太平洋牡蛎同化率的研究

在室内实验条件下,研究了体重、饵料密度和质量对太平洋特蛎同化率的影响。结果表明,太平洋牡蛎的滤水率、摄食率随个体的增大而增加,并且都符合幂函数模式：ＦＲ（ＩＲ）αＷ＾ｂ。太平洋牡蛎同化率与其个体大小的关系不明显。饵丰度和质量是影响太平洋牡蛎同化率的重要因素,随食物中有机和的含量（ＰＯＭ／ＴＰＭ）的啬太平洋牡蛎的同化率也增加,随铒料密度的增加而降低。     

缺苞箭竹密度对其生物量分配格局的影响

研究了一个生长季节内缺苞箭竹(Fargesiadenudata)紫果云杉(Piceapurpurea)原始林下不同密度缺苞箭竹群落的生物量及其分配格局.结果表明,缺苞箭竹群落生物量、净生产量、平均单株生物量、地上部分生物量、地下部分生物量随密度的增加而增大,而缺苞箭竹地上部分净增长率却随密度的增加而降低.在一个生长季节内,缺苞箭竹地上部分与地下部分生长相关性随密度的增加而增大.除指数生长期(7、8月)外,缺苞箭竹地上部分/地下部分生物量比在生长季节内随密度增加而增大,但在缺苞箭竹生长的指数生长期,中等密度有较大的地上部分/地下部分生物量比.缺苞箭竹生物量在各器官的分配取决于密度和生长时期,密度对缺苞箭竹的生物量分配格局有显著影响.     

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林不同空间尺度和径级水平的物种丰富度与个体密度关联

以海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林为研究对象, 基于尖峰岭原始林60 hm²大样地, 分析了7个不同空间尺度(5 m × 5 m、10 m × 10 m、20 m × 20 m、40 m × 40 m、60 m × 60 m、80 m × 80 m、100 m × 100 m)、3个不同径级(胸径(DBH) ≥ 1.0 cm、DBH ≥ 2.5 cm、DBH ≥ 7.5 cm)物种丰富度与个体密度之间的关联性, 以期为负密度制约效应等研究的尺度选择提供参考依据。研究结果表明, 物种丰富度和个体密度之间的关联性是基于空间尺度存在的, 并受分析植株径级大小的影响。DBH ≥ 1.0 cm时, 在4个空间尺度下(5 m × 5 m、10 m × 10 m、20 m × 20 m、40 m × 40 m), 物种丰富度随个体密度增加而增加, 但物种丰富度和个体密度两者间的相关性随取样空间尺度的增大而逐渐下降; 在其他3个空间尺度下(60 m × 60 m、80 m × 80 m、100 m × 100 m), 两者间没有显著相关性。当DBH ≥ 2.5 cm和DBH ≥ 7.5 cm时, 物种丰富度和个体密度间的相关性随空间尺度变化的趋势也与上述结果基本一致; 在60 m × 60 m的空间尺度上, DBH ≥ 1.0 cm时物种丰富度和个体密度相关性不显著, DBH ≥ 2.5 cm和DBH ≥ 7.5 cm两个径级的物种丰富度和个体密度表现出弱相关性。DBH ≥ 2.5 cm和DBH ≥ 7.5 cm时, 各空间尺度下物种丰富度和个体密度之间的决定系数几乎一致, 但高于DBH ≥ 1.0 cm时两者之间的决定系数, 说明大径级植株的个体密度和物种丰富度之间有更强的关联性, 负密度制约效应和自疏效应可能是产生这种现象的主要原因。     

