基于串联质谱标签法和平行反应监测技术的氟喹诺酮耐药沙门菌蛋白质组学分析

【背景】随着沙门菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性不断增强,对其耐药机理的研究显得尤为迫切和重要,蛋白质组学分析将为沙门菌的耐药机理研究提供新的靶点和方向。【目的】对鼠伤寒沙门菌诱导获得耐药性前后进行蛋白质组学分析,为深入研究沙门菌耐药机理奠定基础。【方法】用环丙沙星对鼠伤寒沙门菌ATCC13311进行耐药性诱导,利用串联质谱标签法(Tandem mass tag,TMT)对其耐药性进行差异蛋白的筛选和生物信息学分析,并选取15个差异蛋白进行平行反应监测(Parallel reaction monitoring,PRM)靶向蛋白验证。【结果】筛选出318个差异表达蛋白,其中上调159个,下调159个,涉及的KEGG通路主要包括细菌趋药性、ABC转运蛋白、双组分系统等;PRM定量到13个验证蛋白且变化趋势与TMT一致。【结论】通过TMT定量结合PRM靶向验证对鼠伤寒沙门菌耐药前后进行蛋白质组学分析,筛选出多个差异蛋白和代谢通路,包括外排泵相关蛋白、外膜蛋白、双组分相关蛋白及通路、细菌趋化性相关蛋白及通路等,为沙门菌氟喹诺酮类耐药机理的深入研究奠定了基础。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌baeSR基因缺失株的构建及其对抗生素敏感性分析

【背景】沙门菌的多重耐药现象日渐严重,对其耐药机理的研究尤为迫切,双组分系统与细菌耐药性密切相关。【目的】构建鼠伤寒沙门菌baeSR基因缺失株及回补株,探究双组分系统BaeSR对鼠伤寒沙门菌耐药性的影响。【方法】以鼠伤寒沙门菌体外诱导耐药株CR为研究对象,通过自杀质粒p LP12介导的同源重组方法,以氯霉素抗性标记和阿拉伯糖诱导的致死基因vmt进行正、反向双重筛选,获得基因缺失株CRΔbaeSR,并将重组表达质粒pBAD-baeSR转化于CRΔbaeSR构建回补株CR CΔbaeSR。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定11种常见代表药物对野生株、缺失株及回补株的最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC),并测定3株菌的生长曲线、运动性及生物膜形成能力。【结果】与野生株相比,环丙沙星(CIP)、恩诺沙星(ENR)、沙拉沙星(SAR)、头孢噻呋(CEF)、庆大霉素(GEN)、阿米卡星(AMK)、安普霉素(APR)对缺失株的MIC值有所下降;缺失株的生长速率稍显缓慢,且最终浓度也相对较低,但并无统计学上的显著差异(P0.05);缺失株的运动性(P0.05)及生物膜形成能力(P0.01)均显著下降。【结论】鼠伤寒沙门菌baeSR基因缺失后,可通过影响其运动性及生物膜形成能力而对抗生素的敏感性产生影响。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌rtsB基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性

【背景】鼠伤寒沙门菌(Salmonella typhimurium)是一种重要的人畜共患病原菌,严重危害养殖业及人类健康。调控蛋白在病原菌的生存及感染过程中发挥重要作用。【目的】构建鼠伤寒沙门菌调控基因rtsB缺失株和互补株,分析调控蛋白RstB对鼠伤寒沙门菌生物学特性和致病性的影响。【方法】利用Red同源重组的方法构建鼠伤寒沙门菌SAT52的rtsB基因缺失株,并利用互补质粒构建互补株。然后比较分析野生株SAT52、缺失株?rtsB和互补株C?rtsB的生长特性、运动性、生物被膜形成能力、黏附入侵能力、胞内存活能力及致病性的差异。【结果】缺失rtsB基因不影响SAT52的生长速度,但导致运动能力增强,生物被膜形成能力减弱。细胞感染试验结果表明,rtsB基因有助于鼠伤寒沙门菌对Hela细胞的黏附入侵及RAW264.7细胞内的存活。动物试验结果表明rtsB基因缺失显著降低鼠伤寒沙门菌的致病力。【结论】rtsB基因在鼠伤寒沙门菌感染过程中发挥重要作用,可为阐释鼠伤寒沙门菌的致病机制提供参考。     

