入侵害草薇甘菊的防除研究进展

对薇甘菊MikaniamicranthaH.B.K.防除的最新研究进展进行了综述。薇甘菊的防除,目前主要采用人工清除、化学防除、生态防除和生物防治等方法,其中生物防治是最有效的防治方法之一。生物防治中艳婀珍蝶Actinotethaliapyrrha和安婀珍蝶A.anteas是较有前途的两种昆虫;柄锈菌PucciniaspegazzinideToni能使薇甘菊生长受阻、矮化、枯萎和死亡,在中国有利用的可能;凤凰木Delonixregia、血桐Macarangatanarius、榥伞枫Heteropanaxfragrans可以利用植物相克作用控制薇甘菊;菟丝子属Cuscuta的3种菟丝子能侵染薇甘菊,其中田野菟丝子Cuscutacampestris对薇甘菊控制作用较强,是以草治草的一种新方法。     

深圳大鹏半岛薇甘菊的空间发生规律

【目的】研究薇甘菊的入侵与地形、人为干扰间的关系,量化不同干扰因素对薇甘菊发生的影响,进一步揭示薇甘菊的发生规律,为薇甘菊的系统防治与管控提供技术支持。【方法】使用无人机遥感系统所获取的高分辨率航片作为数据源,通过目视解译方法确定薇甘菊的发生区域后结合3S技术手段,对深圳大鹏半岛210000 m²研究区内的薇甘菊发生状况与地形因子及人为干扰度间的关系进行系统分析。【结果】研究区内薇甘菊在低海拔区和阳坡分布居多,86.80%的薇甘菊入侵发生在人类轻中度干扰区,20°~40°坡度位置是薇甘菊的重点发生区。研究网格单元内薇甘菊的发生面积与坡度、高程显著负相关(P<0.01),与坡向相关性较差。【结论】在人为干扰较小的自然条件下,制约薇甘菊扩散发生的主要因子是入侵地的群落结构,而在人为干扰较为严重的地区,薇甘菊入侵的发生与人类活动消失后产生的空白生态位密切相关。     

广东省中山市2种红树林有害生物风险分析及防控策略

【目的】了解红树林有害生物风险及其防控,维护红树林健康生长,发挥红树林的生态功能。【方法】2018—2019年,连续2年对广东省中山市红树林有害生物种类进行系统调查监测,并对薇甘菊和星天牛2种有害生物在中山市的分布状况、定殖和扩散的可能性、潜在危害性、受害对象的重要性、防控难度等进行分析,结合红树林的生态效益,参照国际有害生物风险性分析方法对两者在中山市红树林的危害风险性进行综合分析评估。【结果】调查发现,中山市红树林主要有害生物有23种,其中薇甘菊、星天牛最为严重,评估风险性R值分别为1.63和1.61,属中度危险的林业有害生物。【结论】薇甘菊和星天牛目前仅在中山市红树林局部地区发生危害,但具有明显扩散蔓延趋势,应该建立以应急除治、生物防治、生态修复等多种技术相结合的生态控制技术体系。     

薇甘菊提取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避及杀卵作用

【目的】探讨入侵杂草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha对棕榈害虫红脉穗螟Tirathaba rufivena的产卵忌避活性。【方法】采用室内生物测定法,研究薇甘菊不同溶剂提取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避作用和杀卵活性。【结果】产卵忌避试验结果表明,薇甘菊各提取物中,以正己烷和三氯甲烷提取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避效果最好,两者的选择性忌避率分别为43.64%和44.20%,非选择性忌避率分别为51.60%和59.20%。对卵孵化率的影响显示,各溶剂提取物均对红脉穗螟具有一定的杀卵活性,其中三氯甲烷提取物对卵孵化率的影响最大,校正孵化率最低,仅为53.39%,而且三氯甲烷提取物引起的1龄幼虫的死亡率最高,可达42.64%。在薇甘菊三氯甲烷提取物的不同溶剂萃取物中,正丁醇萃取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避和杀卵活性均显著高于其他溶剂萃取物。【结论】薇甘菊提取物具有一定的产卵忌避和杀卵活性,具有用于红脉穗螟的生态防控的潜力。     

