Pollen concentrations in central Italy (Ascoli Piceno and Perugia)

Summary Air-borne pollen grains were collected using Hirst volumetric spore traps in both Ascoli Piceno and Perugia during the March–November 1983 period. Similar types of pollens were recorded in both towns. In Perugia, higher total amounts of Cupressaceae/Taxaceae pollens were recorded in March and of Quercus, Gramineae, Urticaceae and Oleaceae in May–June. However, the pollen concentration in the Ascoli Piceno atmosphere was higher in the August–October period owing to the pollen of the ?summer weeds?.

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Riassunto I granuli di polline aerodiffusi sono stati campionati con trappole volumetriche tipo Hirst sia in Ascoli Piceno che in Perugia durante il periodo marzo–novembre 1983. In entrambe le città sono stati rilevati tipi di polline simili. In Perugia sono state registrate concentrazioni di polline in atmosfera più elevate rispetto ad Ascoli Piceno in marzo per la pollinazione di Cupressaceae/Taxaceae e in maggio–giugno per la pollinazione di Quercus, Gramineae, Urticaceae e Oleaceae. In Ascoli Piceno, invece, la concentrazione di polline in atmosfera è state più elevata di Perugia nel periodo agosto–ottobre per la pollinazione delle ?erbe estive?.

     

北京城区气传花粉季节分布特征

研究北京城区气传花粉种类、数量及季节消长规律,为防治花粉症及建设合理城市绿地提供有效资料.应用Burkard采样器于2010年12月31日至2011年12月31日对北京城区气传花粉浓度进行监测,并对花粉浓度进行统计学分析.研究结果显示,2011年北京城区的花粉季节从3月20日起始,至10月18日截止,持续213d,占全年天数的58％;全年花粉含量月分布呈现两个高峰,第1个高峰为3-4月,主要花粉为木犀科、杨属、柳属等树木花粉,占全年花粉总量的30％;第2个高峰为8-9月,主要花粉为菊科、藜科及苋科等莠草花粉,占全年花粉总量的50％;2011年度北京城区最具代表性的气传花粉来自于菊科,比重占了收集到气传花粉的35％.研究结果还表明,秋季的气传花粉致敏性强,所以北京花粉症的高发季节主要集中在秋季,以8-9月为最高,其中有95％的病人在此期间出现花粉症症状.花粉浓度及飘散规律受当地植被状况及气候等多种因素影响,因此,北京城区空气中气传花粉飘散种类、数量及季节分布规律的调查结果,可以为本地区花粉症防治及绿化品种的选择提供可靠依据.     

A predictive study on the beginning of the pollen season for Gramineae andolea europaea L.

Summary On the basis of the results of seven years (1982–1988) of pollen and meteorological monitoring in the atmosphere of Perugia and Ascoli Piceno (central Italy) beginning of pollen season forecasts for Gramineae and Olea europaea L. are reported. The beginning of the pollen season for grass varied between May 2 nd and May 27th while for Olea it varied between May 26 th and June 23rd. By a statistical analysis of these data several significant correlations were found between the onset of the principal period of pollination and the air temperature in the preceding months and the number of ?heat units? required to flower. Utilizing multiple regressions a predictive method of the beginning of pollen season for both the taxa is reported.     

Aerobiological survey in L'Aquila (Italy) throughout 1988 to 1990

Summary Airborne pollens were sampled in L'Aquila (Italy) throughout 1988 to 1990. Our data indicate that the flowering seasons of pollens mostly accounting for airborne concentrations are somewhat unique as compared to other Mediterranean areas. The prolonged season of Cupressaceae as well as the two different flowering seasons of Oleaceae, namely ofFraxinus, Ligustrum andOlea europaea, respectively, were the most relevant findings of our study. Furthermore, it is also worth to note thatParietaria judaica could be detected during the study period throughout March to June, but not in late summer and early autumn, as expected.Moreover, we evaluated the frequency of different pollen sensitizations in 2813 patients requiring medical care during the study period because of allergic diseases, such as conjunctivitis, oculorhinitis, and bronchial asthma. Our data demonstrate that both Compositae and Urticaceae proved to be the most allergenic pollens despite the low airborne concentrations detected. Finally, a relevant finding was the highOlea sensitization among patients with bronchial asthma.     

