越南斧瓢虫对烟粉虱的捕食作用

【目的】烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是一种外来入侵性的重大农业害虫,越南斧瓢虫Axinoscymnus apioides Kuznetsov&Ren是其重要的捕食性天敌之一,本文系统研究了越南斧瓢虫对烟粉虱的捕食作用。【方法】在温度误差为±1℃,相对湿度为75%,光照周期为L︰D=14︰10条件下,测定瓢虫成虫对烟粉虱各虫态的功能反应和不同温度下对烟粉虱4龄若虫的功能反应以及测定瓢虫成虫取食烟粉虱4龄若虫个体间的干扰反应。【结果】结果表明,越南斧瓢虫对烟粉虱的功能反应呈HollingⅡ型,随着猎物龄期的增加,越南斧瓢虫成虫的寻找效率(a)逐渐降低,处置时间(Th)基本依次延长。温度对瓢虫的捕食效应影响显著,试验所设温度为15,20,25,30,35℃,越南斧瓢虫成虫的寻找效率(a)分别为0.3226,0.4496,0.5868,0.5788和0.6235,处置时间(Th)分别为0.2348,0.1451,0.1039,0.0904和0.0976,均与温度(T)则呈二次曲线关系。越南斧瓢虫对烟粉虱4龄若虫的捕食作用率(E)在捕食者密度较低(在1~5头)时,捕食作用率下降较快,而在捕食者>6时,其对捕食作用率的影响效果减小。寻找系数为0.0607,干扰系数为0.5569。【结论】随着猎物龄期的增加,越南斧瓢虫成虫的寻找效率降低,处置时间延长;越南斧瓢虫成虫对烟粉虱4龄若虫的寻找效率随着温度的升高而提高,而在更高的温度条件下,其寻找效率略有下降。瓢虫对烟粉虱的处置时间则随着温度的升高而不断缩短;越南斧瓢虫成虫自身密度对其捕食作用产生干扰反应,捕食作用率随着捕食者密度的增加而降低。     

烟粉虱捕食性天敌淡色斧瓢虫的形态特征及生活习性

对淡色斧瓢虫Axinoscymnuscadilobus的形态特征和生活习性进行了观察。在 ( 2 5± 1 7)℃条件下 ,以烟粉虱为食料 ,淡色斧瓢虫完成 1个世代平均历期为 49 5 9d ,成虫的平均寿命为 64 45d ,平均产卵量为 95 4粒 ;淡色斧瓢虫可捕食烟粉虱的卵、若虫、蛹及成虫 ,是烟粉虱的有效天敌 ,具有很好的保护利用价值。     

广重粉蛉对烟粉虱的捕食作用研究

【目的】广重粉蛉Semidalis aleyrodiformis(Stephens)是烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)的重要天敌昆虫之一,为了明确其控制潜能,本文研究了广重粉蛉对烟粉虱的捕食作用。【方法】在室内温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度75%±5%,光照周期L∶D=14∶10条件下,对广重粉蛉幼虫捕食烟粉虱各个虫态的捕食作用进行研究。并且评估了广重粉蛉幼虫对烟粉虱卵、广重粉蛉成虫对烟粉虱若虫和伪蛹的捕食功能反应模型,同时,对广重粉蛉成虫捕食烟粉虱卵的干扰反应方程进行了拟合。【结果】广重粉蛉幼虫对烟粉虱的捕食量随着广重粉蛉龄期的增大而增大。广重粉蛉幼虫对烟粉虱卵的功能反应和广重粉蛉成虫对烟粉虱各个虫态的捕食功能反应都呈HollingⅡ型。随着广重粉蛉龄期的增加,广重粉蛉对烟粉虱卵的寻找效率(a)逐渐增加,处置时间(Th)依次缩短;而广重粉蛉成虫对不同龄期烟粉虱的功能反应是随着猎物龄期的增加,寻找效率逐渐降低,处置时间(Th)依次延长。广重粉蛉自身密度方程为E=0.127 9×P-0.317 3,干扰系数为0.317 3。【结论】研究表明,广重粉蛉4龄幼虫和雌成虫对烟粉虱有较好的捕食作用,控害潜力最大。     

