俄罗斯鲟仔鱼初次摄食时间对生长及存活的影响

以人工繁育的俄罗斯鲟仔鱼为对象,采用实验生态学方法,研究了初次摄食时间对生长及存活的影响。结果表明：在水温17.4 ℃下,仔鱼在9～10日龄初次摄食,初次摄食前投喂对俄罗斯鲟仔鱼的生长和存活无显著性影响,延迟2 d以上初次摄食对生长影响明显,存活率在18日龄初次摄食时显著下降,24日龄时饥饿仔鱼全部死亡;23～24日龄时仔鱼如不能建立外源营养即达到饥饿不可逆点（PNR）。人工养殖条件下,俄罗斯鲟仔鱼必须在初次摄食后14 d内建立起主动摄食能力才能保证其仔鱼的正常发育、生长和存活。     

饥饿对食蚊鱼仔鱼摄食、生长和形态的影响

本文研究了饥饿胁迫下食蚊鱼仔鱼的摄食、生长和外部形态的变化规律.结果表明,在水温(28.5±1.2)℃时,仔鱼产出2h后鳔完成充气即建立巡游模式并开始觅食,摄食比率迅速达到100%,其混合营养期仅有4h.实验期间,投喂组仔鱼的摄食比率一直保持在100%;饥饿组仔鱼在饥饿0-3d内初次摄食比率同样可达到或接近100%,但第4天开始下降,第6天初次摄食比率降至0,抵达饥饿不可逆点(PNR)时间为产出后第5.5天左右.投喂组初产仔鱼对1-2龄期库蚊幼虫的摄食强度为(2.9±1.4)ind/individual·h,摄食强度随日龄显著增长;饥饿组仔鱼在饥饿0-5d内其初次摄食强度也随日龄及饥饿时间的延长显著增长,但均显著低于相应日龄的投喂组仔鱼,其初次摄食比率与初次摄食强度之间并无显著相关关系.饥饿仔鱼在PNR前约1.5d时其累计死亡率已超半数,达(64.4±18.1)%,抵达PNR后数小时内残存个体全部死亡.实验结束(6d)时投喂组仔鱼5项生长指标呈不等速增长,其中体重增长最为显著,瞬时增长率达0.0275/d,此时腹鳍发育基本完备,进入幼鱼期.而同期饥饿组仔鱼形态发育停滞,多项生长指标出现负增长,其中体高负增长最为明显,其瞬时增长率为-0.0511/d;体重次之,体长负增长则不甚明显.饥饿仔鱼在接近或处在PNR期时腹部萎缩呈弧形,体长/体高>5,而同期投喂组仔鱼体长/体高<4.5,两者差异显著,可作为鉴别饥饿仔鱼和健康仔鱼较理想的形态数量指标.     

稀有鮈鲫仔鱼的摄食和耐饥饿能力

研究了室养条件下稀有的鮈鲫的摄食和耐饥饿能力。结果表明,仔鱼一般在孵出后1.5d-2d开口摄食,此时卵黄囊容量约从初孵时的0.1降至0.03mm~3以下,在其后1-1.5d卵黄物质消耗殆尽;饥饿仔鱼的初次摄食率变化型式为:开始较低,然后迅速升高,约在卵黄吸尽时达到最高,最高初次摄食率为100％,保持在80％以上的时间为5d;持续饥饿或延迟开始摄食时间对仔鱼的生长、发育、存活有深刻的影响,饥饿仔鱼全长负生长及饥饿体征明显;初孵仔鱼持续饥饿8-10d达不可逆点(PNR),饥饿仔鱼在PNR前1.5d时存活率低于50％,在PNR后2d全部死亡。     

延迟投饵对厚颌鲂仔鱼的影响

在室内养殖条件下,研究厚颌鲂仔鱼的摄食、耐饥饿和恢复生长能力.试验结果表明:(1)仔鱼在孵出后2～3 d开口摄食,卵黄囊在之后的2 d耗尽,饥饿仔鱼在12～13日龄达到不可逆点(PNR);(2)饥饿仔鱼的初次摄食率在卵黄囊耗尽时达到最高,保持在80%以上的时间为7 d;(3)仔鱼在PNR后死亡率急剧增加,PNR后第3 d仔鱼全部死亡;(4)经恢复生长试验,延迟3 d投饵对仔鱼的存活率影响不大,延迟3～6 d投饵对仔鱼全长生长影响不大.     

