零上低温对水稻剑叶叶绿素荧光变化的影响

在不同的低温处理条件下,测定了离体水稻剑叶的叶绿素荧光诱导曲线。结果表明,与玉米、马玲薯叶片所测定的结果相类似,可变荧光(Fv)有不同程度的降低,而低温对总淬灭(P-T)影响不大。可见,在水稻叶片的碳素同化系统中的基质酶对低温不敏感。     

丙酮和二甲基亚砜法测定植物叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的方法学比较

丙酮和二甲基亚砜作为提取剂测定植物光合色素含量是最为普遍的两种方法,但是对于二者之间的可比性问题探讨很少。本文基于对19中木本植物叶片和树枝内叶绿素含量的测定结果发现如下结果：（1）二甲基亚砜测定叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量的结果均显著高于丙酮测定结果（而对叶绿素a/b比值的影响较小）,与此相反,丙酮对类胡萝卜素提取测定结果要远高于二甲基亚砜的测定结果。（2）两种方法对叶绿素和类胡萝卜素测定结果之间均存在显著线性相关,可以应用相关线性拟合方程进行不同方法测定结果之间的转换,以减少叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量比较过程中产生的测定方法误差。（3）不同单位表示方法,对两种方法测定结果的相关性存在影响,使用鲜重单位表示的相关程度普遍高于以表面积为单位的相关程度。（4）两种方法对树枝和叶片测定结果的影响存在差异：对于叶绿素含量低的树枝,两种方法测定结果的差异较小,而对于叶绿素含量高的叶片,二甲基亚砜测定结果则远高于丙酮的测定结果,可能原因在于丙酮对于叶绿素的提取效果远低于二甲基亚砜。（5）以二甲基亚砜为浸提试剂,通过不同精确度仪器（0.1和1 nm）检测发现尽管不同仪器之间相关关系达到0.99以上,但二者相比精确度为0.1 nm检测叶绿素a、总叶绿素浓度高出15%~33%,而叶绿素b浓度低4%左右。这些研究发现为不同方法之间的比较提供了依据。     

基于叶绿素荧光参数的小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量估算方法

叶绿素含量是植物学和农业相关研究领域常用的生理指标。叶绿素含量和叶片光合功能密切相关,但是现有的叶绿素含量的测定方法无法实现叶绿素含量和光合功能的同步测定和关联分析。为解决该问题,本研究通过测定35个小麦品种旗叶的SPAD值和叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线,分别使用不同时间的快速叶绿素荧光动力学曲线的荧光值,以及33个常用荧光参数与对应叶片的SPAD值进行相关性分析,建立线性回归模型,并使用室内和大田两组数据对回归模型进行验证。结果表明: 通过叶绿素荧光参数RC/CS_m建立的线性模型能够较好地预测叶片的SPAD值,可以用于非严重逆境胁迫下小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量的估算,从而丰富无损测定小麦叶绿素相对含量的方法,简化试验流程,实现小麦光合功能和叶绿素含量的同步测定与分析。     

闽江河口湿地秋茄叶绿素含量高光谱遥感估算

叶绿素含量是表征植被胁迫状态的一个重要指示因子,同时也是其它生化参数估算的重要基础,对其进行遥感反演具有重要意义。选取闽江口秋茄(Kandelia candel)作为研究对象,分别于2013年4月和7月采集叶片,室内测定其叶片正面和反面反射光谱,同时测定其叶绿素含量(单位面积含量和单位质量含量)。选取13个常用参数进行敏感性分析,并进一步选取与叶绿素相关系数较高的参数建立估算模型。结果表明,秋茄叶片反面反射率高于正面,尤其在绿光波段和近红外波段部分区域(1450—2450 nm)表现较为明显。对所选取的大部分参数而言,其与单位面积叶绿素含量的相关系数要高于与单位质量叶绿素含量的相关系数;基于正面光谱计算的光谱参数与叶绿素含量的相关系数要高于基于反面光谱计算的光谱参数。估算与验证模型结果进一步表明,TCARI、Vog1、Vog2和Vog3能较好的估算不同生长期秋茄叶片的叶绿素含量。此外,在使用GM、Carter2和PSSRb估算叶片叶绿素含量时,可以适当考虑反面光谱的应用。这些结果也预示着利用高光谱遥感数据估算秋茄叶片叶绿素含量是可行的,并且具有较高的估算精度。     