烟粉虱天敌日本刀角瓢虫的捕食行为

研究了日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫和幼虫捕食粉虱时的各种行为时间分配.结果表明,日本刀角瓢虫成虫的捕食行为可分为爬行、取食、清洁、静息、整翅和排泄6个部分.饥饿后的日本刀角瓢虫幼虫捕食烟粉虱卵时,幼虫各龄期间的取食和爬行时间无显著差异,对烟粉虱卵的处置时间随瓢虫幼虫虫龄的增大而缩短.日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫捕食烟粉虱卵时,饥饿后的雌成虫用于取食的时间显著长于非饥饿的雌成虫,而用于清洁、静息和爬行的时间显著短于非饥饿的雌成虫;饥饿后的瓢虫雌成虫对卵的处置时间显著长于非饥饿的雌成虫.饥饿后的日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫捕食烟粉虱若虫时,瓢虫雌成虫的取食时间随烟粉虱若虫虫龄的增大而增加,清洁和静息时间随烟粉虱若虫虫龄的增大而缩短,对若虫的处置时间随烟粉虱若虫虫龄的增大而增加.     

2种瓢虫捕食烟粉虱行为的时间分配策略

【背景】沙巴拟刀角瓢虫和越南斧瓢虫是自东南亚地区引进的粉虱类害虫的优势捕食性天敌,然而其控制烟粉虱的有效性尚未明确。【方法】在室内研究了2种瓢虫幼虫捕食烟粉虱若虫时取食、爬行与休息等行为的时间分配,以及2种瓢虫幼虫和成虫在既定时间内对烟粉虱的取食时间和取食量。【结果】随着瓢虫幼虫龄期的增大,其取食烟粉虱低龄和高龄若虫的时间和休息时间均逐渐减少,而爬行寻找猎物的时间逐渐增多。沙巴拟刀角瓢虫幼虫取食烟粉虱各虫态的时间显著长于越南斧瓢虫幼虫,取食量也显著大于后者;而沙巴拟刀角瓢虫成虫取食烟粉虱的时间长于越南斧瓢虫成虫,但取食量明显低于后者。【结论与意义】2种瓢虫对烟粉虱都有较好的捕食作用,但其时间分配策略有所不同。因此,应根据田间烟粉虱的发生时期,选择合适的瓢虫进行释放。     

番茄褪绿病毒对刀角瓢虫捕食烟粉虱的影响

在实验室条件下研究了不同温度下刀角瓢虫Serangium japonicum对健康和感染番茄褪绿病毒(Tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV)番茄上的烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的捕食效果.结果表明,无论在健康番茄还是感染ToCV番茄上,刀角瓢虫均可以取食烟粉虱的卵和若虫,对卵的捕食量最大,且对烟粉虱卵的功能反应都属于HollingⅡ型反应,方程式分别为NA=0.9650N/1+0.0007N和NA=0.9866N/1+0.0006N.温度可以影响功能反应的参数,在30℃时刀角瓢虫对健康番茄上的烟粉虱的控制作用最好,在35℃时刀角瓢虫对感染ToCV番茄上的烟粉虱控制效果最好.刀角瓢虫偏好感染ToCV的番茄植株,对健康番茄偏好性较弱.刀角瓢虫对感染ToCV番茄上的烟粉虱具有良好的捕食效果,可为烟粉虱的生物防治提供合理依据.     

引进天敌越南斧瓢虫的形态特征和生物学特性

引进天敌越南斧瓢虫Axinoscymnus apioides Kuznetsov & Ren原产于东南亚,是烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)的重要捕食性天敌之一。文章详细描述越南斧瓢虫的形态特征,并研究其基本的生物学特性。越南斧瓢虫可取食烟粉虱的卵、若虫、伪蛹等各虫态,可有效地控制烟粉虱种群,具有很好的利用价值。在(26±1)℃条件下,越南斧瓢虫捕食烟粉虱的世代平均发育历期为20.33d,世代存活率为73.04%,雌成虫寿命为143.17d,平均单雌产卵量为284.33粒。越南斧瓢虫取食烟粉虱的内禀增长率(rm)为0.0457,净增殖率(R0)为103.4050,平均世代历期(T)为99.3626,周限增长率(λ)为1.0478。     

淡色斧瓢虫(Axinoscymnus cardilobus)对烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)种群的控制作用