伤寒沙门菌耐药质粒体内接合转移的研究

目的研究伤寒沙门菌耐药质粒pRST98在小鼠体内向大肠埃希菌的接合转移,比较质粒在体内、外接合转移的异同。方法由于伤寒沙门菌是一种只对人类致病的病原菌,因此将伤寒沙门菌的耐药质粒pRST98导入遗传背景明确的鼠伤寒沙门菌低毒株RIA中,用接合子pRST98/RIA口饲BALB/c小鼠进行体内接合转移。结果在体外伤寒沙门菌很容易将pRST98转移给大肠埃希菌E.coliK12W1485(F-)RifrLac+,该接合子又可将pRST98转移给鼠伤寒沙门菌RIA,但在不同宿主菌中耐药标志的表达有差异。未经人工感染小鼠肠道分离的大肠埃希菌耐药情况严重,口饲pRST98/RIA后出现了部分耐药标志与pRST98耐药谱相同的大肠埃希菌,但有些抗生素的耐药标记未能表达。质粒检测显示体内形成的接合子均含耐药质粒pRST98。结论伤寒沙门菌耐药质粒pRST98在动物体内、外均可转移给大肠埃希菌,但同一质粒在体内、外大肠埃希菌株中耐药标志表达有差异,即使在同一小鼠体内分离的不同接合子,pRST98/E.coli菌株耐药性亦有不同,显示耐药质粒表达的多样性和复杂性。     

临床和非临床分离沙门菌的菌型分布及对抗生素的耐药性研究

目的：探讨沙门菌在腹泻病人粪便、外环境污水和部分动物标本中的菌型分布及其对抗生素的耐药性。方法：采用血清学方法对沙门菌进行分群和分型,采用K—B法进行抗生素耐药性测定。结果：410份临床腹泻病人标本和514份非临床标本共检出沙门菌93株,检出率为10．1％,其菌型分布为：腹泻病人粪便中检出的均为B群鼠伤寒沙门菌(6／93),非临床标本中的菌型主要为C2群纽波特沙门菌(72／93),还有E1群伦敦沙门菌(7／93)、B群鼠伤寒沙门菌(2／93)和未定型(6／93)。87株沙门菌对青霉素的耐药率最高(96．5％),其次为SMZ TMP(73．6％),未发现对新霉素、链霉素、四环素和阿米卡星的耐药株。结论：实验结果可为研究我省沙门菌的菌型分布及其对抗生素的耐药性提供参考;临床上应加强对鼠伤寒沙门菌引起腹泻的监测。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌damX基因产物是一个内膜蛋白并参与胆汁抵抗

鼠伤寒沙门菌damX基因产物是一个内膜蛋白,DamX蛋白在SDS-PAGE电泳中迁移率相当于70×103,但理论值为46×103。DamX蛋白的合成发生在对数生长期和平台期。damX基因破坏,导致严重的胆汁敏感性。外膜蛋白As mA的缺失,抑制沙门菌damX突变株的胆汁敏感性。     

伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌分离株的外膜蛋白谱比较

目的:比较伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌流行菌株的外膜蛋白谱差异。方法:运用二维蛋白电泳方法,对我国伤寒沙门菌株XJ90和甲型副伤寒沙门菌株JX2005-92在实验室通用营养条件下培养提取的外膜蛋白进行分离,比对其差异,对差异蛋白点进行质谱鉴定,对鉴定蛋白点的基因序列也进行比较。结果:菌株XJ90中发现20个特异蛋白点,质谱鉴定出16个;菌株JX2005-92中发现29个特异蛋白点,鉴定出18个。在这些蛋白中,OmpA是数目最多的同种差异蛋白。这些差异蛋白点中的大部分编码基因在2种细菌中序列高度相似或相同。结论:伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌基因序列高度相似的外膜蛋白具有不同的修饰形式,提示其不同遗传背景在相同的环境条件下表现出精细的功能差异。     

