不同信号肽对胞外β-(1,3)-葡聚糖酶在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达的影响

目的:在胞外β-(1,3)-葡聚糖酶成熟肽的N端添加不同类型的信号肽,研究不同信号肽对其在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达水平的影响。方法:通过融合PCR方法将α成熟交配因子(MFα)、成熟交配因子Pre肽(αPre)和共翻译转运信号肽(Bip信号肽)等3种信号肽的DNA片段连接至胞外β-(1,3)-葡聚糖酶成熟肽基因的5′端,利用PCR扩增包含其自身信号肽的胞外β-(1,3)-葡聚糖酶基因,将上述4种基因片段分别插入pPIC9质粒,再转化巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115宿主菌并诱导表达;测定胞外β-(1,3)-葡聚糖酶的活性,检测其表达水平。结果:目前在毕赤酵母中已广泛使用的MFα信号肽介导的胞外β-(1,3)-葡聚糖酶表达水平最高,其次是αPre,Bip信号肽介导的该酶表达水平是酶自身信号肽介导的表达水平的2倍。结论:共转运信号肽能够提高胞外β-(1,3)-葡聚糖酶的表达水平。     

哺乳动物非经典分泌信号肽介导重组EGFP蛋白向毕赤酵母细胞壁转运

为探索哺乳动物非经典分泌信号肽在毕赤酵母表达系统中引导重组蛋白分泌的作用,本研究将一段来源于小鼠同源异型框蛋白(En2)的分泌信号序列(SS)融合至EGFP蛋白的N端,在毕赤酵母中表达。实验结果显示SS信号肽能通过一种不同于经典的内质网-高尔基体分泌通路的方式将EGFP蛋白分泌至细胞膜表面,与α交配因子前导肽相比,显著降低了细胞的内质网压力。本研究提示哺乳动物非经典分泌信号肽可作为递送重组蛋白至酵母膜表面的一项工具。     

分子伴侣对可溶性肿瘤坏死因子相关促凋亡配体在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达的影响

目的:提高外源蛋白可溶性肿瘤坏死因子相关促凋亡配体(sTRAIL)在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的分泌表达。方法:根据GenBank公共数据库中公布的模式生物酿酒酵母的分子伴侣(Ssa1p、YDJ1、Kar2p和PDI)基因序列设计引物,利用PCR方法从酿酒酵母基因组中得到各基因片段,并将单独Ssa1p或Kar2p、组合YDJ1 PDI、Kar2p PDI或YDJ1 PDI PDI分别构建到pPIB2Z表达载体中,并整合到外源蛋白sTRAIL工程菌(毕赤酵母GS115)中进行筛选和诱导表达。结果:SDS-PAGE分析表明,sTRAIL的表达量明显提高,特别是整合了分子伴侣组合YDJ1 PDI的工程菌。Western印迹分析整合的分子伴侣基因后,分子伴侣蛋白在工程菌中的表达量得到了提高。结论:提高细胞内分子伴侣的表达,可以增加外源蛋白的分泌表达,为进一步研究巴斯德毕赤酵母奠定了基础。     

鸡neurexophilin 1基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

Neurexophilin 1是母鸡子宫阴道结合部位的差异表达基因。根据鸡nxph1的序列,结合毕赤酵母密码子的偏好性,合成nxph1基因,设计引物以合成基因为模板,扩增其去除信号肽的DNA序列△nxph1,将合成的nxph1基因及去除信号肽的nxph1基因片段△nxph1分别插入pPICZαA真核表达载体,构建重组表达质粒pPICZαA/nxph1和去除信号肽的重组表达质粒pPICZαA/△nxph1,电转入毕赤酵母GS115,阳性菌用终浓度为1%的甲醇诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳和Western blot检测表达产物,结果表明重组菌成功分泌鸡NXPH1蛋白和去除信号的△NXPH1蛋白,大小约29 kD,为探索NXPH1在母鸡生殖道内的功能奠定基础。     

人胸腺素α1基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

根据质粒pPIC9K中信号肽基因和质粒pPIC3.5K/hTα1-RP,构建表达质粒pPIC9K/S-hTα1-RP,通过电激法转化到毕赤酵母GS115菌株中。甲醇诱导表达融合蛋白,SDS-PAGE和Western blot结果证明,重组基因hTα1-RP在酵母中得到了表达。     

