红螯螯虾胚胎发育的研究:Ⅱ.消化系统的发生

应用组织切片技术 ,研究了红螯螯虾胚胎发育过程中消化系统的发生。红螯螯虾的消化系统由前肠、中肠和后肠 3部分组成 ,前肠和后肠由外胚层形成 ,而中肠源自原肠期由胚胎表面向囊胚内迁移的中内胚层细胞团。前无节幼体期前肠开始发生 ,至后无节幼体期先后形成口道、食道和胃等结构 ;中肠起始于后无节幼体期的次级卵黄锥 ,包括管状中肠和 1对囊状消化腺 -中肠腺 ;后肠端部是前无节幼体期形成的肛道 ,肛道不断向胚胎前端延伸逐渐形成后肠     

红螯蟹虾胚胎发育的研究：Ⅱ，消化系统的发生

应用组织切片技术,研究了红螯螯虾胚胎发育过程中消化系统的发生,红螯螯虾的消化系统由前肠,中肠和后肠3部分组成,前肠和后肠由外胚层形成,而中肠源自原肠期由胚胎表面向囊胚内迁移的中内胚层细胞团,前无节幼体期前肠开始发生,至后无节幼体期先后形成口道,食道和胃等结构,中肠起始于后无节幼体期的次级卵黄锥,包括管状中肠和1对囊状消化腺－中肠腺;后肠端部是无节幼体期形成的肛道,肛道不断向胚胎前端延伸逐渐形成后肠。     

三疣梭子蟹胚胎发育过程中肝胰腺的发生与卵黄物质利用的关系

通过对三疣梭子蟹胚胎进行连续采样和组织切片,系统研究了三疣梭子蟹胚胎发育过程中卵黄囊和肝胰腺的发生与卵黄物质利用的关系。结果表明:(1)三疣梭子蟹胚胎的卵黄岛和卵黄囊结构分别出现在原肠期和无节幼体期,胚胎从原肠期至卵内第一期溞状幼体期,始终存在卵黄岛结构,且卵黄岛中的卵黄物质不断被分解和利用. (2)卵内第二期溞状幼体后,卵黄囊分为两个区域,卵黄囊壁中出现肝胰腺细胞(柱状上皮细胞),此时肝胰腺前体已开始形成,卵黄岛开始融合. (3)卵内第三期溞状幼体阶段,卵黄囊发育成一双肝胰腺,由于肝胰腺中的卵黄物质互相融合,卵黄岛结构消失。此阶段胚胎对卵黄物质的利用加快, 卵黄物质中存在许多空泡状结构;(4)胚胎发育进入孵化前期后,肝胰腺腔内的卵黄物质极少,而初孵溞状幼体肝胰腺腔内卵黄物质已完全消失,肝胰腺为一对囊状结构。这些结果表明在三疣梭子蟹胚胎发育从原肠期到孵化前的过程中,卵黄岛和肝胰腺细胞对于卵黄物质分解和利用起着十分重要的作用。     

三疣梭子蟹胚胎发育过程中卵内幼体形态

三疣梭子蟹胚台发育过程中,卵内幼体共经历2期卵内无节幼体和3期卵内tao状幼体,各幼体期的主要特征表现为：第1期卵内无节幼体具小触角,大触角和大颚3对附肢,第2期卵内无节幼体除草1期的3对附肢外,2对小颚开始出现,腹部前端分节,第1期卵内tao状幼体阶段复眼先为棒状,继而变成月牙状,附肢5对,腹部分为6节,第2期卵内tao状幼体阶段2对颚足出现,复眼发育完全,卵黄蝶状,心脏开始跳动,到此阶段末期,附肢分节和分叉,第3期卵内tao状幼体阶段,各器官进一步发育,肌肉明显。     

中华绒螯蟹Eriocheir sinensis H.Milne-Edwards的幼体发育

1.本文所报道毛蟹的幼体发育试验,全部是在实验室内进行的。 2.毛蟹的幼体发育共经五个(氵蚤)状幼体期和一个大眼幼体期。卵孵化出膜的幼体即为第一(氵蚤)状幼体,而不是早期(氵蚤)伏幼体或原(氵蚤)伏幼体。这两种幼体应该是在卵膜内度过的。 3.在水温11—22℃,盐度为9‰的实验室条件下,从幼体出膜到第一期幼蟹的出现,共经39—40天。每蜕一次皮,即进入另一发育时期,其所需的时间,随着温度的升高而缩短。其发育速度见下表: 幼体名称 水温(℃) 日数 第一(氵蚤)状幼体 11—17 7—9 第二(氵蚤)状幼体 17—18 5—6 第三(氵蚤)状幼体 18—20 6—7 第四(氵蚤)状幼体 16—19.5 5—6 第五(氵蚤)状幼体 16.5—19 7—8 大眼幼体 19—22 9—10 4.饵料、盐度、水温和水质等因子对幼体有着不同程度的影响。 5.(氵蚤)状幼体以两对颚足外肢末端的羽伏刚毛的数目,胸、腹肢的大小与形状和尾叉内面中部刚毛的数目为分期的主要依据。     