2018年辽宁省沙门菌血清型、分子分型及耐药性

目的分析辽宁省2018年沙门菌血清型、脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)及耐药特征。方法对2018年辽宁省分离到的35株沙门菌菌株进行鉴定后,采用脉冲场凝胶电泳及药物敏感试验对沙门菌进行分子分型及耐药性分析。结果经鉴定35株沙门菌分布于13种血清型,数量居前3位的血清型为肠炎沙门菌(37.14%)、鼠伤寒沙门菌(14.28%)和婴儿沙门菌(11.42%)。所有沙门菌菌株对萘啶酸和四环素耐药率较高,达到42.86%和34.28%,对头孢西丁和亚胺培南表现为不敏感。某些菌存在多重耐药性。结论 2018年辽宁省沙门菌的耐药情况较为严重,血清型分布广泛,以肠炎沙门菌为主,绝大多数相同血清型的菌株与其PFGE条带聚集存在相关性。     

一株猪源鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的耐药性鉴定及其消除

猪源鼠伤寒沙门氏菌临床分离株17Y,检测其对19种抗生素的耐药性,结果耐14种抗生素。用高温及高浓度SDS处理后,获得对11种抗生素的敏感性,该菌株命名为17S1。PCR检测证明,大部分耐药基因存在于质粒上,包括I型整合子携带耐药基因,且随着质粒的消除而被消除。所鉴定的耐药基因有blaTEM、blaOXA-1、cat1、tet(B)、aacC2、aadA8b、dhfrXⅡ和sul1等。喹诺酮类药物的靶基因gyrA与parC位于染色体上。GyrA在耐药决定区第87位氨基酸突变(N78D),导致了喹诺酮类药物的耐药性逆转。敏感菌中扩增不到质粒毒力基因spv与rck。耐药性消除后的菌株17S1对小鼠的毒力降低(LD50增加10倍),在小鼠体内的增长与散速度也显著降低(P<0.05)。以上证据表明,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的多重耐药性主要由质粒决定,研究开发新型质粒消除剂将对克服鼠伤寒沙门氏菌多重耐药性具有重要意义。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌感染巨噬细胞铁稳态相关基因mRNA表达谱

用荧光定量PCR法检测鼠RAW264.7巨噬细胞感染与未感染鼠伤寒沙门菌后18种铁穗态相关基因的表达,评估宿主与病原体相互作用中铁稳态效应。研究显示,活的鼠伤寒沙门菌感染巨噬细胞1 h后可以诱导转铁蛋白受体表达,引起细胞内动态铁池相关基因的mRNA水平上长。基因表达分析显示,沙门菌通过诱导铁氧还原酶(Steap3)、铁膜转运蛋白(Dmt1)、铁调节因子Tfr2/Hfe以及铁调节蛋白(Irp1和Irp2)的表达主动吸收铁,而经铁转运蛋白(Fpn1)的铁外流并无明显改变。沙门菌在感染后1h积极地驱动了转铁蛋白介导的铁吸收程序。     

Colicinogeny in local isolates of salmonellae and plasmid transfer studies

Colicinogeny was determined in local isolates of S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis. Fourteen out of 35 S. typhimurium isolates of hospital origin were colicin producers whereas only one chicken isolate out of 82 S. enteritidis isolates of various origin (human, chicken or egg) produced colicin. A colicin producing, cephalothin (Cpt)- and piperacillin (Prl)-resistant local isolate of Salmonella havana (H32) harbored 4 plasmids of 54.0, 28.4, 2.7 and 1.9 kb. Upon curing its plasmids, the strain lost the ability to produce colicin and resistance to antibiotics and no longer expressed smooth lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The outer membrane protein (OMP) of 34.6 kDa was also lost. Using nalidixic acid (Nal)-resistant mutant of the cured strain in conjugation experiments, 10 out of 27 transconjugants were found to be resistant to Nal and Prl, 10 were resistant to Nal and Cpt and 7 showed Nal, Prl and Cpt resistance. Cpt and Prl resistance were determined by 54.0 and 28.4 kb plasmids, respectively. There was no direct correlation between plasmid contents and colicinogeny, LPS and OMP profiles.     