深澳湾太平洋牡蛎养殖容量研究

文章采用方建光模型,通过对广东省南澳县深澳湾养殖环境的水温、叶绿素a、初级生产力和非养殖滤食性动物生物量的调查,结合室内测定的不同规格壳长的太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的滤水率,并参照非养殖滤食性动物相应的滤水率,对深澳湾各月份不同规格太平洋牡蛎养殖容量进行估算。研究发现,深澳湾各规格的太平洋牡蛎最大养殖容量出现在1月份和2月份,最小养殖容量出现在5月份。各规格的太平洋牡蛎年平均养殖容量分别为:壳长3.5～5.0 cm的太平洋牡蛎年平均养殖容量为27 ind/m²,壳长5.5～7.0 cm的太平洋牡蛎年平均养殖容量为16 ind/m²,壳长7.5～9.0 cm的太平洋牡蛎年平均养殖容量为17 ind/m²,壳长9.5～11.0 cm的太平洋牡蛎年平均养殖容量为16 ind/m²。     

胡杨当年生小枝茎构型对展叶效率的影响

枝叶异速生长关系对理解荒漠植物生物量分配和生活史策略具有重要意义。该研究以小枝茎长度、茎纤细率和茎体积表征茎构型, 以叶密度(单位茎长度的叶数量)、叶面积比(单位小枝茎干质量的总叶面积)和叶茎质量比(单位小枝茎干质量的总叶干质量)表征展叶效率, 采用标准化主轴回归(SMA)方法研究胡杨(Populus euphratica)当年生小枝茎构型对展叶效率的影响及二者沿地下水埋深(GWD)梯度的权衡策略。结果显示, 胡杨当年生小枝茎直径、展叶效率和比叶面积、叶大小随GWD增加而降低, 小枝茎长度、茎纤细率及其上的叶数量则增大。小枝茎构型性状均与展叶效率呈显著负相关关系, 即随小枝茎长度、茎纤细率和茎体积的增加, 展叶效率逐渐降低, 这可能是枝叶大小、水分传导与机械支撑间的权衡结果。小枝茎构型与展叶效率的异速生长指数(斜率)随GWD增加而增大, 是由于单位小枝茎投资获得的叶面积或者叶质量降低所致, 反映出随GWD增加胡杨采取了高消耗低收益的保守型策略。胡杨应对环境压力时, 倾向于在长枝上着生数量较多的小叶, 短枝上着生数量较少的大叶, 体现出胡杨小枝的资源利用策略与枝叶大小的权衡机制。综上所述, GWD显著影响胡杨小枝茎构型-展叶效率的权衡关系, 低展叶效率是胡杨应对日益旱化荒漠环境的适应策略。     

成都市温江区不同栽植年限园林植物土壤动物群落特征

对成都市温江区不同栽植年限园林植物土壤动物群落特征进行调查分析,4次取样共捕获土壤动物10258只,隶属26目78科。不同园林植物土壤动物类群数存在显著差异,基本以红花檵木、银杏样地最高,结缕草样地最低,各栽植年限土壤动物类群数均低于周边农田和撂荒地;桂花样地土壤动物类群数、个体数受季节变化影响较小,其余样地土壤动物个体数具有明显的季节动态,而类群数随季节变化不显著;土壤动物多样性指数受园林植物种类及栽植年限影响,银杏样地土壤动物密度-类群指数(DG)及Margalef丰富度指数(D)和结缕草样地土壤动物Shannon多样性指数(H)及D指数均随栽植年限增加而显著降低,桂花样地土壤动物DG指数、D指数则随栽植年限增加显著升高,红花檵木样地土壤动物多样性各指数随栽植年限增加未表现规律性变化,其中土壤动物DG、D、H指数各栽植年限基本以桂花样地最低;聚类及典型关联分析(CCA)表明,园林植物种类对样地生境的影响大于栽植年限,土壤动物对不同生境因子响应不同,其中速效P、土壤pH对土壤动物影响较大。土壤动物群落特征受园林植物种类、栽植年限及栽培管理方式的影响,而过度人为干扰、单一植物连栽会对土壤动物产生不利影响,并可能导致土壤地力衰退。     