A comparative study of pollen trends in Genoa and Sanremo (Italy) from 1981 to 1989

Summary Trends of the atmospheric dispersion of the pollens of Urticaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae,Plantago, Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae, Oleaceae, Betulaceae-Corylaceae,Quercus, Castanea, and Cupressaceae-Taxaceae were studied from 1981 to 1989 in two localities (Genoa and Sanremo) about 120 km apart on the coast of Liguria in Italy. Statistical analysis revealed, in particular, and overall increase in pollen rain in Genoa during the period considered. The following observations were carried out on the pollens of greatest allergological interest: Urticaceae, a slightly increasing trend in Genoa; Poaceae, a moderately increasing trend in Sanremo; Oleaceae, almost parallel, uniform trendsin both centres. The values of this study lies in its ability to point out any increase which may occur over the years in the dispersal of certain allergenic pollens.     

Fluctuations of grass pollen content in the atmosphere of East Perugia and meteorological correlations (year 1989)

Summary Gramineae pollination from a pollen monitoring station located in the eastern suburb of Perugia and meteorological correlations are reported. The data refers to the year 1989. Grass pollen peak pollination was from May to July; in this period the influence of relative humidity and of temperature on pollen concentration was very high. Phenological observations, to identify the time of maximum stamen extension in the most common genera in the area, are also reported. During the period of investigation the counts of pollen grains over four-hour periods showed a regular diurnal rhythm with peaks of concentration in the four-hour period 16.00–20.00. Aerosporological data and meteorological data related to four-hour periods were correlated following different criteria.     

Correlation between large-scale atmospheric fields and the olive pollen season in Central Italy

Olives are one of the largest crops in the Mediterranean and in central and southern Italy. This work investigates the correlation of the Olea europaea L. pollen season in Perugia, the capital city of the region of Umbria in central Italy, with atmospheric parameters. The aim of the study is twofold. First, we study the correlation between the pollen season and the surface air temperature of the spring and late spring in Perugia. Second, the correlation between the pollen season and large-scale atmospheric patterns is investigated. The average surface temperature in the spring and late spring has a clear impact on the pollen season in Perugia. Years with higher average temperatures have an earlier onset of the pollen season. In particular, a 1°C higher (lower) average surface temperature corresponds to an earlier (later) start of the pollen season of about 1 week. The correlation between the pollen season and large-scale atmospheric patterns of sea level pressure and 500-hPa geopotential height shows that the cyclonic activity in the Mediterranean is unequivocally tied to the pollen season in Perugia. A larger than average cyclonic activity in the Mediterranean Basin corresponds to a later than average pollen season. Larger than average cyclonic activity in Northern Europe and Siberia corresponds to an earlier than average pollen season. A possible explanation of this correlation, that needs further investigation to be proven, is given. These results can have a practical application by using the seasonal forecast of atmospheric general circulation models.     

Betulaceae, Corylaceae, Cupressaceae, Fagaceae and Salicaceae around Parma (Northern Italy): Pollen calendars from 1995 to 1997

Many seasonal respiratory allergies are caused byairborne pollens. There is an evident correlationbetween allergic attacks and the amount of pollens inthe atmosphere at any time. The airbornetree pollen concentration and the relevantrepercussions on pollinotics hasnot yet been extensively reported for all Italian regions.We present the results of a 3-year, weekly, tree pollen count byBurkard spore trap from the atmosphere of Parma,Italy. Annual pollen calendars were made from theresults. The study has been conducted because, in Europe,an increasing frequency of allergic sensitisation to thesepollens has been observed.     

梨远缘花粉原位萌发及生长特性

应用荧光标记方法对梨远缘花粉在‘丰水’和‘噢嗄二十世纪’柱头上萌发及花粉管生长特性进行观察,结果表明:(1)梨远缘花粉均能在柱头上萌发,但其萌发率不同,授粉后24 h,在‘丰水’柱头上‘红叶桃’花粉萌发率最高,达62.8%,而‘盖县大李’花粉萌发率仅为12.0%,各种远缘花粉在‘丰水’柱头萌发率均高于‘噢嗄二十世纪’柱头。(2)各种远缘花粉管在梨柱头或花柱内生长情况也有差异,‘红叶桃’等核果类花粉管在梨柱头上均表现为扭曲、盘绕等现象,不能穿过柱头;‘红星’和‘红富士’花粉管虽然有少量穿过柱头,但不能进一步在花柱内生长,表现为扭曲变形、先端膨大等不亲和性现象。因此,梨与远缘果树杂交不亲和在柱头上就已发生,这与梨自交不亲和反应发生在花柱内的现象不同。     