薇甘菊甲醇提取物对二疣犀甲生长发育的影响

【目的】探讨入侵杂草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha的利用价值, 及其在棕榈害虫二疣犀甲Oryctes rhinoceros生态防控中的应用前景。【方法】采用浸渍法和室内饲喂法, 研究了薇甘菊甲醇提取物对二疣犀甲取食量、 卵孵化、 化蛹、 羽化及幼虫发育等的影响。【结果】薇甘菊提取物对二疣犀甲具有很好的生长发育调节活性。拒食活性研究结果表明, 在不同供试浓度下, 其对二疣犀甲3龄幼虫均表现拒食活性, 且拒食率与处理浓度呈正相关。薇甘菊提取物处理二疣犀甲的卵后, 孵化率明显降低, 且孵化期延长, 10 mg/mL提取物处理后孵化率仅达66.66%, 孵化期比对照延迟3 d, 同时初孵幼虫死亡率也高达40.43%。采用添加薇甘菊提取物的饲料饲喂1龄幼虫后, 幼虫体重增长减缓, 在处理浓度为10和5 mg/g时, 处理后90 d体重增加量分别为3.83 g和4.53 g, 而对照组体重增加量达到6.87 g。薇甘菊提取物处理老熟幼虫后, 对其化蛹具有抑制作用, 造成化蛹率降低, 化蛹时间延长及蛹的畸形。经薇甘菊提取物处理二疣犀甲蛹后, 成虫羽化率降低, 羽化时间明显延长, 且畸形成虫数量增加, 主要表现为翅无法正常伸展、 虫体瘦小、 无法正常爬行等。【结论】薇甘菊具有开发为生物源昆虫生长调节剂、 并在二疣犀甲防控中应用的潜力。     

薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱的生物活性

【背景】薇甘菊和螺旋粉虱均为我国入侵物种,且二者之间无寄生关系。本研究旨在挖掘薇甘菊的利用价值,为其在螺旋粉虱生态防控中的使用提供依据。【方法】采用药膜法和田间喷雾法,研究了4种提取方法（冷浸法、索氏提取法、冷浸—索氏提取法、温浸法）获得的薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫的室内生物活性和田间防治效果。【结果】在所选择的4种提取方法中,索氏提取法和温浸法的提取率最高,分别为9.90%和9.35%;冷浸—索氏提取法和冷浸法的提取率相对较低,分别为7.73%和4.50%。室内生物测定表明,采用冷浸法、冷浸—索氏提取法、索氏提取法和温浸法所获得的薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫的LC50值分别为8.94、9.03、6.32和7.51 mg·mL-1,但由于95%置信区间存在重合,不同提取物活性之间的差异不显著。田间试验结果则表明,不同提取方法获得的薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫都具有良好的防治效果,100倍液处理7 d后,对螺旋粉虱的校正防效均在75%以上。但是,索氏提取法和温浸法提取物防治效果显著优于冷浸—索氏提取法和冷浸法。【结论与意义】薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱具有生物活性。     

深圳内伶仃岛薇甘菊危害的生态经济损失分析

通过对广东深圳内伶仃岛薇甘菊侵入危害较严重的地段进行随机抽样及全面调查,运用生态经济学理论及市场价值法、影子工程法、机会成本法和替代花费法等,对内伶仃岛上薇甘菊危害的生态经济损失作出了一个初步的评估.薇甘菊入侵造成内伶仃岛上森林生态系统服务功能如涵养水源、固定CO2、生产氧气、净化大气,减少污染、减少病虫害,卫生保健等方面的经济损失为383.49-862.86万元人民币.生物多样性损失为每年66.80-150.31万元人民币.估计全岛年损失近450.29-1013.17万元人民币.     

薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H.B.K.)的形态、分类与生态资料补记

作者对外来杂草薇甘菊在我国的出现曾作过简单的报道［１］。现进一步对它的形态特征、分类鉴定和生态特性作较详细的介绍,以期能为研究薇甘菊防治和可能的利用提供基本资料。 薇甘菊是菊科假泽兰属（Ｍｉｋａｎｉａ）植物。此属全世界约４３０种,主产热带美洲,我国原产的仅有假泽兰（Ｍｉｋａｎｉａ ｃｏｒｄａｔａ（Ｂｕｒｍ． ｆ．） Ｂ． Ｌ． Ｒｏｂｉｎｓｏｎ） １种。薇甘菊原产中、南美洲。作为外来杂草,早在１９１９年便已在香港出现（据香港特别行政区渔农自然护理署标本室标本记录）;１９８４年在我国大陆深圳已采到它的标…     