三疣梭子蟹胚胎期中枢神经系统的发生和发育

应用组织学方法研究三疣梭子蟹胚胎期中枢神经系统的发生和发育,光学显微镜下镜检切片,在第二期卵内无节幼体阶段开始观察到脑;第二期卵内状幼体阶段,前脑由视神经层、侧原脑和中央原脑组成,与位于食道两侧的中脑和后脑形成完整的脑。三疣梭子蟹胚胎期腹神经链由1对大颚、2对小颚和2对颚足所对应的神经节以及腹部神经链组成。光镜下大颚神经节可于第二期卵内无节幼体阶段观察到,2对小颚和2对颚足神经节则在第二期卵内状幼体阶段观察到;腹部神经链则在第三期卵内状幼体阶段观察到。三疣梭子蟹胚胎期中枢神经系统由脑和腹神经链组成,脑由前脑、中脑和后脑组成,脑位于背部,通过2条围食道神经与腹神经链相连。中枢神经系统的不同部分的形成在胚胎发育过程中具有阶段性差异。     

孵育温度对锯缘青蟹幼体质量的影响

研究了锯缘青蟹抱卵蟹培育和胚胎发育及孵化温度对刚孵化第 1期状幼体 ( Z1)干重 ( DW)和比能值 ( EC,J/mg)以及对幼体发育和存活的影响 .研究结果表明 :胚胎发育随孵育温度的升高而加快 ,但孵育温度与刚孵化幼体的干重和能量 ( E,J/ind)没有明确的相关性 ;而抱卵蟹培育和胚胎发育期间孵育温度的日温差对刚孵化青蟹幼体的干重和能量有明显的影响 ,并对幼体的存活和进一步发育产生影响。当孵育温度日温差≥ 2℃时 ,胚胎发育不整齐 ,孵化不同步 ,死卵或孵出原状幼体的比例高 ;孵化出的第 1期状幼体一般都无法蜕皮进入第 2期。孵育温度日温差与刚孵化幼体的干重或能量的相关性不确定 ,但当孵育温度日温差≥ 2℃时 ,刚孵化的状幼体的个体干重和能量的乘积 ( DW× E) <0 .74 6的几率显著增加 ,幼体可养活的几率极小 ,( DW× E)可作为判断刚孵化的第 1期状幼体能否正常生长发育的指标     

虾蟹育苗的藻饵料培养

对虾和蟹,肉鲜味美,营养价值高,是人们所喜爱的海珍品。我国对虾养殖面积达100多万亩。对虾属我国有10余种,人工养殖的种类主要有：东方对虾、斑节对虾、墨吉对虾、日本对虾及长毛对虾等。虾生长较快,寿命短,正龄便开始繁殖后代。从受精卵孵化形成的幼体到初具虾形的仔虾要经过无节幼体、蚤状幼体和糠虾游体等几个发育阶段。无节幼体是不摄食的,靠卵黄营养自已,到蚤状幼体才开始摄食微小的藻类植物。蟹如以人工养殖的锯缘青蟹为例,它的发育过程没有对虾那么复杂,受精的卵孵化成蚤状幼体时,离开母体在水中浮游生活,经过几个时期…     

中华绒螯蟹各发育期APUD细胞的免疫细胞化学定位

使用12种哺乳类、鱼类、昆虫激素为抗原制备的抗哺乳类血清,应用链要和素－生物素过氧化物酶复合法免疫细胞化学技术对中华绒螯蟹1－5期Sou状细民体、大眼幼体、幼蟹体内及成蟹消化系统的APUD细胞进行鉴别和定位。结果在1－5期Sou状幼体及大眼幼体、幼蟹体内未见到典型的免疫活性阳性细胞;在成蟹消化系统中见到神经丝蛋白（NFP）、胰岛素（Ins）、血管活性肠肽（VIP）、降钙素（Cal）、五羟色胺（5－HT）、降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）、生长激素（GH）、钙调素（CaM及蜕皮激素（MH）等9种免疫活性在其除了后肠以外的不同部位有各自的阳性反应表现,而物质（SP）、胰高血糖素（Glu）、神经特异烯醇酶（NSE）等3种抗血清在中华绒螯蟹成蟹消化系统中却未见其免疫活性阳性反应痕迹。本文着重描述以上9种免疫活性阳性反应在成蟹消化系统中分布情况及其阳性反应特征。     

罗氏沼虾胚胎发育的研究：I.胚胎外部结构形态发生

罗氏沼虾的胚胎发育过程可准确地分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、前无节幼体期、后无节幼体期、前Ｓａｏ状幼体期和Ｓａｏ状幼体期七个时期。在２８℃水温条件下,胚胎发育的全过程约需４８０小时。     

