一种松突圆蚧寄生蜂Aphytis sp.的寿命与产卵研究

在19～32℃内,不供给蜂蜜时,Aphytis sp.寿命是0.8～3.1天,供给蜂蜜时,寿命可延长到3.6～15.2天.Aphytis sp.在25℃和28℃产卵量最多,分别为64.2/♀和63.0/♀,19℃和32℃分别为26.7/♀和27.8/♀.每天每雌产卵2.67～5.35个,产卵集中前5天,占总产卵量的57.6～87.0%.一般第2～3天为产卵高峰日。使用两种方法计算了 Aphytis sp.的内禀增长率,建立了世代产卵量与温度模型和逐日产卵量模型.     

芦苇收割对宫苍仁蚧密度及其五种寄生蜂共寄生关系的影响

【目的】本文旨在揭示芦苇Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.ex Steudel收割对宫苍仁蚧Nipponaclerda biwakoensis Kuwana密度及其5种寄生蜂寄生率和共寄生关系的影响及作用机制。【方法】在上海九段沙湿地上沙的芦苇未收割区和收割区分别设置16个和20个样方,于2011年7月和9月进行重复采样,对未收割区和收割区的蚧虫密度、寄生蜂寄生率、共寄生关系和雌性比率分别进行比较分析。【结果】芦苇收割能够显著降低蚧虫密度(P<0.001);从7月到9月,寄生蜂总寄生率呈增高趋势,但7月芦苇未收割区和收割区间寄生蜂总寄生率差异不显著(P>0.05),而9月芦苇收割区寄生蜂总寄生率则显著高于未收割区(P<0.001);而寄生蜂总寄生率与蚧虫密度相关性并不显著。不同寄生蜂对芦苇收割的响应不同,且存在时间差异性。7月,Aprotocetus sp.的寄生率最高,且在收割区的寄生率显著高于未收割区(P<0.05),而其他寄生蜂寄生率均较低。9月,Aprotocetus sp.的寄生率呈下降趋势,而其余寄生蜂寄生率则呈升高趋势;而且除Encyrtidae sp.外,其他寄生蜂寄生率在未收割区和收割区间存在显著差异(P<0.001)。此外,芦苇收割还显著增加Boucekiella depressa与Astymachus japonicus的共寄生率(P<0.001),并显著减少B.depressa与Aprotocetus sp.的共寄生率(P<0.001)。除Aprotocetus sp.(P<0.05)外,芦苇收割对寄生蜂的雌性比率无显著影响。【结论】不同寄生蜂对芦苇收割的响应,不仅依赖于蚧虫密度,而且还与寄生蜂的扩散能力和竞争能力等生物学特性有关。因此,芦苇收割能通过多种途径影响寄生天敌和宫苍仁蚧的高营养级互作关系,需引起足够的重视。     

水稻种植密度和生育期对三化螟卵天敌种群及其效益的影响

研究结果表明,水稻种植密度和生育期对三化螟Scirpophaha incertulas卵的天敌种群及其捕食串和寄生率有显著的影响。捕食性天敌和某些寄生蜂的种群密度随种植密度的增加和生育期的增长而增加,但啮小蜂和赤眼蜂对种植密度的反应不明显。螟卵捕食串随种植密度的增加和生育期的增长而增加。但螟卵寄生率则相反：种植密度低、生育期早,卵寄生率高,且差异显著。种植密度和生育期不仅影响了单种寄生蜂的寄生率,而且也影响了螟卵寄生蜂种类的多少。在种植密度低的地块和水稻生长初期,卵块通常有3种寄生蜂出现,而在密度高的地块和生长末期,卵块通常没有寄生蜂或仅有赤眼蜂出现。虽然卵捕食和卵寄生都是三化螟卵的重要控制因素,但由天敌所造成的卵死亡率则随种植密度的增加或生育期的延长而下降。     

深圳郊区寄生小菜蛾的赤眼蜂种类及消长动态

在深圳郊区龙岗示范生态农场,寄生于小菜蛾的赤眼蜂为拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogrammaconfusum和赤眼蜂一新种Trichogramma sp.,其中拟澳洲赤眼蜂稍占优势.其寄生率受季节和化学农药的影响,全年中以秋季为最高,在收获期的菜芯地可高达30-35%;夏季降雨是寄生率低于5%的主要原因;在经常施用化学农药的菜地,寄生率始终维持在10%以下.小菜蛾卵不孵率随寄生率增加而升高,使小菜蛾卵总死亡率增加.     