多鳞四须鲃耗氧率、排氨率和窒息点的初步研究

控制水温在(20±0.5)℃条件下,采用Winkler法和奈氏试剂法分别测定水中的溶氧含量和氨氮含量,通过比较流水呼吸室进、出口水中的溶解氧和氨氮含量之差以确定多鳞四须鲃(Barbodes schwanenfeldi)的耗氧率、排氨率及窒息点.结果表明,多鳞四须鲃耗氧率随体重增加而减小,关系式为Y=0.24X^-0.09(R²=0.9028);随放养密度的增大而减小,关系式为Y=-0.029X+0.3301 (R²=0.9291).排氨率随体重的增加而减小,关系式为Y=-0.0008X+0.2433 (R²=0.9817);随放养密度的增大而增加,关系式为Y=-0.050X+0.4979 (R²=0.9889).多鳞四须隹巴晚间(18:00～4:00)的耗氧率明显高于白天(6:00-1:00),排氨率则相反,白天的排氨率相对较高,表明多鳞四须鲃巴属于"昼伏夜出"型鱼类.多鳞四须啬巴的窒息点为1.2572mg·L^-1,耐氧性较差.     

坡度和植被盖度对粉砂质河岸带坡面流侵蚀水动力特征的影响

揭示坡面水流水动力参数特征对于深入了解坡面土壤侵蚀的内在机制具有重要意义.本试验在黄河下游河岸带原生坡面上,采用野外模拟径流冲刷的方法,研究了4个坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°)和3个植被盖度(0%、15%、30%)在特定放水量(15 L·min^-1)条件下坡面薄层水流剥蚀土壤的水动力学过程,分析了径流剪应力(τ)、水流功率(ω)、径流能量(F)等水动力学参数的变化及其对坡度、植被盖度以及二者交互作用的响应差异.结果表明: 在坡度和植被盖度的影响下,τ、ω和F变化规律明显,坡度不变情况下,τ随着植被盖度的增加而增加,ω和F随着植被盖度的增加而减小;植被盖度不变情况下,τ、ω和F均随坡度的增加而增加.坡度小于10°时,坡度和植被盖度的变化对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响不明显;坡度大于10°时,相同坡度条件下植被盖度越大减蚀效果越明显,相同植被盖度下坡面侵蚀量随坡度的增大而增加.τ、ω均与土壤剥蚀率呈显著的线性关系,在土壤侵蚀发生时均存在临界剪应力和临界功率;F与土壤剥蚀率则呈现良好的对数关系.双因素方差分析表明,坡度和植被盖度对τ、ω和F的影响显著,两者的交互作用对ω影响显著,但对τ、F的影响不显著.     

不同流速和饵料密度下食蚊鱼与唐鱼的摄食率比较

研究通过比较外来入侵物种食蚊鱼（Gambusia affinis）和土著濒危物种唐鱼（Tanichthys albonubes）在不同流速和饵料密度条件下的摄食特点来评价两者对溪流环境的适应能力。实验共设5 个流速梯度（0 bl/s,1.5 bl/s,3.5 bl/s,5.5 bl/s,7.5 bl/s）和3个饵料密度梯度（500 ind/L, 1 500 ind/L, 3 000 ind/L）。摄食一定时间后通过计数鱼体消化管内的丰年虫无节幼体个数来表示鱼的摄食率。实验结果表明,在不同流速和不同饵料密度下,唐鱼摄食率的变化幅度都小于食蚊鱼。食蚊鱼的摄食率显著受到水流速度和饵料密度以及两者交互作用的影响,表现为随着水流速度的上升而极显著地降低,而随着饵料密度的上升而极显著地升高。而唐鱼摄食率则随水流速度的增大而显著下降,但其摄食率不受饵料密度及其与水流两者交互作用的影响。     