植酸酶和甘露聚糖酶双功能毕赤酵母工程菌的构建和产酶分析

根据已发表的植酸酶基因和甘露聚糖酶基因序列设计并合成引物,应用PCR技术,分别以土曲霉总DNA和质粒pHBM1201为模板,扩增出均不含假定信号肽序列的植酸酶基因phyA和甘露聚糖酶基因man,将它们各自克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pHBM907C上,分别得到重组质粒pHBM907C-phyA和pHBM907C-man。将质粒pHBM907C-phyA上由乙醇氧化酶(AOX1)启动子和终止子引导表达、酿酒酵母α信号肽序列引导分泌的phyA表达盒式结构插入到质粒pHBM907C-man中,构成双基因表达分泌质粒pHBM907C-phyA-man。pHBM907C-phyA-man经SalⅠ酶切线性后转化毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)GS115,获得了同时分泌表达植酸酶和甘露聚糖酶的双功能酵母工程菌。研究了该酵母工程菌所分泌表达的重组植酸酶和甘露聚糖酶的相关酶学性质,并进行了双功能酵母工程菌的稳定性测试。     

不同信号肽对毕赤酵母表达漆酶的影响

【目的】从毕赤酵母X-33的内源分泌蛋白中寻找高分泌能力的信号肽,以提高漆酶POXA1c的表达水平。【方法】通过二维电泳的数据分析,以及毕赤酵母的基因组测序结果筛选出7种毕赤酵母中高分泌水平的蛋白,利用其引导漆酶的分泌,通过测定漆酶的活力,来确定信号肽的分泌能力。【结果】七种信号肽都能引导漆酶的分泌,其中PHO5和FLO10信号肽,其引导下漆酶POXA1c的活力分别是自身信号肽引导下的2.5倍和2倍。组合信号肽FLO10-αpro和PHO5-αpro引导下漆酶的活力分别为自身信号肽引导下的3倍和3.5倍,分别比在α-MF引导下提高了20%和40%。【结论】毕赤酵母内源分泌蛋白的信号肽可以有效的引导外源蛋白的分泌,漆酶POXA1c在PHO5-αpro信号肽引导下,通过高密度发酵培养后,其漆酶活力达到57.98 U/m L。     

小鼠IL-35基因毕赤酵母表达载体的构建及表达

目的构建真核酵母表达载体pPIC9K与小鼠IL-35基因的重组质粒pPIC9K-mIL-35-His,在毕赤酵母GS115菌株中诱导表达,并对其进行鉴定。方法以pET-30a-mIL-35为模板,用PCR扩增出IL-35去信号肽基因全序列,并在3'端引入His标签,构建重组质粒pPIC9K-mIL-35-His,经SalⅠ线性化重组质粒后,用电穿孔方法将该基因转染毕赤酵母细胞内。经G418梯度筛选高拷贝转化子,筛选Mut+表型后经PCR进一步鉴定IL-35基因与酵母染色体是否整合。小量诱导表达筛选出高表达菌株,大量甲醇诱导表达,以SDS-PAGE及免疫印迹(Western blot)鉴定蛋白表达。结果小鼠IL-35基因真核酵母表达载体pPIC9K-mIL-35-His构建成功,并且在GS115中通过甲醇诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE及Western blot分析,可见相对分子质量约为65 000的目的蛋白。结论实验所构建的重组质粒pPIC9K-mIL-35-His可在毕赤酵母GS115中正确的表达小鼠IL-35基因。     

内质网膜上的转运使者——易位子相关蛋白（TRAP）

内质网膜蛋白在参与信号序列的识别、新生肽链的修饰、转运通道的形成等生理过程中发挥重要作用.易位子相关蛋白（translocon-associated protein, TRAP）是广泛存在于高等真核生物中的一种膜蛋白,其作为信号序列的受体蛋白位于内质网膜上.该蛋白能选择性地识别信号序列,并与Sec61相互作用形成一个以Sec61为核心、TRAP侧向延伸的椭圆状转运通道,从而靶向新生肽链进入内质网腔.近来研究发现,TRAP与蛋白质构象病、神经退行性疾病、肿瘤转移等疾病的发病机制有关.本文将对TRAP各个亚基的最新研究及其功能作一综述.     