延迟投饵对史氏鲟仔鱼摄食、存活及生长的影响

为了解史氏鲟仔鱼阶段的开口摄食习性,为史氏鲟的人工育苗提供基础资料,研究了延迟投饵对史氏鲟仔鱼摄食、存活及生长的影响。结果表明:仔鱼6日龄开口,7日龄史氏鲟仔鱼初次摄食,10日龄卵黄基本吸收完毕,16~17日龄,不能建立外源性营养的仔鱼进入饥饿的不可逆点(PNR)期,故其PNR是16日龄;史氏鲟仔鱼存活率随延迟投饵天数的增加而降低,6日龄后,延迟投饵时间在7d内,仔鱼存活率可达60%以上,延迟投饵时间在8~10d内,仔鱼的成活率下降至40%左右,延迟投饵时间为11d,存活率下降至10%,延迟投饵时间为12d及以后,存活率为0;史氏鲟仔鱼全长和体质量在延迟投饵4d内均增加;延迟投饵超过4d则均下降。延迟投喂时间在8d以内,仔鱼全长和体质量与对照组无显著性差异;延迟投喂超过9d,全长和体质量低于对照组;史氏鲟仔鱼适宜投饵的时间是孵出后9~10d。     

温度对花斑副沙鳅仔鱼发育、摄食及不可逆点的影响

2011年4～5月,研究了温度对花斑副沙鳅(Parabotia fasciata)早期仔鱼的发育、初次摄食时间、群体摄食率及不可逆点(PNR)的影响。结果发现,花斑副沙鳅仔鱼出膜后2 d已开始摄食;初次群体摄食率最高值出现在卵黄囊耗尽后的1～2 d,花斑副沙鳅仔鱼的摄食强度随温度升高而增大。仔鱼抵达PNR的时间随温度升高而缩短:22℃时,仔鱼的PNR出现在出膜后的8.0～9.0 d;26℃时,PNR为7.0 d;28℃时,PNR为5.5 d;30℃时,PNR为5.0 d。最大初次摄食率至PNR之间为不可逆饥饿期,22℃时为3.5 d,30℃时仅为1.5 d,说明温度越高,仔鱼耐受饥饿的能力越差,越不利于仔鱼的存活。研究认为,温度对花斑副沙鳅仔鱼发育、摄食及不可逆点的影响较大;在苗种培育过程中,应根据温度确定投饵时间,适时投饵对仔鱼的成活显得尤其重要。     

中华鲟仔鱼初次摄食时间与存活及生长的关系

研究了延迟投饵对中华鲟开口仔鱼存活及生长的影响。初次开口摄食在11—12日龄,13日龄卵黄基本吸收完毕,营养完全依靠外界供给。12日龄后,延迟投喂时间在1—10天的范围内,仔鱼成活率在46.67—73.33％之间,各组间无显著差异;延迟投喂时间为11d,成活率下降至13.3％;延迟投喂时间为12d,成活率为0。此外,延迟投喂时间在8d(20日龄)之内,42日龄后测量,仔鱼体长和体重与对照组无明显差异;延迟投喂超过9d,则体长和体重的指标明显低于对照组。仔鱼不摄食可以存活的最长时间是42日龄,但延迟投喂12天(24日龄)以上即发生不可逆转饥饿,故其饥饿的不可逆点(PNR)是24日龄。     

太平洋鳕仔鱼饥饿实验及不可逆生长点的确定

通过研究饥饿胁迫对太平洋鳕仔鱼生长、形态和行为的影响,确定太平洋鳕仔鱼最佳投饵时间及不可逆点,以期为太平洋鳕人工育苗提供科学参考。实验设饥饿组和摄食组进行研究。结果表明,在水温10.0—11.0℃时,太平洋鳕仔鱼在孵化后第5天开始摄食,此时卵黄囊容量约从初孵时的0.2402mm3降至0.0062mm3,卵黄囊体积随仔鱼生长逐渐变小。从第8日龄开始,饥饿仔鱼的全长、体长、肛前长、体高等指标与摄食组差异极显著(P0.01),多项生长指标出现负增长,饥饿组与摄食组仔鱼开鳔率及鳔体积差异明显,表明饥饿对仔鱼生长发育起延迟作用。太平洋鳕仔鱼初次摄食率为30%,第7天初次摄食率达90%,仅保持1d。太平洋鳕仔鱼的耐饥饿能力较差,PNR为9日龄。最佳投饵时间为5—7日龄。     