1992-2015年鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林群落结构动态

季风常绿阔叶林是中国南亚热带地区的地带性植被, 其群落结构及其动态变化直接影响着该森林能为该地区提供的生态系统服务功能质量。该文利用1992-2015年共24年的长期定点监测数据, 从群落种类组成、生物量、径级、密度等数量特征方面研究了鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林群落结构的动态变化。结果表明: 1)到2015年该森林群落林分个体密度增加了42.7%, 总生物量减少了5.1%; 24年间基于生物量的β多样性指数群落差异为37.4%, 基于个体数的差异则高达65.6%; 2)灌木和小乔木的个体数剧增, 生物量增大, 中乔木和大乔木的个体数变化虽不显著, 但生物量显著降低; 3)小径级(胸径<15 cm)个体数呈显著增加趋势, 其他径级个体数也有显著变化, 但各径级生物量变化基本不显著; 4)香楠(Aidia canthioides)、鼎湖血桐(Macaranga sampsonii)、柏拉木(Blastus cochinchinensis)等物种个体数急剧增加, 锥(Castanopsis chinensis)、木荷(Schima superba)、黄果厚壳桂(Cryptocarya concinna)等树种生物量大量减少, 白颜树(Gironniera subaequalis)、窄叶半枫荷(Pterospermum lanceifolium)等树种生物量增加, 这些物种是群落结构变化的主要贡献者。鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林群落结构在1992-2015年发生了巨大变化, 与演替、虫害和气候变化等影响有关。     

Sex differences in digestive traits in sexually size-dimorphic birds: Insights from an assimilation efficiency experiment on Black-tailed Godwit

Digestive assimilation efficiency is considered a trait with important implications for animal ecology. However, practically all studies have ignored the importance of sex differences in food assimilation efficiency (AE). Here, we investigated sex differences in dietary and physiological parameters in the Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa limosa feeding on rice seeds, a species with sexual dimorphism in body size and body mass. Gross daily food intake, gross energy intake, gross energy output and metabolizable energy intake did not vary significantly between sexes, but godwit females showed lower faeces energy density and higher AE than males. Mass-specific AE was similar in males and females, and the difference in AE could be attributed to the females' greater body mass. We suggest that a differential AE could play a role in explaining sex differences in habitat or micro-habitat selection during the non-breeding season in bird species with sexual dimorphism in size. Finally, we addressed the question about assimilation efficiency accuracy in models that estimate prey acquisitions by declining shorebirds as the Black-tailed Godwit.     

皱纹盘鲍的个体能量收支

对皱纹盘鲍的呼吸、摄食、生长及能量收支等实验研究表明, 鲍的耗氧率与壳长、体重、温度及昼夜变化有关, 耗氧率与壳长、体重均呈幂函数关系, 一天中16~4时(夜间)耗氧率高于4~16时(白天)且在18~20时达峰值.同温度下鲍日摄食率与体重呈幂指数关系, 日(相对)摄食率随温度升高而增加, 而日相对摄食率、日相对生长率均随壳长、体重增加呈下降趋势.鲍在14~20℃内对海带的总转化效率为53%.鲍软体部、海带及鲍粪便干品的比能值分别为19.2、8.57和7.23kJ·g^-1.14~20℃皱纹盘鲍摄入能量的34.6~48.6%为粪能, 22.0~38.2%的能量用于自身代谢, 5.6~28.2%用于贝体软体部的生长.     

皱纹盘鲍的个体能量收支

对皱纹盘鲍的呼吸、摄食、生长及能量收支等实验研究表明, 鲍的耗氧率与壳长、体重、温度及昼夜变化有关, 耗氧率与壳长、体重均呈幂函数关系, 一天中16~4时(夜间)耗氧率高于4~16时(白天)且在18~20时达峰值.同温度下鲍日摄食率与体重呈幂指数关系, 日(相对)摄食率随温度升高而增加, 而日相对摄食率、日相对生长率均随壳长、体重增加呈下降趋势.鲍在14~20℃内对海带的总转化效率为53%.鲍软体部、海带及鲍粪便干品的比能值分别为19.2、8.57和7.23kJ·g^-1.14~20℃皱纹盘鲍摄入能量的34.6~48.6%为粪能, 22.0~38.2%的能量用于自身代谢, 5.6~28.2%用于贝体软体部的生长.     

