Cucumis属双二倍体种小孢子发生和雄配子体发育的细胞学研究

采用染色体制片技术对Cucumis属双二倍体种(Cucumis hytivus Chen et Kirkbride)小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行了细胞学研究。结果显示：在小孢子发生过程中,约31％的花粉母细胞在减数分裂中期Ⅰ具有正常的19Ⅲ,约69％的花粉母细胞染色体构型复杂,平均构型0．41Ⅰ 14．69Ⅲ 0．06Ⅲ 0．93Ⅳ 0．62Ⅵ 0．07Ⅷ;在四分体时期,形成约8．78％的四分孢子,其余为各种异常的多分孢子;在雄配子体发育过程中,约10％的小孢子可进行有丝分裂,最终发育为正常的两细胞、三孔花粉,其余90％的小孢子最终成为败育花粉。此外,还观察到了减数分裂后期Ⅱ的染色体组分离和新种花粉形态的变异等特殊现象。     

紫斑牡丹小孢子形成过程的细胞遗传学研究

首次对紫斑牡丹栽培品种的花粉母细胞减数分裂过程进行了系统研究。细胞学观察发现约３３％的花粉母细胞减数分裂过程异常。对该品种花粉进行人工萌发试验 粉萌发率约为６５．４％。统计该品种的结实率发现,其有效结实率仅为２３．５％,认为该紫斑牡丹品种花粉母细胞减数分裂行为异常是形成败育花粉的关键原因,但它仅仅是导致该品种结实７率低的原因之一。     

水稻亚种间杂种F1半不育小孢子发生的细胞学观察

利用石蜡切片和染色体压片法对水稻亚种间半不育杂种F1及其亲本的小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程进行细胞学观察.结果显示:亲本及杂种F1的花药壁发育正常,但部分F1的小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常,形成不均等的二分体和异常的四分体;其染色体在中期Ⅰ分散在赤道板两旁或远离赤道板,形成单价体;在后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ产生大量落后染色体或染色体桥.研究表明,部分花粉母细胞减数分裂中期和后期染色体行为异常可能是造成杂种F1花粉半不育的主要原因.     

OT杂种系百合品种‘Cocossa’小孢子败育细胞学研究

以OT百合‘Cocossa’为材料,采用醋酸洋红染色烤片法和石蜡切片法,对该品种花粉母细胞减数分裂过程以及绒毡层在花粉母细胞发育过程中的变化进行系统的细胞学观察。研究发现:(1)当百合花蕾长度在2.5~4.5 cm时,花粉母细胞处在减数分裂时期。(2)在花粉母细胞减数分裂的过程中,出现了较多染色体异常现象:中期Ⅰ出现染色体环;后期Ⅰ出现了滞后染色体和染色体桥;在末期Ⅰ和末期Ⅱ细胞出现不均等分裂和微核;处于同一花蕾和同一花药的花粉母细胞减数分裂具有不同步性,能同时观察到2个不同时期的分裂相;形成畸形、无核、多核的异常小孢子。(3)在末期Ⅱ和单核花粉粒时期,绒毡层延迟降解,引起多核花粉粒、畸形花粉粒以及花粉粒自溶现象。结果表明:OT百合‘Cocossa’小孢子败育是花粉母细胞异常减数分裂与绒毡层异常降解共同导致的。     

青花菜花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄配子体发育

采用染色体制片及爱氏苏木精染色-冬青油透明技术对青花菜花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄配子体发育过程进行了细胞学研究.结果表明:花粉母细胞减数分裂的细胞质分裂为同时型,四分体为正四面体型或十字交叉型;中期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ,少数细胞可见赤道板外染色体;后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ部分细胞出现染色体桥及落后染色体;四分体时期可观察到二分体、三分体及含微核的异常四分体.雄配子体发育过程包括2次有丝分裂,成熟花粉为3细胞型,具3个萌发孔.减数分裂过程中染色体行为异常的花粉母细胞约占10.28%;雄配子体发育过程中异常频率约为3.2%,败育主要发生在单核期.     

桔梗花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄性败育的细胞生理学研究

以桔梗不育系PA及其保持系PB为试验材料,采用石蜡切片和改良苯酚品红染色压片法对花粉母细胞减数分裂和雄配子体发育过程进行比较,探讨桔梗雄性不育系小孢子形成过程和败育发生的细胞生理学机理。结果表明:(1)桔梗保持系PB花粉母细胞减数分裂的细胞质分裂为同时型,同一花药减数分裂较同步;在中期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ,少数细胞中可见赤道板外染色体;四分体以四面体为主,成熟花粉粒为二核花粉。(2)不育系PA花粉母细胞减数分裂后期Ⅰ开始出现异常,表现为细胞质形态改变,末期Ⅱ之后细胞质不能分裂,形成异常四分体,胼胝质壁不能溶解,四分体难以释放出游离小孢子而被降解,导致败育。(3)在发育过程中,桔梗不育系花蕾游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量低于保持系,而SOD活性、丙二醛含量均高于保持系。(4)桔梗不育系PA及其保持系PB花粉母细胞减数分裂和雄配子体发育过程存在明显差异,桔梗雄性败育过程大体可分为4个阶段,即后期Ⅰ细胞质异常、末期Ⅱ之后细胞质不能分裂、四分体难以释放游离小孢子、四分体被降解仅残留碎片。研究认为,桔梗不育花蕾(开花前)生长发育过程中,体内活性氧代谢紊乱、丙二醛积累及游离脯氨酸等"物质代谢损亏"可能是引起桔梗雄性败育的原因。     