哲罗鱼仔鱼饥饿实验及不可逆生长点的确定

在水温10-12℃条件下,研究了哲罗鱼Hucho taimen仔鱼饥饿对其生长、形态和行为的影响,确定其初次摄食饥饿不可逆点(PNR)和最佳初次摄食时间.结果表明:饥饿状况下哲罗鱼仔鱼全长基本维持恒定,但肥满度不断降低,在第24日龄后体重出现负增长,其卵黄囊吸收与生长变化密切相关;饥饿后的仔鱼身体发黑、头大身瘦、后脑部下陷;集群性、初次摄食力与饥饿时间呈负相关;25日龄出现自残现象,30日龄自残率达到最大值14.5%.哲罗鱼仔鱼初次摄食时间在21日龄,当29日龄摄食率达到最高值100%,PNR期为39-40日龄;初次摄食仔鱼最佳投喂时间在25日龄,也就是仔鱼上浮后第4天.     

沙氏下鱵鱼仔鱼的摄食能力和营养代谢

20 0 0年 6月 18日 14 :2 0时在 35°0 0′N、 12 1°0 0′E海域利用大型浮游生物网采集了大量的沙氏下鱼天然受精卵 ,将受精卵置于新鲜的海水中进行人工孵化 ,7月 1日 8时仔鱼开始孵出 ,0 5h后收集大约 5 0 0尾初孵仔鱼条进行饥饿试验。在培养水温为 2 4 2～ 2 4 8℃条件下 ,沙氏下鱼仔鱼孵化后 1h就建立起巡游模式 ,4h就具有非常高的初次摄食率和摄食强度 ,仔鱼的混合营养期为 2d ,具有初次摄食能力的时间为 3d ,饥饿不可逆转点发生在孵化后大约 3 5d ,不可逆点 (PNR)期仔鱼没有出现胸角这一形态学特征。沙氏下鱼仔鱼这么短的时间建立巡游模式 ,对仔鱼在混合营养期这一有限的时间内顺利地建立起外源性摄食关系 ,在时间上取得了一定的保障作用 ,对种群的繁衍策略具有一定的生态学意义 ,说明在仔鱼的初次摄食阶段 ,自然海区中适合于仔鱼摄食的饵料生物的种类、分布与数量对其早期的成活是至关重要的。PNR期仔鱼是否具有胸角以及胸角是否为仔鱼的饥饿体征因种而异 ,在渔业资源生态调查的仔鱼样品的鉴别工作中 ,应用仔鱼的胸角鉴别健康仔鱼和饥饿仔鱼时应因种而论.     

人工饲养条件下棕果蝠的摄食行为

2005年8～11月,对北京动物园饲养的棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaulti)摄食行为进行了研究。每天上午和下午按时喂食,棕果蝠的摄食行为表现出一定的规律性。放置好水果约4min后,1～3只棕果蝠先在食物周围盘旋,然后返回栖息位置;再经约2min开始进食。当果篮中剩余少量水果时,部分棕果蝠到地面取食。上午喂食后,在地面取食的棕果蝠数目出现1个高峰;下午喂食后,地面取食出现4个高峰。下午取食时间显著长于上午(P<0·05)。棕果蝠进食完一块水果后,并不立即再次取食,而是存在一段时间间隔,期间雌雄棕果蝠的行为包括静止、理毛、张望、飞行、抢食、争斗、爬行、排泄、舔生殖区、舔顶棚等。雌雄的行为出现频次存在差异,其中雄性与哺乳期雌性的静止、理毛、飞行、抢食、争斗、舔生殖区行为差异显著(P<0·05);雄性与非哺乳期雌性的静止、理毛、张望、飞行、舔生殖区行为差异显著(P<0·05);哺乳期与非哺乳期雌性的静止、理毛、飞行、抢食行为差异显著(P<0·05)。     