海南岛东寨港几种红树植物种间生态位研究

采用3种常见的生态位宽度和生态位重叠计测公式,以外来种无瓣海桑扩散区的秋茄+桐花树群落演替系列作为资源轴,定量计测了几种红树植物的生态位宽度和重叠值.结果表明,各树种生态位宽度值排序为桐花树(3.8357)＞秋茄(3.3421)＞木榄(3.3180)＞白骨壤(3.0975)＞无瓣海桑(2.9137)＞海桑(2.5724)＞角果木(1.8523)＞红海榄(1.6897)＞海莲(1.0000),很好地表征了其生态适应性和分布幅度.各树种重叠值中,以秋茄、桐花树、木榄、白骨壤之间的生态位重叠较大,表明其间存在较强的资源利用性竞争.无瓣海桑生态位宽度处于中等程度,与中低潮滩红树植物海桑、桐花树、秋茄和白骨壤的重叠值相对较高,与红海榄、木榄有中度重叠,与角果木有少量重叠,与海莲完全没有重叠.     

有机稻田内不同生态措施对褐稻虱种群的控制作用

应用害虫生态控制理论和方法,以抗性品种、施用有机肥、种植对天敌具有助迁或保护作用的植物为基础,将稻田放鸭、薇甘菊(MikaniamicranthaKunth)乙醇提取物、现代苦楝油(MeliaazedarachL.)等各项生态措施,科学、合理地组配成褐稻虱Nilaparvatalugens(Stl)种群生态控制系统,研究其对褐稻虱种群的控制作用。结果表明稻田放鸭对褐稻虱若虫具有60.92%的控制效果,现代苦楝油200倍对褐稻虱种群的作用优于薇甘菊乙醇提取物1gDW·100mL-1,不同生态措施组合对褐稻虱自然种群的控制作用显著,但其联合作用效果与组合组分不成正比例增长。所组建的生态措施组合可将褐稻虱种群数量降至经济阈值以下,完全可达到持续控制褐稻虱种群的目的。     

入侵植物薇甘菊新枝在海南的月生长动态

【背景】薇甘菊是入侵性和危害性极强的外来入侵植物,对生物多样性和农林业生产造成严重影响。观测薇甘菊新枝的月生长动态,了解薇甘菊快速生长扩散的原因,能够为薇甘菊的合理防治提供参考。【方法】采用定点定时观测法,历时2年对海南7个市县薇甘菊新枝的月生长量进行测定。【结果】薇甘菊在海南全年可生长,一新枝月平均生长66 cm,全年累计平均生长795 cm。薇甘菊生长高峰期在6月和8月,其中6月平均生长120 cm,8月平均生长106 cm。薇甘菊最小生长量在1月和12月,平均生长量均为21 cm。薇甘菊在6—10月生长较快,一新枝累计平均生长489 cm,占全年生长量的61.5%;在4—5月和11月生长次之,一新枝累计平均生长196 cm,占全年生长量的24.7%;在1—3月和12月生长缓慢,一新枝累计平均生长110 cm,占全年生长量的13.8%。薇甘菊的花果期在10月至次年3月,一些种群在1—3月再次开花或在3—5月开花。薇甘菊的生长量与温度呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.91;与降雨量呈显著正相关,相关系数0.56。【结论与意义】薇甘菊是多分枝植物,一新枝年生长量可达795 cm,能迅速生长形成种群。温度是薇甘菊生长的主要因素,降雨在一定程度促进了薇甘菊的生长。     

薇甘菊根际可培养固氮菌和氨化细菌的分离鉴定与促生作用

【目的】固氮菌和氨化细菌是氮循环产生生物有效氮的关键起始环节,直接影响了外来入侵植物的生长速度和扩散进程。然而,关于典型入侵植物薇甘菊根际可培养固氮菌和氨化细菌的研究尚未见报道,这在很大程度上制约了我们对薇甘菊根际高效的氮素转化机制的深刻理解。【方法】采用传统平板涂布培养法对野外采集的薇甘菊根际土壤中的可培养固氮菌和氨化细菌进行了分离鉴定,并进行了接种验证实验。【结果】结果表明,入侵植物薇甘菊根际土壤中的固氮菌和氨化细菌的菌群密度显著高于两个本地伴生植物(火炭母和鸡屎藤),其固氮效率及有机氮矿化效率也优于2个本地种;系统发育分析表明：薇甘菊根际的固氮菌菌株归类于5个属,分别为伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、植物杆菌属(Phytobacter)、新肠杆菌属(Kosakonia)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobium);氨化细菌归类于7个属,分别为沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、博德特氏菌属(Bordetella)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、苍...     