人精氨酸酶在毕赤酵母的高效表达、纯化和活性研究

目的：人精氨酸酶（Arginase, Arg）的基因arg在毕赤酵母高效分泌表达,建立相应纯化工艺路线,研究重组人精氨酸酶的活性。方法：将人精氨酸酶基因arg按正确的阅读框架插入到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9α信号肽基因后,构建得到重组毕赤酵母表达质粒。转化毕赤酵母GS115筛选高表达菌株。结果：成功构建了酵母表达载体pPIC-Arg,转化毕赤酵母GS115后筛选到分泌表达目的蛋白Arg的菌株,目标蛋白可以分泌到培养基中。经过膜过滤和凝胶过滤层析对培养基上清进行纯化,即可获得纯度达到95%的活性产物。活性测定表明,纯化的Arg比活性为310 IU/mg。结论：成功构建了Arg的毕赤酵母高效表达菌种,建立了目标物质的分离纯化工艺。     

不同分泌信号对豹蛙酶在巴斯德毕赤酵母中分泌效率的影响

目的：研究不同分泌信号对豹蛙酶（ONC）在巴斯德毕赤酵母中分泌效率的影响。方法：根据已知天然ONC的氨基酸序列,结合酵母偏爱密码子,设计并合成了ONC基因序列,通过融合PCR获得了不同分泌信号与ONC的融合基因,将其克隆至表达载体pPIC9k中,然后将线性化的重组表达载体电击转化GS115毕赤酵母感受态细胞,通过SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白表达量。结果：糖基化ONC表观相对分子质量为（14～16）×103,且其糖基化不均匀,非糖基化蛋白肽链的相对分子质量约为12×103;采用不含EAEA结构的α交配因子作为分泌信号时ONC没有表达,利用含EAEA结构的α交配因子和α交配因子的pre肽作为分泌信号时均能够显著提高其表达量。结论：采用含EAEA结构的α交配因子和α交配因子的pre肽作为分泌信号均能够显著提高ONC在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达量。     

Enhanced secretion of heterologous proteins in Pichia pastoris following overexpression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chaperone proteins

In Pichia pastoris, secretory proteins are folded and assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, upon introduction of foreign proteins, heterologous proteins are often retained in the cytoplasm or in the ER as a result of suboptimal folding conditions, leading to protein aggregation. The Hsp70 and Hsp40 chaperone families in the cytoplasm or in ER importantly regulate the folding and secretion of heterologous proteins. However, it is not clear which single chaperone is most important or which combination optimally cooperates in this process. In the present study we evaluated the role of the chaperones Kar2p, Sec63, YDJ1p, Ssa1p, and PDI from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that the introduction of Kar2p, Ssa1p, or PDI improves protein secretion 4-7 times. In addition, we found that the combination chaperones of YDJ1p/PDI, YDJ1p/Sec63, and Kar2p/PDI synergistically increase secretion levels 8.7, 7.6, and 6.5 times, respectively. Therefore, additional integration of chaperone genes can improve the secretory expression of the heterologous protein. Western blot experiments revealed that the chaperones partly relieved the secretion bottleneck resulting from foreign protein introduction in P. pastoris. Therefore, the findings from the present study demonstrate the presence of a network of chaperones in vivo, which may act synergistically to increase recombinant protein yields.     

巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统中甘油阻遏相关基因GR1的分离克隆与鉴定

目的：分离克隆并鉴定巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统中甘油阻遏相关基因。方法：PCR扩增LacZ基因,克隆至pPLC9载体,构建pPIC9-LacZ表达载体,经Sal I线性化后转化巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115,构建GS115-LacZ模式菌株;用限制酶介导整合（REMI）技术使GS115-LacZ菌体基因组产生随机突变,筛选甘油去阻遏的GS115-LacZ△菌体;Southern blot鉴定GS115-LacZ△基因组,用质粒拯救技术和TAIL-PCR克隆未知基因序列并测序。结果：得到甘油去阻遏的GS115-LacZ△菌体,经Southern blot分析,突变仅发生在1个基因中;通过质粒拯救和TAIL-PCR,分离得到阻遏相关基因GR1,共2863bp,经在线BLAST,发现其编码一种过氧化物酶体自吞噬相关蛋白。结论：分离得到阻遏相关基因GR1,与过氧化物酶体自吞噬相关,提示过氧化物酶体自吞噬相关基因可能对醇氧化酶启动子AOX1的转录活性有影响。     

Effect of molecular chaperones on the expression of Candida antarctica lipase B in Pichia pastoris