小胡杨花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为研究

采用常规压片法对小胡杨花粉母细胞减数分裂过程染色体行为及花粉特性进行了研究.结果表明:小胡杨花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中表现出极强的异质性,减数分裂各时期异常细胞出现率均超过70%.其中,终变期存在大量单价体、后期观察到落后染色体,证明小胡杨的两个亲本亲缘关系较远.小胡杨花粉母细胞减数分裂过程高频率异常现象(后期I落后染色体71.87%,染色体桥8.13%;末期Ⅰ有77.18%的微核细胞;后期Ⅱ有85.60%的异常细胞等)的发生直接导致其大部分花粉发育异常(99.48%),表现出远缘杂种的败育特性.     

羽衣甘蓝花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄配子体发育观察

采用常规压片法对羽衣甘蓝花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄配子体发育进行了细胞学观察,结果显示:羽衣甘蓝减数分裂类似甘蓝种,细胞质分裂为同时型,四分体以正四面体型或十字交叉型为主;终变期有9个二价体,此时可进行染色体计数;中期Ⅰ和Ⅱ少数细胞中可见赤道板外染色体,后期Ⅰ和Ⅱ存在落后染色体,四分体时期可观察到少量含微核的异常四分体;单核靠边期时花蕾长度约为2.0~2.2 mm,小孢子经过发育最终成为3-细胞型花粉并具3个萌发孔,成熟花粉中败育花粉比率为1.3%.     

云南松小孢子发生及雄配子体形成

本文详述了云南松花粉母细胞的减数分裂、小孢子发生及雄配子体形成过程。在研究中发现:花粉母细胞在减数分裂中有明显的不同步现象;有少数发育畸形的小孢子;在减数分裂后期Ⅰ有染色单体桥及染色体片断出现;雄配子体发育过程中核分裂的方向异常;染色体数目2n=24与其它报道一致。     

同源四倍体矮牵牛花粉母细胞减数分裂观察

以同源四倍体矮牵牛06P-12为材料,采用常规压片法对花粉母细胞减数分裂过程及染色体行为进行了观察研究,以探明同源四倍体矮牵生育性降低的细胞学原因.结果显示:花粉母细胞减数分裂过程与二倍体基本相同但有其特殊性,主要表现在:终变期染色体的构型复杂,有四价体、三价体和单价体;中期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ有赤道板外染色体;后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ出现落后染色体、丢失染色体、染色体桥及不均等分裂的现象;四分体时期出现一分体、二分休、三分体以及含微核的异常三分体、四分体、多分体.花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中正常细胞平均达78.6%,异常细胞频率平均为21.4%.研究表明,同源四倍体矮牵生育性降低的细胞学原因是减数分裂过程中染色体行为异常.     

The collection of pollen by bees

Bees require pollen for their reproduction and pollen comprises the basic larval food for bees. Most bees acquire pollen passively during flower visitation, but female bees may also collect pollen actively with the aid of various structural and behavioral adaptations. Most bees have evolved adaptations to concentrate pollen into discrete loads and transport pollen back to their nests. The various structural and behavioral adaptations of female bees for acquiring and transporting pollen are the basis of this review.     

The use of sieving during standard pollen pre-treatment of samples of fossil deposits to enhance the concentration of large pollen grains

Small pollen grains and fine particles of the organic matrix in samples of a coarse detritus mud and a blanket peal deposit were removed by sieving through 30μ polyester mesh after digestion with KOH and acetolysis during standard pollen pre-treatment. The technique enhanced the number of large pollen grains m the sample. There was also an increase in the range of taxa which produce huge grains. The method provided a means of estimating the ratio of any scarce large pollen grain to the total grain sum in samples prepared by standard methods of pre-treatment.     

A pilot study on pollen representation of mountain valley vegetation in the central Alps

The relative pollen productivity (RPP) of Pinus cembra, Larix, Picea, Gramineae, and Cyperaceae was estimated for the Upper Engadine area, an inner-alpine sub-continental valley in SE Switzerland lying above 1800 m a.s.l. The influx of pollen originating from lowlands was assumed constant between the investigated sites and could thus be used to establish relative pollen accumulation rates (rPAR) as a basis for further calculations. Wind above the canopy was assumed as the major mode of pollen transport and the effect of different wind speeds was tested. In order to evaluate the results pollen percentage values were simulated and compared with the empirical data. The method is sufficiently accurate for evaluation of spatially-explicit vegetation models, although the low number of sites eludes robust statistical testing.     