叶绿素计SPAD-502在林业上应用

叶绿素是植物光合作用的色素,传统方法测定叶绿素一般采用分光光度法.本研究采用便携式叶绿素计SPAD-502测定落叶松人工林下4个主要阔叶树种绿色度（SPAD值）的季节变化,并与分光光度法测定的叶绿素含量进行相关性分析.结果表明,SPAD值与叶绿素含量具有显著的相关性,SPAD值能较好地反映树木叶绿素含量的变化.因此,使用叶绿素计测定树木的叶绿素含量是完全可行的,在一定条件下可代替叶绿素含量的直接测定.由于叶绿素计SPAD-502携带方便、测定简便、迅速,且不损坏叶片,应在林业研究中积极推广使用.     

珊瑚树叶片叶绿素荧光非光化学猝灭的日变化和季节变化

用脉冲调制荧光仪观测了珊瑚树叶片叶绿素荧光化学猝灭的日变化和季节变化后发现：在晴天,ｑＥ及慢弛豫组分随着光强的增加而升高,中午达最高值,之后随光强的减弱而下降,阴天时,这两个指标的日变化不明显。在不同季节,相同日时间和同一光照强度下测定瑚叶片的ｑＥ和ｑＥ－ｓｌｏｗ,两个指标在冬季明显高于春,秋两季;在短时间内改变强光下的叶片周围的温度,叶片的ｑＥ和ｑｅ－ＳＫＯＷ在高温和低温下均高于适温下测定的结果     

西花蓟马繁殖力与寄主营养物质的关系

研究了西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)在6种蔬菜寄主上的繁殖力,同时测定了寄主植物叶片的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量,并分析了它们之间的相关性。研究结果表明,西花蓟马繁殖力与叶片可溶性蛋白质含量存在正相关关系,与叶片的可溶性含糖量、叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白质含量与可溶性含糖量比例的相关关系不显著。     

植物叶绿素含量与大气中SO2浓度相关性研究

本文对厦门市5个样点、6种常见绿化树种及盆栽植物蕹菜的叶绿素含量、叶片含硫量及大气中SO_2浓度分析测定,得出了6种植物叶绿素a、b变化趋势是:鼓浪屿、厦门大学>火车站、后江埭>电化厂;叶片含硫量的变化趋势与叶绿素a、b含量变化相反。表明植物叶片叶绿素含量与大气中SO_2浓度和叶片含硫量呈负相关,并计算蕹菜叶绿素含量与大气SO_2浓度相关模式(y=-0.0138x 0.1958),为大气环境评价提供生物学依据。     

光声光谱法测定植物叶片中的叶绿素含量

在植物生理学研究中常用Arnon法比色测定植物叶片中的叶绿素含量,但该法要通过研磨、提取、定容、比色和计算等一系列步骤。特别是测定样品数量较多时费时较长;同时由于研磨、提取过程中的光照,破坏了部分叶绿素,以致叶绿素含量偏低,各对照组之     

烤烟冠层光谱参数与叶片叶绿素含量的相关分析

为了明确烤烟冠层光谱参数与叶片叶绿素含量的相关性,测定了不同氮肥施用量条件下烤烟冠层光谱特征和烤烟鲜烟叶片叶绿素a(Chl-a)、叶绿素b(Chl-b)、类胡萝卜素(Cars)含量,并对光谱参数与叶绿素含量进行了相关分析和回归分析。结果表明:随着氮肥施用量增加,团棵期和旺长期鲜烟叶片的Chl-a、Chl-b和Cars含量均增加,可见光波段反射率降低、近红外波段反射率增加;而打顶期叶片的3种色素含量和光谱特征的变化规律不明显。可见光460～670nm范围内,460nm反射率与叶片叶绿素含量呈显著正相关,其他波段反射率与叶片叶绿素的含量呈显著负相关;近红外780～1260nm范围内,所有波段与叶片叶绿素含量的都呈显著正相关,1480nm反射率与叶片叶绿素含量呈显著负相关。反映Chl-a、Chl-b、Cars含量与光谱参数——比值植被指数(ratio vegetation index,RVI)定量关系的最佳回归方程分别为幂函数、幂函数和指数函数:Chl-a=0.250RVI(730,550)1.511,Chl-b=0.049RVI(730,550)1.841,Cars=0.0998e0.379RVI(730,550)。     