研究了大田笼罩条件下释放淡色斧瓢虫(Axinoscymnus cardilobus)对变叶木上烟粉虱种群的控制作用.每株释放1对淡色斧瓢虫对不同密度烟粉虱种群的控制效果差异显著.瓢虫和烟粉虱以1∶20比例释放对烟粉虱的防治效果较差,以1∶80比例释放对烟粉虱的防治效果不稳定、总体上看对烟粉虱的种群几乎没有控制效果;而以1∶40的比例释放的防治效果较好、较稳定,防效为35%～95%.释放不同数量的淡色斧瓢虫对同一密度烟粉虱种群的防治效果也差异显著.7周内在1∶40、3∶40、5∶40处理区,瓢虫对烟粉虱种群的防治效果分别为35%～95%、46%～90%和50%～98%.从经济学和生态学的角度综合考虑,瓢虫和烟粉虱以3∶40比例释放比较适宜.     

日本刀角瓢虫形态特征及生物学特性研究

日本刀角瓢虫是粉虱类害虫的重要捕食性天敌之一.本文详细地描述了日本刀角瓢虫的形态特征,并附有各虫态的特征图.且对日本刀角瓢虫的生活习性进行了观察,以烟粉虱卵为食料,日本刀角瓢虫世代发育历期平均为22.56天,成虫平均寿命为91.94天,平均每雌产卵量为564.8粒;以烟粉虱若虫为食料,日本刀角虫世代发育历期平均为21.70天,成虫平均寿命为81.62天,平均每雌产卵量为650.0粒;瓢虫可捕食烟粉虱的卵、若虫、"蛹"、成虫各虫态,是烟粉虱的有效天敌,具有很好的保护利用价值.     

益害虫比对沙巴拟刀角瓢虫与越南斧瓢虫捕食烟粉虱行为的影响

在实验室条件下研究了烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius若虫不同密度、既定烟粉虱密度不同天敌数量两种条件下,沙巴拟刀角瓢虫Serangiella sababensis Sasaji和越南斧瓢虫Axinoscymnus apioides Kuznetsov & Ren的捕食行为.研究结果表明,但烟粉虱若虫密度从5增加到40头/cm2,沙巴拟刀角瓢虫和越南斧瓢虫搜寻猎物的时间,随着粉虱密度的增加而逐渐减少;取食猎物的时间,随着粉虱密度的增加而逐渐增加;对烟粉虱若虫的取食量也随密度的增加呈上升趋势.两种瓢虫相比,在既定猎物密度的情况下,刀角瓢虫搜寻、取食烟粉虱的时间要显著长于斧瓢虫所用的时间,但对烟粉虱的取食量明显低斧瓢虫的取食量.在固定粉虱数量的情况下,当瓢虫数量从1头增加到3头时,单头刀角瓢虫和斧瓢虫对烟粉虱的取食量逐渐减少,个体间的干扰作用逐渐显现.     

Life history of Axinoscymnus cardilobus (Col., Coccinellidae), a predator of Bemisia tabaci (Hom., Aleyrodidae)

Abstract:  Axinoscymnus cardilobus is an indigenous coccinellid predator in South China, which feeds on many whitefly species. Its development, consumption rate, survivorship, longevity and fecundity on a diet of eggs and nymphs of Bemisia tabaci were evaluated. Larval consumption decreased sharply as instars of B. tabaci become bigger, and development time of beetle larvae was significantly different when fed on different stages of B. tabaci . The sex ratio was 0.44. The performances were better after feeding on whitefly eggs than nymphs. Axinoscymnus cardilobus showed good potential for biological control of B. tabaci , especially in greenhouse situations.     