Identification and characterization of a novel outer membrane protein (OMP J) of Moraxella catarrhalis that exists in two major forms

Moraxella catarrhalis is a common commensal of the human respiratory tract that has been associated with a number of disease states, including acute otitis media in children and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. During studies to investigate the outer membrane proteins of this bacterium, two novel major proteins, of approximately 19 kDa and 16 kDa (named OMP J1 and OMP J2, respectively), were identified. Further analysis indicated that these two proteins possessed almost identical gene sequences, apart from two insertion/deletion events in predicted external loops present within the putative barrel-like structure of the proteins. The development of a PCR screening strategy found a 100% (96/96) incidence for the genes encoding the OMP J1 and OMP J2 proteins within a set of geographically diverse M. catarrhalis isolates, as well as a significant association of OMP J1/OMP J2 with both the genetic lineage and the complement resistance phenotype (Fisher's exact test; P < 0.01). Experiments using two DeltaompJ2 mutants (one complement resistant and the other complement sensitive) indicated that both were less easily cleared from the lungs of mice than were their isogenic wild-type counterparts, with a significant difference in bacterial clearance being observed for the complement-resistant isolate but not for its isogenic DeltaompJ2 mutant (unpaired Student's t test; P < 0.001 and P = 0.32). In this publication, we characterize a novel outer membrane protein of Moraxella catarrhalis which exists in two variant forms associated with particular genetic lineages, and both forms are suggested to contribute to bacterial clearance from the lungs.     

鲍曼不动杆菌外膜蛋白与耐药性分析

目的:分析35株鲍曼不动杆菌外膜蛋白(OMP)与耐药性的关系.方法:采用超声物理法制备鲍曼不动杆菌外膜蛋白标本,用变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDSPAGE)检测外膜蛋白.直接荧光法测鲍曼不动杆菌对环丙沙星的吸收和积累.结果:35株鲍曼不动杆菌都有10条主要OMP带,耐药菌株与敏感菌株相比,发现外膜蛋白在约29 Ku条带处消失,而在26 Ku条带处却明显增强.耐药菌株药物积累量不及敏感菌株,经叠氮钠处理后,积累量上升并接近敏感菌株.结论:鲍曼不动杆菌耐药与外膜蛋白的低通透性和主动外运有关.     

Identification of an OprD homologue in Acinetobacter baumannii

With the increased number of resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains, it is urgently required to decipher the molecular bases of outer membrane permeability. The analyses of the outer membrane from different A. baumannii strains indicated a modification in the expression of two proteins of 29 and 43 kDa, respectively. By electrophoresis and MALDI-MS analyses, the 43 kDa OMP was identified as a protein belonging to the OprD family, a basic amino acid and imipenem porin.     

The Salmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid complement resistance gene rck is homologous to a family of virulence-related outer membrane protein genes, including pagC and ail.

A fragment of the Salmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid containing the rck locus, when cloned in the recombinant cosmid pADE016, was shown previously to confer high-level complement resistance on both rough and smooth Escherichia coli, Salmonella minnesota, and S. typhimurium and was associated with the production of an outer membrane protein. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the fragment containing the rck locus. Mutations in the two major open reading frames confirmed that the complement resistance mediated by pADE016 was due to a single 555-bp rck gene encoding a 17-kDa outer membrane protein. Analysis of the rck gene revealed that the Rck outer membrane protein consisted of 185 amino acid residues, with a calculated postcleavage molecular mass of 17.4 kDa. Rck is homologous to a family of outer membrane proteins expressed in gram-negative bacteria, two of which have been associated with virulence-related phenotypes: PagC, required by S. typhimurium for survival in macrophages and for virulence in mice; and Ail, a product of the Yersinia enterocolitica chromosome capable of mediating bacterial adherence to and invasion of epithelial cell lines. Rck, most closely related to PagC, represents the third outer membrane protein in this five-member family with a distinct virulence-associated phenotype.     

