal conditions for toxoiding a pertussis toxin (PT) preparation with 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide · HCl (EDAC) were determined. The prime factor affecting the toxoiding of PT was the EDAC to protein ratio. A ratio of 40–80 : 1 EDAC to protein by weight was optimal for abolishing the acute toxicity, histamine-sensitising and leucocytosis-promoting activities associated with PT, whilst maintaining the antigenicity of the vaccine antigens. An EDAC-toxoid also manifested no late histamine-sensitising activity. Duration of exposure to EDAC, temperature and pH value of the reaction were found not be be critical for toxoiding. The data indicated that the use of EDAC for toxoiding PT in a B. pertussis extract is a simple and reproducible procedure and should be considered as a method for the production of acellular pertussis vaccines.     

应用中空纤维膜去除无细胞百日咳料液中的脱毒剂和色素

目的应用中空纤维膜洗滤技术去除无细胞百日咳料液中的脱毒剂和色素。方法采用不同浓度的盐溶液作为中空纤维膜洗滤液,通过洗滤过程的水通量衰减程度,洗滤后制品外观和蛋白回收率,原液戊二醛残留量,原液效价和毒力来确定洗滤液。用物理和化学清洗相结合的方式对使用后的膜进行清洗再生,以水通量恢复率对清洗效果进行评估。结果用盐溶液Ⅱ作为洗滤液,在洗滤过程维持跨膜压基本恒定的情况下,中空纤维膜水通量大、且衰减缓慢,洗滤后收集的制品外观呈淡黄色,蛋白颗粒均匀,蛋白回收率高,所制备原液的戊二醛残留量、效价和毒力检定结果均符合《中国药典》三部(2010版)要求。中空纤维膜使用后,用物理和化学清洗相结合的清洗方式使中空纤维膜的水通量恢复率分别达99.06%,98.11%,99.62%。结论中空纤维膜可用于去除无细胞百日咳料液中的脱毒剂和色素。     

百日咳丝状血凝素酶联免疫检测法的建立

目的建立百日咳组分疫苗丝状血凝素(FHA)抗原含量监控的ELISA检测法。方法制备的多克隆抗血清,经辛酸硫酸铵法纯化抗体,用过碘酸钠氧化法辣根过氧化物酶标记,以棋盘滴定法确定最佳包被抗体及酶标抗体的浓度配伍,建立了双抗体夹心ELISA检测法。结果对双抗体夹心ELISA法的特异性、最佳线性范围、检测限度、精密度、准确度、测定限量、适用性的一系列验证试验表明,该方法与百日咳组分疫苗中PT和Prn无明显交叉反应,特异性较好。在0至20 ng/mL测量区间有最佳线性,相关系数大于0.99;经实验内12次及不同试验间3次测定16、8、4 ng/mL中的FHA含量,变异系数在0.2%～11.4%间,回收率在96.9%～114.5%间,精密度及准确度验证均符合常规质控要求,因此测定限量为4 ng/mL。结论该方法能有效检测出百日咳杆菌培养上清中的FHA含量,可用于百日咳组分疫苗生产过程的中间品质量控制。