Phytochrome effects on leaf growth and chlorophyll content in Petunia axilaris

Abstract Changes in the phytochrome status at the end of the daily photosynthetic period result in several plant responses. To understand the causal relations among these responses it is useful to investigate species or experimental conditions where the most common correlations among responses are broken. A step in this direction is presented here with Petunia axilaris, where FR-treated plants showed low chlorophyll content and erect leaves, but- contrary to other species-higher leaf area and plant dry weight. Differences in area expansion were related to the late phase of leaf growth and were due, at least in part, to larger cells in FR-treated plants. Effects on length/width ratio, specific leaf area, net assimilation rate, shoot/root ratio and leaf number were small or non-existent. It is suggested that the lower chlorophyll content in FR-treated plants was not a consequence of scarcity of assimilates.     

羊草草原群落6种植物叶片功能特性对氮素添加的响应

 该文比较了羊草草原群落中包括建群种和优势种在内的6种植物,羊草（Leymus chinensis）、西伯利亚羽茅（Achnatherum sibiricum）、大 针茅（Stipa grandis）、 冰草（Agropyron cristatum）、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）和黄囊苔草（Carex korshinskyi）的比叶 面积(Specific leaf area, SLA)、叶片含氮量和叶绿素含量等叶片功能特性( Leaf functional trait)对氮素添加的响应,旨在探讨草原生态 系统中,不同物种对氮素可利用性改变的响应和适应对策。结果表明：随着氮素添加量的增加,物种对光资源的竞争增强,不同物种在光资源 的竞争策略和竞争力间存在着显著的差异。羊草通过提高SLA、单位质量叶片的叶绿素含量和含氮量,使单位面积叶片含氮量和叶绿素含量均呈 线性提高,进而增强了其对光的竞争力。西伯利亚羽茅主要通过提高SLA增加光合总面积,来增强自身的光竞争力。冰草在SLA和单位质量叶片 的叶绿素和氮含量均有一定的可塑性,但对光的竞争力明显弱于羊草和西伯利亚羽茅。大针茅和黄囊苔草对SLA的调节能力较低,加之大针茅 SLA较低,而黄囊苔草处于群落的下层,这两种植物的光竞争力较弱。糙隐子草具有较高的SLA,对单位质量叶片叶绿素和氮含量的调节能力相 对较强,其光竞争力高于黄囊苔草。同时,糙隐子草叶片叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值沿氮素添加梯度显著降低,进一步证实氮素添加改变了群落 的光环境。     

Anatomical and hnctional differences and nyctinastic leaf movements in Chenopodium album L. and Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. (Chenopodiaceae)

The anatomical structure of the leaves of Chenopodium album L. and Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. has been examined. Leaf chlorophyll content (Chl), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLA^-1) and nitrogen content (N₂) were estimated in both species. Ch1, SLA and N₂ were greater in C. album than in C. hircinum. SLA^-1 data showed that C. album is more efficient than C. hircinum , because the former invests smaller quantities of dry weight to achieve a square centimetre of leaf area. The possible effects of Chl, N₂ and leaf anatomy on efficient gas exchange are discussed. The presence of nyctinastic leaf nocturnal movements was detected in both species. The meaning of this is discussed in relation to the prevention of the loss of pollen grains.     