Priority effects and competition by a native species inhibit an invasive species and may assist restoration

Selecting native species for restoration is often done without proper ecological background, particularly with regard to how native and invasive species interact. Here, we provide insights suggesting that such information may greatly enhance restoration success. The performance of the native vine, Pueraria lobata, and that of the invasive bitter vine, Mikania micrantha, were investigated in South China to test how priority effects (timing and rate of germination and seedling growth) and competition (phytochemical effects and competitive ability) impact invasive plant performance. We found that, in the absence of competition, the germination rate of M. micrantha, but not of P. lobata, was significantly affected by light availability. P. lobata seedlings also performed better than those of M. micrantha during early growth phases. Under competition, negative phytochemical effects of P. lobata on M. micrantha were strong and we found M. micrantha to have lower performance when grown with P. lobata compared to when grown by itself. Relative interaction indexes indicated that, under interspecific competition, P. lobata negatively affected (i.e., inhibited) M. micrantha, whereas M. micrantha positively affected (i.e., facilitated) P. lobata. Higher photosynthetic efficiency and soil nutrient utilization put P. lobata at a further advantage over M. micrantha. Field trails corroborated these experimental findings, showing little recruitment of M. micrantha in previously invaded and cleared field plots that were sown with P. lobata. Thus, P. lobata is a promising candidate for ecological restoration and for reducing impacts of M. micrantha in China. This research illustrates that careful species selection may improve restoration outcomes, a finding that may also apply to other invaded ecosystems and species.     

薇甘菊化感物质对土壤氮素矿化的影响及其化感利己作用

【目的】研究入侵植物薇甘菊提取物对土壤氮素矿化的影响及化感利己作用,为薇甘菊通过释放化感物质促进自身生长并排斥本地植物生长提供实验证据,为揭示薇甘菊的入侵机制提供理论依据。【方法】采用经典的化感生测实验、化感物质添加实验以及盆栽控制实验,对比研究薇甘菊及其本地伴生植物水提液和粗提物的化感生测效应、水提液和粗提物添加对土壤氮素的影响以及水提液添加对薇甘菊生长的影响。【结果】与本地伴生种相比,薇甘菊水提液的化感抑制作用较强且促进了土壤硝态氮的生成;而薇甘菊粗提物的化感作用较弱且抑制了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮的生成。水提液盆栽控制实验结果表明,与本地伴生种火炭母相比,薇甘菊水提液具有显著的化感利己作用,这与薇甘菊水提液处理后薇甘菊生长土壤中的蛋白酶活性增强和有效氮含量增加相一致。【结论】薇甘菊可通过水溶性化感物质促进有效氮的生成来实现化感利己作用。     

Survey of flowering plants in Hawaii as potential banker plants of anthocorid predators for thrips control

Flowering plants in gardens and along roadsides on the Big Island of Hawaii were sampled for thrips and anthocorid predators of thrips. A total of 171 plant samples, comprising 859 plant sample units (e.g. flowers or flower clusters) were collected from 56 species of plants in 25 families. Adult thrips were found on 43 plant species, and 32 of these also had larval thrips of the same species, indicating the plant species was a breeding host for thrips. Five different species of anthocorids – Orius persequens, Orius tristicolor, Paratriphleps laeviusculus, Montandoniola confusa, and Blaptostethus pallescens – were collected on 22 different plant species in 10 plant families. The plants with the highest numbers of anthocorid adults and nymphs present were Macaranga tanarius (Blush Macaraga), Verbesina encelioides (Golden Crownbeard), Tithonia diversifolia (Tree Marigold), Acalypha hispida (Chenille bush), and Coreopsis lanceolata (Lance-leaf Coreopsis). Macaranga tanarius was found to be the best host plant for anthocorids, with an average of 25.5 adult and 21.1 larval anthocorids per plant sample. Orius persequens was the most abundant anthocorid on M. tanarius with average adult and larval densities of 24.1 and 17.3 per plant sample, respectively. None of the insects found in association with M. tanarius are known pests. Macaranga tanarius has great potential as a banker plant to help suppress thrips populations in greenhouse crops with anthocorid predators.     