Foraging time and spatial patterns of predation in experimental populations

Summary Responses of the predaceous mites Phytoseiulus persimilis, Typhlodromus (=Metaseiulus) occidentalis, and Amblyseius andersoni to spatial variation in egg density of the phytophagous mite, Tetranychus urticae, were studied in the laboratory.The oligophagous predator P. persimilis showed initially a direct density dependent foraging time allocation and variation in foraging time increased with prey density. With changes in prey density due to predation, predator foraging rates (per hour) decreased with time and density dependent foraging gradually became density independence, because P. persimilis continued to respond to initial prey density, instead of the changing prey density and distribution. The consequent spatial pattern of predation by P. persimilis was density independent, although slopes of predation rate-prey density regressions increased with time.Compared with P. persimilis, the narrowly polyphagous predator T. occidentalis responded relatively slowly to the the presence or absence of prey eggs but not to prey density: the mean and variation of foraging time spent in patches with prey did not differ with prey density, but was significantly greater in patches with prey eggs than in patches without eggs. Prey density and distribution changed only slightly due to predation and overall foraging rates remained more or less constant. The consequent spatial pattern of predation by T. occidentalis was inversely density dependent. As with P. persimilis, slopes of predation rate-prey density regressions increased with time (i.e. the inverse density dependence in T. occidentalis became weaker through time).The broadly polyphagous predator A. andersoni showed density independent foraging time allocation with variation independent of prey density. With changes in prey density over time due to prey depletion, overall foraging rates decreased. The consequent spatial pattern of predation by A. andersoni also changed through time; it initially was inversely density dependent, but soon became density independent.Overall, P. persimilis and T. occidentalis spent more time in prey patches than A. andersoni, suggesting that A. andersoni tended to spend more time moving outside patches. The overall predation rates and searching efficiency were higher in P. persimilis than in A. andersoni and T. occidentalis. Predator reproduction was highest in P. persimilis, lower in T. occidentalis and the lowest A. andersoni.The differences in response to prey distribution among the three predaceous species probably reflect the evolution of these species in environments with different patterns of prey distribution. The degree of polyphagy is a major determinant of the aggregative response, but other attributes such as handling time are also important in other aspects of phytoseiid foraging behavior (e.g. searching efficiency or predation rate).     

微小花蝽对温室白粉虱的捕食作用

研究微小花蝽Orius minutus(L.)对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的捕食作用。结果表明,微小花蝽成虫对温室白粉虱各虫态的功能反应呈HollingⅡ型。微小花蝽成虫对温室白粉虱卵、1龄和2龄混合若虫及其3龄若虫的理论最大捕食量分别为123,74和52头/d。微小花蝽成虫对温室白粉虱卵的捕食效应随捕食者个体间干扰作用的增加而下降,符合Hassel-Varley方程,捕食作用率(E)随着微小花蝽数(P)增加而呈幂指数下降,模拟模型E=0.1021P-0.3189,干扰系数为0.3189。在15～40℃的温度范围内,随着温度的升高微小花蝽成虫对温室白粉虱卵的寻找效率提高,最高达1.1990,处置时间缩短,最低达到0.0035d。     

Feeding preference of Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera: Miridae) on Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

A study of predation choices of Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae) late instars and adults, when offered various developmental stages (eggs and nymphs) of the recently established whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), was made based on two preference indices. In addition, prey choices of late instars when presented with three ratios of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and B. tabaci at a similar developmental stage (eggs, young or late instars) were assessed. M. caliginosus preferred older nymphs of B. tabaci than any other stage. It also chose T. vaporariorum over B. tabaci, unless the latter consisted of > 75% of the available prey. These results suggested that M. caliginosus might interfere with parasitoids such as Encarsia, Eretmocerus, or Amitus spp. because all three species emerge from the host pupal case. Furthermore, in mixed infestations, M. caliginosus preference for T. vaporariorum might either negatively affect the control of B. tabaci, or, contrarily, enhance the predator population, before a B. tabaci outbreak occurs in the greenhouse.     

Consumption rate, functional response and preference of the predaceous mite Iphiseius degenerans to Tetranychus urticae and Eutetranychus orientalis

The functional response of females of the phytoseiid mite, Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese), to increasing densities of females of its prey, Tetranychus urticae Koch and Eutetranychus orientalis Klein, on bean leaves, were studied under laboratory conditions. Our results indicated that the predator consumed significantly more items of E. orientalis than of T. urticae at all densities treatments. Daily consumption of the predator increased with increasing prey density until a plateau was reached-maximum number of prey consumed was ca. 4 for T. urticae and ca. 12 for E. orientalis. A Type II functional response was determined by a logistic regression model. The highest estimated value a (instantaneous rate of attack) and the lowest value of T ( h ) (handling time) were found for the predator feeding on E. orientalis. Prey selection was evaluated by simultaneously presenting both prey species to the predator in various ratios and at increasing densities. I. degenerans showed a higher predation rate and higher preference for E. orientalis at all the ratios and prey densities tested. This may be due to the smaller size or the inactivity of E. orientalis and the inability of the predator to cope with the webbing of T. urticae. Our results suggest that I. degenerans can be considered a suitable biological control candidate based on its preference for E. orientalis in the Mediterranean region.     