Die Wachstumskosten vonPorcellio scaber (Crustacea,Isopoda)

The assimilation of food inPorcellio scaber, considered over the entire life cycle, follows a two-phase function with a turning point at a body weight of about 3 mg. It is assumed that an important factor in this relationship is the efficiency of digestion, which should depend on the surface/volume ratio of the mid-gut and on the speed with which food is passed through the intestine. Calculation of these values reveals a size-dependent drop in efficiency of digestion roughly following the “surface rule”. The drop in efficiency of digestion may pose to the system a problem of information retrieval since inefficient digestion increases the “noise” level against which specific “signals” have to be selected — that is, specific molecules have to be absorbed and used in syntheses of cell constitutents. In order to offset decreasing efficiency of digestion, the system would have to increase redundancy, e. g. by assimilating progressively more food and thus, inevitably, increasing “cost” of some kind. The young larvae ofP. scaber, up to a body weight of 3 mg, do, in fact increase the amount of food assimilated in proportion to the calculated increase in redundancy. At about this critical size a switch in metabolism seems to take place, and weight specific assimilation of food decreases despite the continuously dropping efficiency of digestion. The actual use that the organism makes of the food ingested is represented by the ratio assimilation/cost of redundancy. Calculation of this ratio over the whole life cycle shows it to parallel neatly the curve for the monthly growth rate of the species.     

Influence of food density on respiration rate of two crustacean plankters,Daphnia galeata and Bosmina longirostris

Summary The influence of food density on respiration rate was measured for two cladoceran plankton species, Daphnia galeata and Bosmina longirostris, over the range 0 to 2.5 mg C 1^-1, using the modified Winkler technique in order to examine how this affects the respiration rate and whether the functional response is the same in the two species. The respiration rate for animals of equivalent body size did not differ significantly between the two species in the absence of food, but was significantly lower in Bosmina longirostris than Daphnia galeata at high food density. Within a species, the response of respiration rate to changing food density did not differ among individuals of different body size. The respiration rate of D. galeata increased with increasing food density and reached a plateau at a high food density. A similar response curve was also found with the respiration rate of B. longirostris, although the response was less conspicuous. This response curve cannot be explained by the energy cost of known feeding behavior in cladocerans. Since the respiration rate related linearly with the assimilation rate, increase in food density seemed to increase the respiration rate by increasing the energetic cost required to process food biochemically, known as specific dynamic action.     

Food limitation of population density in the orb-wed spider,Nephila clavata

Field studies were conducted to clarify whether variation in food availability among habitats influences population density, and whether population density has a negative effect on foraging success in the orb-web spider, Nephila clavata. Lifetime food consumption per individual (i.e., foraging success) strongly correlated with mean body size of adult females and mean fecundity in populations. Also, there was a positive correlation between foraging success and population density. Since foraging success reflected potential prey availability in the habitat, food resource appeared to be a limiting factor for populations in this spider. Mean fecundity per individual correlated with population density of the following year, suggesting that decreased reproduction is a major component of food limitation on population density. Consistent defferences in mean body size between particular sites were observed over years, while such difference was less obvious in density. Thus, ranking of food abundance among habitats seems to be predictable between years. A field experiment revealed that an artificial increase in population density had no negative effect on the feeding rate of individuals, suggesting that intraspecific competition for food is not important in this species.     