One of the reasons for limited heterologous protein secretion in Pichia pastoris is the suboptimal folding conditions inside the cell. The Hsp70 and Hsp40 chaperone families in the cytoplasm or the ER regulate the folding and secretion of heterologous proteins. Here, we have studied the effect of chaperones Ydj1p, Ssa1p, Sec63p and Kar2p on the secretory expression of Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) protein. Expression of CalB in P. pastoris resulted in the induction of Kar2p secretion into the medium surpassing the retrieval capacity of the cell. Individual overexpression of Ydj1p, Ssa1p and Sec63p in recombinant P. pastoris increased CalB expression level by 1.6-, 1.4- and 1.4-fold respectively compared to the control strain harboring only the CalB gene. However, overexpression of Kar2p had a negative effect on the expression of CalB. Moreover, Western blot analysis indicated accumulation and secretion of Kar2p in the ER, Golgi and extracellular medium in the chaperone coexpression strains. When expressed in combinations such as Ydj1p–Ssa1p, Ydj1p–Sec63p, Kar2p–Ssa1p, Kar2p–Sec63p, the expression level of CalB was increased by 2.5-, 1.5-, 1.5- and 1.5-fold respectively. Contrastingly, the Kar2p–Ydj1p combination resulted in decreased CalB secretion in the supernatant. From these results, we conclude that overexpression of Kar2p is not required for the secretion of CalB. Also, our work confirmed the synergistic effect of Ssa1p and Ydj1p chaperones in the expression of CalB.     

Synthesis of Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase gene using yeast preferred codons and its expression in Pichia pastoris

To improve the expression level of recombinant Drosophila melanogaster AChE (R-DmAChE) in Pichia pastoris, the cDNA of DmAChE was first optimized and synthesized based on the preferred codon usage of P. pastoris. The synthesized AChE cDNA without glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) signal peptide sequence was then ligated to the P. pastoris expression vector, generating the plasmid pPIC9K/DmAChE. The linearized plasmid was homologously integrated into the genome of P. pastoris GS115 via electrotransformation. Finally seven transformants with high expression level of R-DmAChE activity were obtained. The highest production of R-DmAChE in shake-flask culture after 5-day induction by methanol was 718.50units/mL, which was about three times higher than our previous expression level of native DmAChE gene in P. pastoris. Thus, these new strains with the ability to secret R-DmAChE in the medium could be used for production of R-DmAChE to decrease the cost of the enzyme expense for rapid detection of organophosphate and carbamate insecticide residues.     

Effects of cellular, chemical, and pharmacological chaperones on the rescue of a trafficking-defective mutant of the ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins ABCB1/ABCB4

The ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCB4 is a phosphatidylcholine translocator specifically expressed at the bile canalicular membrane in hepatocytes, highly homologous to the multidrug transporter ABCB1. Variations in the ABCB4 gene sequence cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3. We have shown previously that the I541F mutation, when reproduced either in ABCB1 or in ABCB4, led to retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi. Here, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing ABCB1-GFP were used as a model to investigate this mutant. We show that ABCB1-I541F is not properly folded and is more susceptible to in situ protease degradation. It colocalizes and coprecipitates with the ER chaperone calnexin and coprecipitates with the cytosolic chaperone Hsc/Hsp70. Silencing of calnexin or overexpression of Hsp70 have no effect on maturation of the mutant. We also tested potential rescue by chemical and pharmacological chaperones. Thapsigargin and sodium 4-phenyl butyrate were inefficient. Glycerol improved maturation and exit of the mutant from the ER. Cyclosporin A, a competitive substrate for ABCB1, restored maturation, plasma membrane expression, and activity of ABCB1-I541F. Cyclosporin A also improved maturation of ABCB4-I541F in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In HepG(2) cells transfected with ABCB4-I541F cDNA, cyclosporin A allowed a significant amount of the mutant protein to reach the membrane of bile canaliculi. These results show that the best strategy to rescue conformation-defective ABCB4 mutants is provided by pharmacological chaperones that specifically target the protein. They identify cyclosporin A as a potential novel therapeutic tool for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 patients.     

不同烟草中谷氨酰胺合成酶2基因的生物信息学分析

目的：分析不同烟草中谷氨酰胺合成酶2（GS2）基因的结构特点、差异与进化的关系。方法：对NCBI已公布的皱叶烟草（Np）、渐狭叶烟草（Na）和美花烟草（Ns）及拟南芥（At）、籼稻（Os）的GS2序列,利用MEGA进行聚类分析,用ProtParam、NETPHOS 2.0 Server、TargetP1.1Server、ProtScale、Scansite和SOPMA进行肽链的理化性质、磷酸化修饰、亲水性/疏水性、前导肽、motif和二级结构的预测分析。结果：Na、Ns的GS2在磷酸化位点、二级结构和前导肽方面与At和Os的GS2非常相似;Np的GS2不具有前导肽和磷酸化位点,且不定位于叶绿体中。结论：Na和Ns的GS2具有较高的相似度,但Np的GS2与Na和Ns的差别较大,与GS1的亲缘关系更近。