辣椒碱对烟粉虱的生物活性及生长发育和生殖力的影响

在实验室条件下研究了辣椒碱对烟粉虱的生物活性及生长发育和生殖力的影响.结果表明:辣椒碱对烟粉虱各虫态均有杀虫活性,且随辣椒碱浓度的增大活性增强;辣椒碱浸叶法/浸虫法处理对烟粉虱成虫、卵和若虫的毒力(LC50分别为3525.79、1603.29和1526.27mg·L-1))均高于内吸法处理(LC50分别为5360.04、2359.19和5897.43 mg.L-1),两种处理方法下辣椒碱对烟粉虱卵的毒力均明显高于对成虫的毒力;2000和4000 mg·L-1浓度辣椒碱对烟粉虱成虫具有明显的拒食作用,烟粉虱在该两种浓度辣椒碱处理过的棉花叶上取食24 h的蜜露分泌量均显著低于取食非处理棉花叶后的蜜露分泌量;辣椒碱各试验浓度对烟粉虱成虫均表现出较强的产卵忌避作用,当辣椒碱处理浓度达4000 mg·L-1时,对烟粉虱的选择性产卵忌避率和非选择性产卵忌避率分别高达94.2％和83.0％.500、1000和2000 mg·L-1辣椒碱浸渍处理对烟粉虱存活卵和若虫的发育历期、成虫羽化率均没有影响,但辣椒碱4000mg·L-1处理明显延长烟粉虱若虫发育历期、降低成虫羽化率.不同浓度辣椒碱处理均明显抑制烟粉虱生殖力,且这种抑制作用随辣椒碱浓度的增大而增强.     

饥饿对大草蛉雄成虫捕食作用的影响

对不同饥饿程度大草蛉雄成虫捕食作用影响的研究表明,饥饿不能改变大草蛉雄成虫捕食作用功能反应类型,饥饿对捕食量影响不显著;大草蛉雄成虫对麦二叉蚜的捕食量（Ｎａ）随着时间（ｔ）的变化,其模型为Ｎａ＝１００／１＋ｅ＾－０．３０８８－０．０９９６ｔ;大草蛉雄成虫在２４ｈ内的捕食速率（Ｖ）与其时间段（ｘ）的关系为Ｖ＝６．７１１７ｘ＾－０．７９２８;大草蛉雄成虫喜好选择捕食麦二叉蚜的低龄若蚜。     

Conservation of predatory arthropods in cotton: role of action thresholds for Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Studies were conducted in 1994 and 1995 to examine the effects of a range of action thresholds for managing Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Biotype B (= B. argentifolii Bellows & Perring) with insecticides in cotton on populations of arthropod predators in Imperial Valley, CA, and Maricopa, AZ. Application of insecticides significantly reduced population densities of spiders, Geocoris punctipes (Say), G. pallens (St?l), Orius tristicolor (White), Nabis alternatus Parshley, Zelus renardii Kolenati, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Méneville, Spanogonicus albofasciatus (Reuter), Drapetis sp., and Chrysoperla carnea Stephens in one or both years and sites compared with untreated controls. Use of higher B. tabaci thresholds conserved some species and groups relative to lower thresholds. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that reductions in predator populations were generally influenced more strongly by the timing of the first insecticide application than by the total number of sprays necessary to maintain suppression of the pest below any given action threshold. A predation index, which weights the importance of each predator species based on their known frequency of predation on B. tabaci and another key pest, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), was developed and analyzed. Patterns were similar to results based on changes in abundance alone, but the index generally revealed less severe effects of insecticides on overall predator function. The current action threshold for conventional insecticidal control of B. tabaci in Arizona and southern California is five adults per leaf. Results here suggest that predator conservation may be enhanced by raising the initial threshold to delay the first application or initially using more selective materials such as insect growth regulators.