Responses of leaf stomatal density to water status and its relationship with photosynthesis in a grass

Responses of plant leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthesis to water deficit have been extensively reported; however, little is known concerning the relationships of stomatal density with regard to water status and gas exchange. The responses of stomatal density to leaf water status were determined, and correlation with specific leaf area (SLA) in a photosynthetic study of a perennial grass, Leymus chinensis, subjected to different soil moisture contents. Moderate water deficits had positive effects on stomatal number, but more severe deficits led to a reduction, described in a quadratic parabolic curve. The stomatal size obviously decreased with water deficit, and stomatal density was positively correlated with stomatal conductance (g(s)), net CO(2) assimilation rate (A(n)), and water use efficiency (WUE). A significantly negative correlation of SLA with stomatal density was also observed, suggesting that the balance between leaf area and its matter may be associated with the guard cell number. The present results indicate that high flexibilities in stomatal density and guard cell size will change in response to water status, and this process may be closely associated with photosynthesis and water use efficiency.     

Consumption and food utilization by individual larvae and the population of a wood borer Phymatodes maaki Kraatz (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Summary The consumption and the utilization of food by the individuals and the population of a wood borer, Phymatodes maaki Kraatz feeding on the dead wood of a Japanese wild vine, Vitis coignetiae Pulliat were studied at Mt. Daibosatsu, Yamanashi Pref., central Honshu from 1974 to 1976.As for individuals of P. maaki, the estimates of the ratio of growth to consumption and that of assimilation to consumption were very low, amounting to 1.24 and 3.23% in dry weight, 1.23 and 3.12% in carbon weight, and 16 and 13.6% in nitrogen weight respectively. The ratio of growth to assimilation was estimated at 35% in dry weight, 39% in carbon weight and 118% in nitrogen weight. Dry body weight of the adult was correlated with the amount of consumption of the larva.The parasitism by two Ichneumonidae species seemed to be the main mortality factor of the population of P. maaki. A minimum estimate of mortality from egg stage till emergence was 75%.As for the bioeconomy of the population, waste consumption i.e. the consumption of individuals that died before emergence amounted to 75% of total consumption. The growth efficiency (biomass of adults/total consumption) was 0.24% in dry weight, 0.26% in carbon weight and 3.4% in nitrogen weight. The waste efficiency (waste consumption/biomass of adults) was 310 in dry weight, 285 in carbon weight and 22 in nitrogen weight. Approximately 18% of the dead wood of V. coignetiae was decomposed by the feeding of the population.The dry weight of an adult was inversely correlated with density of larvae in the dead wood from which it emerged, but not significantly correlated with the diameter of the wood. The ratio of adult emergence i.e. the survival rate was inversely correlated with density of larvae, but the mortality by parasitism was not density dependent. This seems to suggest that there was an intraspecific competition for the limited food.     

The effect of environmental stress on absolute and mass-specific scope for growth in Daphnia magna Strauss

Daphnids were reared for 2 weeks in different concentrations of food or cadmium, and growth and reproduction were measured as endpoints. At the end of the 14-day experimental period, scope for growth (SFG) was measured and expressed per individual (mJ/ind/h=absolute SFG) and per mg dry weight (mJ/mg/h=mass-specific SFG). Both food deprivation and cadmium stress decreased body size, and absolute SFG decreased with decreasing body size in both exposure scenarios. Also mass-specific SFG decreased with decreasing body size under cadmium exposure, but an increase in mass-specific SFG was observed in the food ration experiment. This suggested that cadmium stress, apart from decreasing energy assimilation, also disturbs energy metabolism. Changes in both absolute and mass-specific SFG were mainly determined by changes in energy uptake, whereas energy loss varied little in response to both environmental stressors. With the cadmium-stressed daphnids, reproduction correlated positively with both absolute and mass-specific SFG. With the food-stressed daphnids however, reproduction correlated positively with absolute SFG but negatively with mass-specific SFG. Mass-corrected SFG still decreased with increasing cadmium stress, but did not differ between ration groups. Thus, mass-corrected SFG provides an indication of metabolic functioning, but appears less suited as an indicator of reproduction.