The scaling of tongue projection in the veiled chameleon,Chamaeleo calyptratus

Within a year of hatching, chameleons can grow by up to two orders of magnitude in body mass. Rapid growth of the feeding mechanism means that bones, muscles, and movements change as chameleons grow while needing to maintain function. A previous morphological study showed that the musculoskeletal components of the feeding apparatus grow with negative allometry relative to snout–vent length (SVL) in chameleons. Here, we investigate the scaling of prey capture kinematics and muscle physiological cross-sectional area in the veiled chameleon, Chamaeleo calyptratus. The chameleons used in this study varied in size from approximately 3 to 18 cm SVL (1–200 g). Feeding sequences of 12 chameleons of different sizes were filmed and the timing of movements and the displacements and velocities of the jaws, tongue, and the hyolingual apparatus were quantified. Our results show that most muscle cross-sectional areas as well as tongue and hyoid mass scaled with isometry relative to mandible length, yet with negative allometry relative to SVL. Durations of movement also scaled with negative allometry relative to SVL and mandible length. Distances and angles generally scaled as predicted under geometric similarity (slopes of 1 and 0, respectively), while velocities generally scaled with slopes greater than 0 relative to SVL and mandible length. These data indicate that the velocity of jaw and tongue movements is generally greater in adults compared to juveniles. The discrepancy between the scaling of cross-sectional areas versus movements suggests changes in the energy storage and release mechanisms implicated in tongue projection.     

近邻剑水蚤对浮游动物的摄食

近邻剑水蚤能捕获和摄食实验所提供的所有浮游动物,尤喜食小型浮游动物。猎物受攻击的部位发生在头部,背部和腹部。猪物密度、水温、光照强度和昼夜变化对近邻剑水蚤的摄食有重要影响。     

不同光照强度下乌鳢幼鱼的摄食强度及动力学

在103－10－3lx光照强度范围内,乌鳢幼鱼对浮游动物的摄食强度随光照强度的减弱而增强,在10-3lx时达最大值;摄食丰在10-3lx时最高,并随时间的延长而显著降低。     

Feeding behavior modulation in the leopard lizard (Gambelia wislizenii): effects of noxious versus innocuous prey

Feeding, a fundamentally rhythmic behavior in many animals, is expected to exhibit modulation with respect to prey type. Using high-speed videography (200 frames s⁻¹) and kinematic analysis, we investigated prey-processing behavior in the long-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia wislizenii). The effects of two prey types were examined, innocuous immature crickets (Acheta domesticus) and noxious stinging hymenopterans (honeybees [Apis mellifer] and yellow jackets [Vespula sp.]). Stinging hymenopterans are processed more extensively, with higher gape-cycling frequencies, and for a greater duration than are crickets. Generalized tetrapod feeding models were used as a framework to test the hypothesis that gape profile characteristics are modulated in response to prey noxiousness. Cricket processing generally fits the models, but hymenopteran processing departs from typical model parameters. In particular, the SO phase is absent to barely detectable during hymenopteran processing. This likely represents an effect of extrinsic neural input on a centrally directed rhythmic motor pattern, possibly to avoid being stung. Differences in the capture behavior of crickets versus hymenopterans indicate that G. wislizenii assesses prey noxiousness before physical contact with prey and modifies its capture behavior accordingly. These results add to the growing body of evidence that sensory information can play a critical role in shaping stereotyped rhythmic behaviors in non-mammalian tetrapods.     