Photosynthetic acclimation to light in woody and herbaceous species: a comparison of leaf structure, pigment content and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics measured in the field

Acclimation of foliage photosynthetic properties occurs with varying time kinetics, but structural, chemical and physiological factors controlling the kinetics of acclimation are poorly understood, especially in field environments. We measured chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, leaf total carotenoid (Car), chlorophyll (Chl) and nitrogen (N) content and leaf dry mass per area (LMA) along vertical light gradients in natural canopies of the herb species, Inula salicina and Centaurea jacea, and tree species, Populus tremula and Tilia cordata, in the middle of the growing season. Presence of stress was assessed on the basis of night measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence. Our aim was to compare the light acclimation of leaf traits, which respond to light availability at long (LMA and N), medium (Chl a/b ratio, Car/Chl ratio) and short time scales (fluorescence characteristics). We found that light acclimation of nitrogen content per unit leaf area (N(area)), chlorophyll content per unit dry mass (Chl(mass)) and Chl/N ratio were related to modifications in LMA. The maximum PSII quantum yield (F(v) /F(m)) increased with increasing growth irradiance in I. salicina and P. tremula but decreased in T. cordata. Leaf growth irradiance, N content and plant species explained the majority of variability in chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, up to 90% for steady-state fluorescence yield, while the contribution of leaf total carotenoid content was generally not significant. Chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics did not differ strongly between growth forms, but differed among species within a given growth form. These data highlight that foliage acclimation to light is driven by interactions between traits with varying time kinetics.     

Changes in leaf characteristics as indicator of the alteration of functional types of steppe plants along the aridity gradient

Changes in some leaf characteristics: leaf mass area (LMA), content of photosynthetic pigments and nitrogen in the leaves, leaf mass ratio (LMR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) were investigated in steppe plants of the Volga land along the gradient of aridity. When drought stress became stronger, the content of chlorophylls in the leaves, LMR and LAR decreased, whereas LMA and the proportion of carotenoids in the leaves rose. In the North to South direction, the content of pigments and nitrogen per unit whole plant weight considerably decreased (4 and 2 times, respectively). The relationship between leaf indices (chlorophyll and nitrogen contents and LMA) differed along this gradient. It was concluded that adaptation of steppe plants to drought stress generally depended on predominant development of heterotrophic tissues in the leaf and the whole plant. During aridization, the stress-tolerant species became more numerous.     

Calibration of the Minolta SPAD-502 leaf chlorophyll meter

Use of leaf meters to provide an instantaneous assessment of leaf chlorophyll has become common, but calibration of meter output into direct units of leaf chlorophyll concentration has been difficult and an understanding of the relationship between these two parameters has remained elusive. We examined the correlation of soybean (Glycine max) and maize (Zea mays L.) leaf chlorophyll concentration, as measured by organic extraction and spectrophotometric analysis, with output (M) of the Minolta SPAD-502 leaf chlorophyll meter. The relationship is non-linear and can be described by the equation chlorophyll (mol m^–2)=10(^M0.265), r ²=0.94. Use of such an exponential equation is theoretically justified and forces a more appropriate fit to a limited data set than polynomial equations. The exact relationship will vary from meter to meter, but will be similar and can be readily determined by empirical methods. The ability to rapidly determine leaf chlorophyll concentrations by use of the calibration method reported herein should be useful in studies on photosynthesis and crop physiology.Abbreviations Chl- chlorophyll - M- SPAD-502 meter value     

多效唑在蔓性千斤拔上应用的初步研究

为了解生长调节剂提高蔓性千斤拔产量的方法及机理,进行多效唑对蔓性千斤拔的化控试验。在蔓性千斤拔初花期,设30、60和90株·m~(-2)3个植株密度,用浓度为0、300、600、900 mg·L~(-1)的多效唑对蔓性千斤拔进行叶面喷施,测定叶绿素、叶面积、叶面积指数及药材产量。结果表明,植株密度为60株·m~(-2)、多效唑喷施浓度为600 mg·L~(-1)的处理,蔓性千斤拔叶绿素含量显著高于其它处理,叶面积和叶面积指数适度缩小,药材干重提高了16.7%。初步确定蔓性千斤拔增产效果最好的植株密度为60株·m~(-2)、多效唑喷施浓度为600 mg·L~(-1)。     