Causality, randomness, intelligibility, and the epistemology of the cell

Because the basic unit of biology is the cell, biological knowledge is rooted in the epistemology of the cell, and because life is the salient characteristic of the cell, its epistemology must be centered on its livingness, not its constituent components. The organization and regulation of these components in the pursuit of life constitute the fundamental nature of the cell. Thus, regulation sits at the heart of biological knowledge of the cell and the extraordinary complexity of this regulation conditions the kind of knowledge that can be obtained, in particular, the representation and intelligibility of that knowledge. This paper is essentially split into two parts. The first part discusses the inadequacy of everyday intelligibility and intuition in science and the consequent need for scientific theories to be expressed mathematically without appeal to commonsense categories of understanding, such as causality. Having set the backdrop, the second part addresses biological knowledge. It briefly reviews modern scientific epistemology from a general perspective and then turns to the epistemology of the cell. In analogy with a multi-faceted factory, the cell utilizes a highly parallel distributed control system to maintain its organization and regulate its dynamical operation in the face of both internal and external changes. Hence, scientific knowledge is constituted by the mathematics of stochastic dynamical systems, which model the overall relational structure of the cell and how these structures evolve over time, stochasticity being a consequence of the need to ignore a large number of factors while modeling relatively few in an extremely complex environment.     

The parasitic chytrid, Zygorhizidium, facilitates the growth of the cladoceran zooplankter, Daphnia, in cultures of the inedible alga, Asterionella

In food-web studies, parasites are often ignored owing to their insignificant biomass. We provide evidence that parasites may affect trophic transfer in aquatic food webs. Many phytoplankton species are susceptible to parasitic fungi (chytrids). Chytrid infections of diatoms in lakes may reach epidemic proportions during diatom spring blooms, so that numerous free-swimming fungal zoospores (2-3 microm in diameter) are produced. Analysis shows that these zoospores are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols (particularly cholesterol), which indicates that they provide excellent food for zooplankters such as Daphnia. In life-table experiments using the large diatom Asterionella formosa as food, Daphnia growth increased significantly in treatments where a parasite was present. By grazing on the zoospores, Daphnia acquired important supplementary nutrients and were able to grow. When large inedible algae are infected by parasites, nutrients within the algal cells are consumed by these chytrids, some of which, in turn, are grazed by Daphnia. Thus, chytrids transfer energy and nutrients from their hosts to zooplankton. This study suggests that parasitic fungi alter trophic relationships in freshwater ecosystems and may be the important components in shaping the community and the food-web dynamics of lakes.     

Parallelism,parsimony, and the phytogeny of the lemuridae

In spite of the increasing popularity of cladistic methods in studies of primate systematics, few authors have investigated the effects of parallel evolution when such methods are applied to empirical data. To counter the effects of parallelism, cladistic techniques rely on the principle of evolutionary parsimony. When parsimony procedures are used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Lemuridae, nine highly parsimonious phylogenies can be deduced. Further choice among these competing hypotheses of relationship is determined by the extent to which one embraces the parsimony principle. The phylogeny obtained by the most rigorous adherence to the parsimony principle is one which is wholly consistent with traditional evolutionary classifications of the Lemuridae. Moderate levels of parallelism can lead to the generation of several plausible, alternative phylogenetic hypotheses; less than 25% of the characters analyzed here need have evolved in parallel, yet they are largely responsible for the ambiguity of the nine different lemurid phylogenies. This suggests that phylogeny reconstructions based entirely on cladistic methods do not provide a suitable basis for the construction of classifications for groups such as the order Primates, where the degree of parallelism is likely to be quite high.     

Expression, localization, structural, and functional characterization of pFGE, the paralog of the Calpha-formylglycine-generating enzyme

pFGE is the paralog of the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE), which catalyzes the oxidation of a specific cysteine to Calpha-formylglycine, the catalytic residue in the active site of sulfatases. The enzymatic activity of sulfatases depends on this posttranslational modification, and the genetic defect of FGE causes multiple sulfatase deficiency. The structural and functional properties of pFGE were analyzed. The comparison with FGE demonstrates that both share a tissue-specific expression pattern and the localization in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Both are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by a saturable mechanism. Limited proteolytic cleavage at similar sites indicates that both also share a similar three-dimensional structure. pFGE, however, is lacking the formylglycine-generating activity of FGE. Although overexpression of FGE stimulates the generation of catalytically active sulfatases, overexpression of pFGE has an inhibitory effect. In vitro pFGE interacts with sulfatase-derived peptides but not with FGE. The inhibitory effect of pFGE on the generation of active sulfatases may therefore be caused by a competition of pFGE and FGE for newly synthesized sulfatase polypeptides.     

Distribution of the chalcone,isosalipurposide, in the onagraceae

Isosalipurposide was present in 13 species and absent from 27 other species of the Onagraceae.     

Ethology, Natural History, the Life Sciences, and the Problem of Place

Investigators of animal behavior since the eighteenth century have sought to make their work integral to the enterprises of natural history and/or the life sciences. In their efforts to do so, they have frequently based their claims of authority on the advantages offered by the special places where they have conducted their research. The zoo, the laboratory, and the field have been major settings for animal behavior studies. The issue of the relative advantages of these different sites has been a persistent one in the history of animal behavior studies up to and including the work of the ethologists of the twentieth century. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.