Rapid evolution of dispersal‐related traits during range expansion of an invasive vine Mikania micrantha

Rapid range expansion of invasive plants provides a unique opportunity to explore evolutionary changes of dispersal‐related traits during the invasion process. Increasing evidence now suggests that a higher dispersal rate is favored at the invasion front. However, little is known about the role of genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity on patterns of dispersal ability during the invasion process. In this study, we combined a field survey and a common garden transplant experiment to test for evidence of genetically based dispersal ability in Mikania micrantha, a highly invasive vine, across its invaded range in southern China. Three dispersal‐related traits, plume loading, seed mass and pappus radius, were measured in both natural and common garden populations. We found that in natural conditions, plume loading and seed mass significantly decreased with expanding distance from the source population, but in controlled conditions, these two traits exhibited a significant humped trend against percent field cover, indicating that dispersal ability of M. micrantha was selected for during range expansion and that the related traits were likely to be under genetic control. Furthermore, rebounding dispersal ability was detected in highly competitive sites in the range core, which suggested that this evolutionary process was likely partially driven by intraspecific competition. Because more and more plant species are under spatial nonequilibirum due to climate change, this study can serve to provide hints at the fate of spatially fluctuant populations.     

海南儋州地区橘小实蝇成虫数量动态

【背景】橘小实蝇是热带、亚热带水果的重要害虫,在海南发生严重。【方法】利用橘小实蝇性诱剂进行田间诱捕,以诱到的雄成虫为指标,通过定期调查,获得了海南儋州地区4种样地橘小实蝇成虫的种群动态,并进一步通过相关分析,研究了芒果园橘小实蝇种群动态与温度和降雨量的相关性。【结果】儋州地区橘小实蝇种群周年发生,冬季种群数量较低,夏季种群数量较高。橘小实蝇种群高峰期发生于6月,其中芒果园达327.6头,蔬菜地为182.8头,办公区为150.0头,植物园为209.6头。在芒果园中,随着温度的升高,橘小实蝇的种群数量呈指数增长,其相关系数R=0.799;而与降雨量的相关系数较低,为0.367。【结论与意义】本研究可为儋州地区制定橘小实蝇综合防治策略提供理论依据。     

从种内、种间化感作用分析入侵种薇甘菊及其近邻种的非协同进化趋势

为预测入侵植物与其邻近物种间的非协同进化趋势,分别提取薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)及其近邻种五爪金龙(Ipomoea cairica)、葛藤(Pueraria lobata)和鸡矢藤(Paederia scandens)的叶片水提液处理幼苗,对薇甘菊及其近邻种的种内、种间化感作用进行研究。结果表明,薇甘菊对3种近邻种的化感作用呈现不同趋势(SE=0.50, 0.61,–0.16),但种内存在较强的化感促进作用(SE=0.61),说明其种内化感竞争较弱;葛藤的种内化感促进作用(SE=0.32)弱于薇甘菊,种间的化感促进作用与薇甘菊相似(SE=0.52, 0.50);五爪金龙种内化感促进作用(SE=0.06)弱于薇甘菊和葛藤(SE=0.32),种间促进作用(SE=0.24)弱于薇甘菊(SE=0.61);鸡矢藤的种内、种间化感作用均表现为抑制作用(SE=–0.18,–0.07),说明种内、种间化感竞争较强。野外调查表明4种植物分布的频度和多度均表现为薇甘菊葛藤五爪金龙鸡矢藤,这与化感竞争力结果一致。可见,种内与种间化感作用在入侵植物与近邻植物的综合竞争力中扮演着极为重要的作用,这为入侵种与近邻种之间的非协同进化趋势指明了方向。     

Effects ofMikania micrantha H.B.K. on germination and growth of weed species

Laboratory, greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the allelopathic potential ofMikania micrantha H.B.K. on the germination and growth of three weeds, namelyAsystasia intrusa Bl.,Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. andPaspalum conjugatum Berg. The plant height of the test species decreased with increasing amounts of debris when either leaf or root debris of Mikania was present on the soil surface or incorporated into the soil. In general, incorporated debris caused greater reduction in height and seedling fresh weight than debris placed on the soil surface. Paspalum was more sensitive to either root or leaf of Mikania when incorporated into soil than on the soil surface. Leachate of Mikania leaf caused a significant reduction in radicle length and fresh weight of the seedlings of the test species. However, only Paspalum seeds showed significant decrease in germination when exposed to leaf leachate. Full-strength extract of either leaf or root caused a significant decrease in both germination and fresh weight of the test species. At the highest concentration, root extract of Mikania caused a marked reduction of radicle elongation of Paspalum.