Genetics of Sensitivity of Salmonella Species to Colicin M and Bacteriophages T5, T1, and ES18

Nearly all of 62 strains of Salmonella paratyphi B were sensitive to colicin M and phage T5 but resistant to phages T1 and ES18 and to colicin B. All tested S. typhimurium strains were resistant to colicin M and phage T5, and many were sensitive to phage ES18. A rough S. typhimurium LT2 strain given the tonA region of Escherichia coli or S. paratyphi B became sensitive to colicin M and phage T5. We infer that the tonA allele of S. paratyphi B, like that of E. coli, determines an outer membrane protein that adsorbs T5 and colicin M but not phage ES18, whereas the S. typhimurium allele determines a protein able to adsorb only ES18. The partial T1 sensitivity of a rough LT2 strain with a tonA allele from E. coli or S. paratyphi B and also the tonB(+) phentotype of an E. coli B trp-tonB Delta mutant carrying an F' trp of LT2 origin showed that S. typhimurium LT2 has a tonB allele like that of E. coli with respect to determination of sensitivity to colicins and phage T1. Rough S. paratyphi B, although T5 sensitive, remained resistant to T1 even when given F' tonB(+) of E. coli origin. Classes of Salmonella mutants selected as resistant to colicin M included: T5-resistant mutants, probably tonA(-); mutants unchanged except for M resistance, perhaps tolerant; and Exb(+) mutants, producing a colicin inhibitor (presumably enterochelin). Some Exb(+) mutants were resistant to a bacteriocin inactive on E. coli but active on all tested S. paratyphi B and S. typhimurium strains (and on nearly all other tested Salmonella). A survey showed sensitivity to colicin M in several other species of Salmonella.     

Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding a 21-kilodalton outer membrane protein from Bordetella avium and expression of the gene in Salmonella typhimurium.

Three gene libraries of Bordetella avium 197 DNA were prepared in Escherichia coli LE392 by using the cosmid vectors pCP13 and pYA2329, a derivative of pCP13 specifying spectinomycin resistance. The cosmid libraries were screened with convalescent-phase anti-B. avium turkey sera and polyclonal rabbit antisera against B. avium 197 outer membrane proteins. One E. coli recombinant clone produced a 56-kDa protein which reacted with convalescent-phase serum from a turkey infected with B. avium 197. In addition, five E. coli recombinant clones were identified which produced B. avium outer membrane proteins with molecular masses of 21, 38, 40, 43, and 48 kDa. At least one of these E. coli clones, which encoded the 21-kDa protein, reacted with both convalescent-phase turkey sera and antibody against B. avium 197 outer membrane proteins. The gene for the 21-kDa outer membrane protein was localized by Tn5seq1 mutagenesis, and the nucleotide sequence was determined by dideoxy sequencing. DNA sequence analysis of the 21-kDa protein revealed an open reading frame of 582 bases that resulted in a predicted protein of 194 amino acids. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of the gene encoding the 21-kDa outer membrane protein with protein sequences in the National Biomedical Research Foundation protein sequence data base indicated significant homology to the OmpA proteins of Shigella dysenteriae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli, and Salmonella typhimurium and to Neisseria gonorrhoeae outer membrane protein III, Haemophilus influenzae protein P6, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa porin protein F. The gene (ompA) encoding the B. avium 21-kDa protein hybridized with 4.1-kb DNA fragments from EcoRI-digested, chromosomal DNA of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica and with 6.0- and 3.2-kb DNA fragments from EcoRI-digested, chromosomal DNA of B. avium and B. avium-like DNA, respectively. A 6.75-kb DNA fragment encoding the B. avium 21-kDa protein was subcloned into the Asd+ vector pYA292, and the construct was introduced into the avirulent delta cya delta crp delta asd S. typhimurium chi 3987 for oral immunization of birds. The gene encoding the 21-kDa protein was expressed equivalently in B. avium 197, delta asd E. coli chi 6097, and S. typhimurium chi 3987 and was localized primarily in the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane. In preliminary studies on oral inoculation of turkey poults with S. typhimurium chi 3987 expressing the gene encoding the B. avium 21-kDa protein, it was determined that a single dose of the recombinant Salmonella vaccine failed to elicit serum antibodies against the 21-kDa protein and challenge with wild-type B. avium 197 resulted in colonization of the trachea and thymus with B. avium 197.     