燕山南部花粉散布特征

燕山南部花９粉用布特性研究表明,空气中的花粉反映的是植物花期的季节性变化,表 粉是植物多年花粉散布的混合,冲积物花粉与空气中和表土花粉显著不同,是取样点上游表土花粉的混合,与取样点周围植被关系较小。因此,根据冲积物花粉恢复古植被,反映的是整个流域的植被面貌,而不是某一点的植被特征。     

Pollen monitoring in Perugia and information about aerobiological data

Summary The results of six years (1982–1987) of aerobiological study in Perugia (central Italy) are reported. During this period a total of 80 different types of pollen belonging to 52 families were identified in the Perugia atmosphere. The highest percentages of pollens were found in the mid-March to mid-July period. For main taxa principal periods of pollination were identified. The outlines for the weekly issue in a newspaper of the concentration pattern of the allergenic pollens are reported.     

City spore concentrations in the European Economic Community (EEC). VI. Poaceae (Grasses), 1982–1986

Summary Airborne grass-pollen concentrations in six cities in the EEC are compared, based on observations from five years, 1982–1986. Results show that there are quantitative differences both between the monitoring stations and between the years. Very provisionally, the average seasonal total of the European urban airborne grass-pollen concentration can be put at 4 to 5000 per m³ of air. Also qualitatively, regarding the seasonal fluctuations, there are differences between the stations, and between the years. Generally, the results confirm that June is the most typical grass-pollen month in northwestern Europe, whereas in mediterranean Europe May is the more prominent grass-pollen period. There seems to be little coherence between the starting dates of the grass-pollen season even at relatively nearby stations in northwestern Europe, suggestive for a great influence of the actual weather situation.     

Birch pollen production,transport and deposition for the period 1984–1993 at Kevo,northernmost Finland

Summary Betula pollen production and flowering, pollen transport and pollen deposition are considered for the mountain birch region of northern Finland for the ten-year period 1984–1993. The most abundant flowering year was 1989 and, after that, 1985. In these years the highest values were also recorded for pollen in the air. There is a significant correlation between the amount of pollen released and the thermal sum of the previous year. In terms of pollen deposition the peak years were 1989 and 1986. The correlation between the amount of pollen in the air and that being deposited on the ground is also statisticaly significant. It is evident that some birch pollen is already present in the air before local flowering begins and that, in some years, this non-local pollen can account for more than 20% of the yearly total. This preflowering proportion was highest in 1985 and 1993, the latter being a prolific flowering year in the south of the country. There is a clear relationship between the proportion of the non-local pollen in the air and the proportion ofBetula pubescens/pendula type pollen deposited on the ground and, conversely, there is a significant correlation between the amount of local pollen in the air and the amount ofBetula tortuosa plusB. nana type pollen being deposited on the ground. The questions both of the viability of this long-distance pollen and of its ability to cause allergic reactions are considered. An assessment is also made of the degree to which fossil birch pollen assemblages can be realistically interpreted in terms of local vegetation if a varying proportion of the same pollen type is non-local.     

Pollen viability,germination capability and pollen production level of some grape varieties (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.)

In this study, pollens of Burdur dimriti, Sariemin, Tilki kuyrugu, Razaki, Buzgulu, Siyah buzgulu, and Siyah gemre table grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Isparta, Turkey were tested in vitro for viability, germination capability, and production level. It was determined that active pollen levels varied between 23.8 % and 80.8 % in FDA (flourescein diacetat), 31.5 % and 68.8 % in TTC (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) tests. In respect to pollen germination rates, the best medium in hanging drop method and saturated petri method were 20 % sucrose concentration and 1 % agar+15 % sucrose solution, respectively. The highest and the lowest pollen production levels per flower were determined 9000 in Siyah gemre and 2906 in Siyah dimrit grape varieties, respectively.     

Seed hairs of poplar trees as natural airborne pollen trap for allergenic pollen grains

The present article deals with the efficacy of seed hairs of poplar trees (Populus spp.) as a potent natural airborne pollen trap. Different species of Populus are commonly found planted along the streets in the cities of North China. The seed hairs and pericarp of poplar trees were collected from the trees and on the ground in Beijing Botanical Garden of Chinese Academy of Sciences and around Miyun Reservoir during May 2005 for pollen analysis. Different pollen spectra are recorded from different samples and are characterised by dominant occurrence of pollen grains of arboreal and anemophilous plants. In addition, pollen grains of non‐arboreal plants including grasses are also found trapped. Among the 46 trapped pollen grains, 26 are known to be allergenic. This study suggests that poplar seed hairs possibly make people feel uncomfortable due to the presence of allergenic pollen trapped in the hairs.