Tooth reorientation affects tooth function during prey processing and tooth ontogeny in the lesser electric ray, Narcine brasiliensis

The dental anatomy of elasmobranch fishes (sharks, rays and relatives) creates a functional system that is more dynamic than that of mammalian dentition. Continuous dental replacement (where new teeth are moved rostrally to replace older ones) and indirect fibrous attachment of the dentition to the jaw allow teeth to reorient relative to the jaw over both long- and short-term scales, respectively. In this study, we examine the processing behavior and dental anatomy of the lesser electric ray Narcine brasiliensis (Olfers, 1831) to illustrate that the freedom of movement of elasmobranch dentition allows a functional flexibility that can be important for complex prey processing behaviors. From static manipulations of dissected jaws and observations of feeding events in live animals, we show that the teeth rotate during jaw protrusion, resulting in a secondary grasping mechanism that likely serves to hold prey while the buccal cavity is flushed free of sediment. The function of teeth is not always readily apparent from morphology; in addition to short-term reorientation, the long-term dental reorientation during replacement allows a given tooth to serve multiple functions during tooth ontogeny. Unlike teeth inside the mouth, the cusps of external teeth (on the portion of the tooth pad that extends past the occlusal plane) lay flat, such that the labial faces act as a functional battering surface, protecting the jaws during prey excavation.     

Economy of food utilization in a gregarious sawfly,Arge nigrinodosa Motschulsky (Hymenoptera: Argidae): Relative abundance of food in the natural habitat and behavioral pattern of larval feeding

Summary Relative abundance of natural food resource, leaves of wild rose, ofArge migrinodosa was evaluated by comparing the food quantity which the larvae composing a colony utilized throughout the larval stage with that which is available in the habitat. In this connection, behavioral pattern of larval feeding was also observed under natural conditions, and its ecological significance was discussed. It was quantitatively clarified that the larvae faced the severe shortage of food and had to disperse to other shoots with the expense of probably high risk. Under pressures of such insufficient supply of food, the larvae follow the most efficient pattern of feeding behavior that they move to the tip of shoot at first and feed regularly downward thereafter. Though individual larvae behaved completely independently of each other, the aggregation appeared to be formed and maintained because all the larvae from the same egg mass follow this fixed feeding pattern.     

怒江上游三种裂腹鱼类摄食及消化器官比较研究

于2017年5和6月以及9和10月在怒江西藏段收集了怒江裂腹鱼（Schizothorax nukiangensis）194尾、裸腹叶须鱼（Ptychobarbus kaznakovi）152尾,热裸裂尻鱼（Schizopygopsis thermalis）117尾。综合运用3 种多元分析方法分析3 种鱼类摄食及消化器官形态的种间差异,结果显示,主要种间差异部位为头部及肠道;种间形态指标均为显著性差异（P < 0.05）;3种裂腹鱼的头部形态已有了一定程度的分化。鱼类食物组成及食物竞争情况研究表明,怒江裂腹鱼和裸腹叶须鱼属杂食性偏动物食性鱼类,两者食物重叠指数较高（0.91）;热裸裂尻鱼属杂食性偏植物食性鱼类。食物多样性指数的种间差异明显。3种裂腹鱼营养及空间生态位均有分化,摄食与水温、流速和海拔等环境因素密切相关。     

南极磷虾种群生物学研究进展III-摄食

鉴于南极磷虾在南极食物网中所处的关键地位,其摄食活动对南大洋海洋生态系统有着极为重要的影响。南极磷虾食物组成因季节、空间等不同而存在差异,且摄食对象的分类和鉴别也存在着较大困难,选食机制目前尚有不同意见。本文从摄食对象、摄食方式、选食机制及摄食率等方面对近百年来南极磷虾摄食生态学研究进行了总结和归纳,以期为国内外学者开展相关研究提供基础信息,并为进一步开展其摄食生态学研究提供科学思路。     

伏隔核微注射orexin-A 对大鼠摄食和活动的影响

目的:探讨伏隔核微注射orexin-A后,大鼠摄食和活动的变化。方法:采用SD大鼠(250-280g),用脑立体定位仪在伏隔核植入微量注射管。大鼠随机分组,分别微注射乳酸格林液(Ringer’s),orexin-A 100pmol和500pmol。观察微注射后大鼠0-1h,1-2h,2-4h摄食和0-30min,30-60min,60-90min,90-120min活动性变化。结果:Orexin-A微注射后,大鼠0-1h,1-2h摄食量增加;30-60min,60-90min,90-120min的活动性显著增加(P<0.05 vs对照组)。结论:伏隔核是orexin-A刺激大鼠增加摄食量,提高其活动性的作用点。