Antibodies to lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane proteins of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 are not involved in protection from experimental infection

BALB/c and Schofield mice were inoculated with formalin-killed bacteria prepared from strains of Salmonella enteritidis belonging to phage type (PT) 4 and carrying a 38 MDa plasmid and expressing long-chain lipopolysaccharide, or strains without a 38 MDa plasmid or lacking the ability to express lipopolysaccharide. Vaccinated mice were challenged with viable bacteria belonging to a virulent strain of S. enteritidis (PT4). Mice surviving this viable challenge were examined for a humoral antibody response to membrane antigens of S. enteritidis (PT4) that might relate to the possession of a given virulence property. BALB/c mice immunized with any of the test antigens were found to be immune to S. enteritidis (PT4), and this immunity was protective. Serum antibodies, of the IgG class, were detected to OmpA and a minor outer membrane protein (OMP) of 31 kDa. Schofield mice also raised IgG antibodies to these outer membrane proteins; however, non-immunized mice of this strain were resistant to infection. The virulence of S. enteritidis (PT4) was also tested using mice belonging to strains B10D2 (new), Biozzi (high), Biozzi (low), C3HeJ, B10ITYR and C57/L.     

沙门菌外膜蛋白D的原核表达及多克隆抗体制备

目的:在大肠杆菌中表达沙门菌外膜蛋白(OMP)D,纯化后制备兔抗OMPD抗体。方法:用PCR方法从鼠伤寒沙门菌中扩增出ompD基因,并插入融合表达载体pET-28a(+)的多克隆位点,构建重组表达质粒pET28a(+)-ompD;以重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),筛选阳性重组菌株,经IPTG诱导目的蛋白表达,在变性条件下对目的蛋白进行亲和层析纯化;以表达的OMPD蛋白免疫家兔,制备抗OMPD的多克隆抗体并进行鉴定。结果:扩增了ompD基因,测序证实正确后亚克隆于表达载体pET-28a(+)中,经PCR筛选和酶切鉴定获得阳性克隆,经诱导在大肠杆菌中表达出相对分子质量为40×103的目的蛋白并进行纯化;纯化的OMPD免疫家兔后,能有效地刺激特异性抗体的产生,抗血清的效价达到1∶10000以上,且具有良好的特异性。结论:构建ompD基因的原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达;制备出兔抗OMPD抗体,效价及特异性均良好,为进一步制备肠黏膜高亲和力疫苗奠定了基础。     

Immunogenicity of iron-regulated outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella multocida B:2 in mice model

The present study was conducted to investigate the role of iron-regulated outer membrane proteins (IROMP) of Pasteurella multocida B:2 in mice as potential immunogens. Outer membrane proteins extracted from P. multocida B:2 grown under normal (OMP) and iron-deficient (IROMP) conditions were subjected to discontinuous SDS-PAGE. Nine polypeptides of MW ranging from 85.1 to 16.7 kDa from OMP preparations and two additional polypeptides of MW 95.4 and 89.1 kDa from IROMP preparations were observed with bands of MW 37.2 and 34.7 kDa as major proteins. Mice were immunized twice with OMP, IROMP-enriched fractions and whole cell lysate (WCL) via subcutaneous route at day 0 and 21. Antibody titers were determined from sera collected at weekly interval and protection was studied against challenge using 10(2) cfu of P. multocida two weeks after secondary immunization via intranasal and subcutaneous routes. IROMP and OMP immunized mice provoked significant antibody responses and IROMP induced higher antibody responses. IROMP and OMP immunized mice showed protection (100%) upon intranasal challenge and a protection (84%) following subcutaneous challenge as compared to high mortality (84%) in control mice. These results indicate that OMP enriched with IROMP fractions can be superior means of immunization.