花角蚜小蜂对松突圆蚧的寄生功能反应

在实验室条件下,以松突圆蚧(Hemiberlesia pitysophilaTakagi)雌成蚧为寄主,研究了花角蚜小蜂(Coccobius azumaiTachikawa)的寄生功能反应.结果表明:寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,且功能反应受到温度、寄主密度和寄生物密度的影响.在同一温度下,寄生数量随寄主密度的增大而增加;在15℃~25℃范围内,随着温度的升高,被寄生的松突圆蚧雌成蚧数量增加,而在25℃~35℃之间呈相反趋势.花角蚜小蜂的寄生功能反应有较强的种内干扰作用,随自身密度的增加,寄生数量逐渐减少.Hassell(1969)模型E=QP-m和Bedding-ton(1975)模型E=aT/[1 btw(P-1)]均能较好地反映花角蚜小蜂的寻找效应与其自身密度之间的关系,模拟结果分别为E=0.1659P-0.5597和E=0.1437T/[1 0.2691(P-1)].     

紫红笛鲷幼鱼对集群密度和投饵定额的摄食反应

研究了紫红笛鲷(Lutjanus argentimaculatus)幼鱼在不同集群密度和投饵定额下的摄食反应.实验设7个不同的集群组(1、2、3、4、8、12、16尾/组),每个集群组又分成7个不同的投饵定额组(18.4×10-227.6×10-2、36.8×10-2、46.0 × 10-2、55.2×10-2、64.4×10-2、73.6×10-2g/组),通过测定摄食量观测幼鱼的摄食反应.在定额投饵的情况下,紫红笛鲷每尾幼鱼的一次平均摄食量随群体密度的增大呈先增加、超过一定密度后下降的趋势.1尾组与其他组差异极显著(P＜0.01),其组平均一次摄食量最低.当集群密度不变时,紫红笛鲷幼鱼一次平均摄食量随投饵定额的增大而增加,然后减小.随着集群密度增大,不同密度群体的最大摄食量向投饵定额增加的方向移动;而随着投饵定额增加,不同定额组的最大摄食量相对集中在2～8尾的群体中.结果表明,集群密度、投饵定额以及两者的交互作用对紫红笛鲷幼鱼的一次摄食量有极显著影响,群居的互利性和竞争性作用效果明显.     

太平洋牡蛎同化率的研究

在室内实验条件下,研究了体重、饵料密度和质量对太平洋牡蛎同化率的影响.结果表明,太平洋牡蛎的滤水率、摄食率随个体的增大而增加,并且都符合幂函数模式:FR(IR)=aW^b.太平洋牡蛎同化率与其个体大小的关系不明显.饵料丰度和质量是影响太平洋牡蛎同化率的重要因素.随食物中有机物含量(POM/TPM)的增加,太平洋牡蛎的同化率也增加,随饵料密度的增加而降低.     

布氏潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇幼虫寄生作用的研究

在试验室条件下研究了布氏潜蝇茧蜂Fopius vandenboschi(Fullaway)的寄生习性。结果表明:该寄生蜂嗜好寄生低龄的橘小实蝇幼虫;橘小实蝇幼虫的密度对布氏潜蝇茧蜂的寄生有明显的影响;被寄生的幼虫数随寄主自身密度的增加而增加,当寄主幼虫密度达每果片30只以上时,寄生数量的增加幅度就趋于下降,用Holling圆盘方程模拟为Na=0.9051N/(1 0.0163N)。此外,布氏潜蝇茧蜂的自身密度对寄生作用也有影响,随着寄生蜂数量的增加,寄生蜂的发现域逐渐变小,用Hassell-Varley方程表示为α=0.4655P-0.5807。     

真(鱼岁)(Phoxinus phoxinus(L.))的能量收支各组分与摄食量、体重及温度的关系

在不同的摄食水平(饥饿—最大量)及温度(5—15℃)下,对1—5g的真(鱼岁)的摄食量、排粪量、排泄量、代谢量,生长量及生化组成作了测定。真(鱼岁)的最大摄食量随体重及温度增加而增加。食物能量平均有6.5％损失于粪便中,5.1％损失于排泄物中。摄食代谢随摄食量增加而增加。在同一温度下,特定生长率与摄食量的关系是一减速增长曲线。当摄食不受限制时,生长率随温度增加而增加;当摄食受限制时,生长率随温度增加而下降。鱼体的干物质含量及能量含量随摄食量增加而增加。     

海氏桨角蚜小蜂对两种生物型烟粉虱的功能反应研究

本文报道海氏桨角蚜小蜂Erelmocerus hayati在室内对不同寄主密度下的B型和Q型烟粉虱Bemisiatabaei寄生和取食情况,并比较了该蜂对两种生物型烟粉虱功能反应的差异。结果表明,海氏桨角蚜小蜂对两种生物型烟粉虱的寄生率和致死率可分别达到60％和70％以上,平均每日最大致死量可达40头烟粉虱若虫。该蜂对两种生物型烟粉虱的功能反应曲线符合Holling Ⅱ型,随寄主密度的增加对烟粉虱若虫的寄生和致死数量均增加直至达到每日最大致死数量,而寄生率和致死率则随寄主密度的增加而显著下降。该蜂对两种生物型烟粉虱的功能反应没有显著的差异。     