Ontogenetic variations on absorption and utilization of phosphorus in common bean cultivars under biological nitrogen fixation

Salinity is a major yield-reducing factor in coastal and arid, irrigated rice production systems. Salt tolerance is a major breeding objective. Three rice cultivars with different levels of salt tolerance were studied in the field for growth, sodium uptake, leaf chlorophyll content, specific leaf area (SLA), sodium concentration and leaf CO₂ exchange rates (CER) at photosynthetic active radiation (PAR)-saturation. Plants were grown in Ndiaye, Senegal, at a research station of the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA), during the hot dry season (HDS) and the wet season (WS) 1994 under irrigation with fresh or saline water (flood water electrical conductivity = 3.5 mS cm^-1). Relative leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD method) and root, stem, leaf blade and panicle dry weight were measured at weekly intervals throughout both seasons. Specific leaf area was measured on eight dates, and CER and leaf sodium content were measured at mid-season on the first (topmost) and second leaf. Salinity reduced yields to nearly zero and dry-matter accumulation by 90% for the susceptible cultivar in the HDS, but increased leaf chlorophyll content and CER at PAR- saturation. The increase in CER, which was also observed in the other cultivars and seasons, was explained by a combination of two hypotheses: leaf chlorophyll content was limited by the available N resources in controls, but not in salt-stressed plants; and the sodium concentrations were not high enough to cause early leaf senescence and chlorophyll degradation. The growth reductions were attributed to loss of assimilates (mechanisms unknown) that must have occurred after export from the sites of assimilation. The apparent, recurrent losses of assimilates, which were between 8% and 49% according to simulation with the crop model for potential yields in irrigated rice, ORYZA S, might be partly due to root decomposition and exudation. Possibly more importantly, energy-consuming processes, such as osmoregulation, interception of sodium and potassium from the transpiration stream in leaf sheaths and their subsequent storage, drained the assimilate supply. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

冬小麦叶片持绿能力及其衰老特征研究

以12个冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种为供试材料,通过田间实验连续2年于开花后定期测定各品种的绿叶数目、绿叶面积、叶绿素和MDA含量以及SOD和CAT活性等指标,并以生理成熟时的保绿度、衰老启动时间为指标进行Hierarchical聚类分析,对小麦品种持绿能力进行分级.结果表明,参试冬小麦品种可分为持绿和非持绿两种类型,‘潍麦8号'(WM8)和‘豫麦66'(YM66)两年均表现为持绿型小麦.在整个灌浆期,持绿型小麦品种绿叶数目、面积、叶绿素含量明显高于非持绿型品种,叶片保护酶SOD与CAT活性也较非持绿小麦强,而其MDA含量明显低于非持绿型小麦品种.持绿型小麦叶片衰老启动时间延迟,生育后期绿叶面积较大,光合作用时间延长,具有较高的产量.本研究结果为冬小麦的品种选育、布局等相关研究奠定基础.     

The effect of leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] injury on the plant physiology and yield loss in rice

Influence of leaffolder feeding on chlorophyll, PS II activity and plant–water relations, effect of larval density on leaf damage and time course studies on larval feeding behaviour on altered physiological changes in TN1 rice culture were studied. Quantification of yield losses in the field caused by leaffolder was also assessed. Leaffolder damage resulted in 57% reduction in chlorophyll content, 23% reduction in PS II activity and 23% reduction in relative water content in comparison with control. Rice leaffolder larva folds the leaf and scrapes the green tissue from within the fold resulting in scorching and drying of the leaves. Larval density had differentially influenced effective leaf area of rice crop. Larval densities of more than 3 larvae per hill at maximum tillering stage resulted up to 20% unfilled grains, 28–57% reduction in PS II activity and 23% reduction in relative water content in comparison with the control. At flowering stage, flag leaf area damage of above 25% resulted in more than 50% unfilled grains over control, indicating direct effect of yield reduction in rice. Thus, a cumulative effect of loss in chlorophyll, reduced photosynthate availability and altered water relations caused by the leaffolder injury to flag leaf lead to greater yield loss in rice.