Oppositional responses to host density in Aphytis holoxanthus (Hymenoptera: Aphefinidae), an efficient gregarious parasite

Abstract. 1. Ovipositional responses of an efficient gregarious ectoparasite ( Aphytis holoxanthus ) to increasing densities of its host (the Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum , Homoptera: Diaspididae) were studied in a laboratory system.
2. The female parasite may lay one to several eggs at each encounter with a host.
3. As host density increased, the number of eggs laid by the female parasite during the experimental period increased at a decreasing rate. This type of functional response resulted in less parasitism at higher host densities.
4. As host density increased, the number of eggs laid per encounter decreased. This behavioural response partially compensated for the decrease in parasitism.     

Learning pays off: influence of experience on host finding and parasitism in Lariophagus distinguendus

Abstract. 1. The influence of experience on egg maturation, parasitism rate, and behaviour during host searching was investigated for Lariophagus distinguendus (Först.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitizing larvae of the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.) in grains of wheat Triticum aestivum L.
2. Dissection of female parasitoids and parasitism bioassays at high host density revealed that experience with hosts (e.g. by oviposition or by host feeding) is not required either for triggering oogenesis or for oviposition.
3. In parasitism experiments at low host density, when single host-infested grains were offered within a bulk of healthy grains, host finding and parasitism rate were increased by experience.
4. Behavioural observations revealed that searching time required for finding an infested grain was shorter for experienced parasitoids than for naive parasitoids, because travel time from grain to grain is shorter for experienced parasitoids, and because experienced parasitoids spend less time than naive parasitoids on non-infested grains.
5. In conclusion, experience due to host exposure increases parasitism and thereby the fitness of the parasitoids. It is discussed that this increase is more likely due to learning than to different egg load dynamics of experienced parasitoids.     

白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对栗山天牛低龄幼虫的寄生作用

栗山天牛Massicus raddei（Blessig）是我国东北危害栎树的重要害虫。在对其进行生物防治研究中,通过功能反应实验方法探讨了利用寄生蜂白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao对栗山天牛低龄幼虫的寄生作用。结果表明：白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂在取食寄主补充营养的过程中,对栗山天牛1～2龄小幼虫的致死作用随着寄主密度的增加而显著提高,功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,平均每日最大致死量为0.53头。寄生作用功能反应符合Holling Ⅰ型方程,寻找时间21 d内的寄主密度阈限为4头。当该肿腿蜂密度固定为1头时,对栗山天牛致死作用和寄生作用的寻找效率均随寄主密度的上升而降低。当寄主密度固定不变时,随着寄生蜂密度的增加寄主的死亡数量线性升高,被寄生的寄主数量也上升,但该肿腿蜂对栗山天牛低龄幼虫致死作用和寄生作用的寻找效应均显著下降,表明白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂是防治栗山天牛低龄幼虫的良好天敌。研究结果对于合理评价白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂在生产上的控害能力和制定寄生蜂的林间释放应用技术规程提供了依据。     

Ratio-dependent parasitism with Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on egg rafts of Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): effect of experimental variables and compatibility of 'ratio' and 'Holling' models

Abstract Egg rafts of Nezara viridula were exposed to the parasitoid wasp Trissolcus basalis in experimental arenas to establish the relationship of the rates of attack and parasitism to various combinations of arena size, parasitoid density, host density and parasitoid-to-host ratio. Arena sizes were varied in the ratio 1:9:63, with the largest having a search area of 1.44 m². Parasitoid and host densities were varied over a 27-fold range. The parasitoid-to-host ratios used were 1:1, 3:1 and 6:1. Finding time was related to a constant factor (flight propensity), rather than to the difficulty of finding (density of hosts). Initial attack rates were therefore related only to parasitoid numbers (or density), even at the lower densities and ratios. Parasitism rates (a function of attack rate per host) were thus also strongly related to parasitoid to host ratio, regardless of densities used and arena sizes. Even reducing host density, while keeping time and parasitoid density constant, increased the parasitism rate. A ratio model for parasitism rate was therefore compatible with the data but the more explicit Holling 'disc' equation was also compatible because handling time was sufficiently large to make it sensitive to the ratio of parasitoids to hosts for the densities used. We conclude that the two models would predict different results if the density of host egg rafts was in a range below one per square metre.     

3种赤眼蜂对甜菜夜蛾和小菜蛾卵的寄生功能反应

为评估稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead、螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis Ishii和玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua Hübner卵和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella Linnaeus卵的寄生潜能，本研究在室内条件下测试了3种赤眼蜂对不同密度甜菜夜蛾卵和小菜蛾卵的寄生率、寄生功能反应和搜寻效应。结果表明，稻螟赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂对甜菜夜蛾卵和小菜蛾卵均有一定的寄生效应。螟黄赤眼蜂对甜菜夜蛾卵的寄生率、瞬间攻击率、寄生效能和搜寻效应均高于稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂；3种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生率、瞬间攻击率、寄生效能和搜寻效应则表现为：稻螟赤眼蜂>螟黄赤眼蜂>玉米螟赤眼蜂。3种赤眼蜂对两种寄主的寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型模型方程，表现为寄生量均随寄主卵密度的增加而升高，达到一定水平后趋于平稳。赤眼蜂的搜寻效应随寄主卵密度的增加而降低。综合分析可知，螟黄赤眼蜂对于甜菜夜蛾的控害能力优于稻螟赤眼蜂螟和玉米螟赤眼蜂，而稻螟赤眼蜂比螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂更适合用于防控小菜蛾。     

淡色斧瓢虫对烟粉虱的捕食作用

研究了淡色斧瓢虫对烟粉虱的捕食作用.结果表明,淡色斧瓢虫对烟粉虱的功能反应呈Holling Ⅱ型.随着猎物龄期的增加,淡色斧瓢虫成虫的寻找效率(a)逐渐降低,处置时间(T_h)依次延长;随着淡色斧瓢虫幼虫龄期的增加,其对烟粉虱卵的寻找效率逐渐提高,处置时间依次缩短.淡色斧瓢虫成虫对烟粉虱卵的捕食效应随捕食者间干扰作用的增加而下降,捕食作用率(E)与淡色斧瓢虫数量（P）之间呈幂函数关系,即E=0.5205P^-0.6631.温度对淡色斧瓢虫的捕食效应影响显著,寻找效率和处置时间与温度间的函数关系为:a=- 0.0002T³+0.0166T²-0.3492T+3.2329,T_h=4×10^-7T³-3×10^-5T²+0.0006T-0.0009.     

孪斑唇瓢虫成虫对桑白蚧的捕食功能

在实验室条件下,研究孪斑唇瓢虫Chilocorus geminus Zaslavskij成虫对桑白蚧Pseudau lacaspis pentagona(Targioni-Tozzetti)各虫态的捕食功能反应,寻找效应和干扰效应。结果表明,孪斑唇瓢虫成虫对桑白蚧各虫态的功能反应均符合Holling-Ⅱ型圆盘方程。孪斑唇瓢虫成虫对桑白蚧各虫态的寻找效应随自身密度的增加而降低。根据Holling-Ⅲ型功能反应新模型拟合出1头孪斑唇瓢虫成虫对桑白蚧各虫态的最佳寻找密度分别为:成虫26.7头、卵185.2粒、1龄若虫47.9头、2龄若虫46.8头。当孪斑唇瓢虫成虫与桑白蚧各虫态的数量同比例增加时,孪斑唇瓢虫成虫个体间的相互干扰系数为0.3901,0.7891和0.9827;当桑白蚧2龄若虫数量不变而孪斑唇瓢虫成虫数量增加时,孪斑唇瓢虫成虫个体间的相互干扰系数为0.0960。     

Inverse density dependent parasitism in a patchy environment: a laboratory system

Abstract. 1. Two species of parasitoids (Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) and Heterospilus prosopidis Vier) attacking the bruchid beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), show marked inverse density dependent relationships between per cent parasitism and host density per patch.
2. These patterns are well described quantitatively using data on the spatial distribution of searching time by the parasitoids and their attack rates on patches of different host density.
3. A model of optimal foraging predicts just the opposite (i.e. density dependent) patterns of parasitism.
4. Both density dependent and inversely density dependent spatial patterns of parasitism can be explained mechanistically in terms of (a) the allocation of searching time in patches of different host density and (b) the maximum attack rate per parasitoid that constrains the extent of host exploitation within a patch.     

The functional response of Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus to changes in the population density of its prey Aedes aegypti

We present an analysis of the functional response of the predator Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus (Coquillett) to changes in the density of the larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). The experiment was replicated for five different ages, and at three different densities of the predator. The data were fitted to Rogers' (1972) random predator equation by non-linear least-squares in order to estimate searching efficiency and handling time for each experimental treatment. The data show that estimated searching efficiencies are highest at intermediate ages of the predator for all predator densities tested. Handling time declines exponentially with increasing predator age. There is a marked interference effect; searching efficiency decreases with increased predator density, and this is most pronounced at intermediate prey ages. Estimated handling times increase with predator density at a rate which declines with increasing predator age.