One year of pollen monitoring in an urban network,perugia, central italy

Pollen monitoring at three locations in the area of Perugia is reported for the period November 1988-October 1989. A meteorological station which automatically provided data (temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, direction and velocity of wind), was located beside each trap. The study was correlated with a phenological investigation in urban and rural areas surrounding the traps in order to test the validity of using the results as indicators in a monitoring network. The aerobiological data of the three monitoring stations allows the following conclusions: 1) no notable differences were recorded during the principal period of pollination considering the flowering trends of the local anemophilous flora are taking into account, 2) from a quantitative point of view, values from Central Perugia and West Perugia were higher than those from East Perugia, 3) from a qualitative point of view, the station located in the old city area was characterized by a significant presence of Urticaceae pollen, while pollen of the Gramineae was prevalent in the two stations located in the recently built areas.     

14种蜂花粉的DNA和RNA分析

本文使用紫外光吸收法,分析了芝麻、葵花、泡桐等１４种蜂花粉中核酸（ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ）的含量,以进一步探讨花粉的抗衰老作用。结果说明不论那一种花粉,均含有丰富的核酸,但种类不同的花粉其中核酸的含量是不完全相同的。     

巴旦杏花物候学与形态学研究

观察研究了喀什地区4个巴旦杏主栽品种的开花物候期,开花习性,花及花粉的形态特征等内容,结果表明：巴旦杏花期始于3月下旬或4月上旬,花期持续约10－20d,4个主栽品种花期相遇;品种间花的形态丰在差异,早开的花花质较好,晚开的花畸形花百分率较高,供试品种的花粉粒在扫描电镜下存在微形态上的差异。     

沈阳地区气传致敏花粉探讨

本文报道在沈阳地区1965—1985年间于空气中间断收集大气花粉5年,共收花粉玻片1100张,花粉45780粒,属于24科37属或种。其中9种(或属)超过千粒,为优势种类花粉。每年沈阳市大气中花粉出现两个高峰,一个为春季(四、五月),另一个为夏秋季(七八月)。通过长期观察发现,花粉种类和数量每年虽有不同,伹差异不大,唯有豚草花粉消长明显。大气中花粉种类及数量的变化往往受到气温、国家有关绿化政策以及社会风气的影响。花粉与过敏症关系十分密切,我们采用17种花粉制成浸液为病人皮试和治疗。皮试结果阳性率最高的为蒿属花粉,其次为其它夏秋花粉,春季花粉阳性率不高,致敏性不强。用花粉浸液对过敏症者进行免疫治疗,收到一定的疗效。     

Grasses, olive, parietaria and cypress in Athens: Pollen sampling from 1995 to 1999

The airborne pollens can produce asthma andrhinoconjuctivitis (pollinosis). Sincegeographic and climatic factors influence thequality and quantity of pollen counts invarious countries and between seasons, the aimof the study was to record major seasonalallergenic pollens; grasses, olive, parietariaand cypress in Athens during five consecutiveseasons throughout the years 1995–1999. Thedaily pollen count was carried out every yearfrom March to October using a Burcardvolumetric weekly spore trap, which was placedabout 20 m from the ground, in Athens citycentre. Daily values were expressed as numberof pollen grains/m³ of air. The meanmonthly values of pollens/m³ were used tocompare the results of the consecutive years.Recording of the major pollen allergens inAthens area for five consecutive years led tothe assessment of the pollination period foreach of these plants and confirmed thevariations in the amount of pollen per plantper year.     

香茶菜属3种植物花粉形态的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电子显微镜对香茶菜(Isodon amethystoides)、大萼香茶菜(I. macrocalyx)、显脉香茶菜(I. nervosa)8个居群的花粉进行了形态观察.结果表明,不同居群的香茶菜的花粉在形态上具有一定共同特性 ,但在外壁纹饰、大小、穴的形状上存在差异.香茶菜属不同种在花粉形态、大小、外壁纹饰、穴分布情况存在较明显的差异.这些花粉表面微观形态的差异可为品种鉴定提供依据.     

Relationship between pollen emission and fruit production in olive (Olea europaea L.)

Aerobiological data of pollen emission concentrations is used to predict fruit production. The principal aim of this work was to study the relationship between pollen emission patterns, emission homogeneity and fruit production in olive (Olea europaea L.). Data of daily pollen concentrations in the atmosphere during the flowering period, collected over a 20‐year period in Perugia (Central Italy), and the corresponding fruit production data were analysed. Correlation and regression analyses on the partial pollen amounts (subdivisions of the whole flowering period), their statistical variability (expressed as coefficients of variation of the daily pollen concentration), and the production values in the different years demonstrate that pollen emission, during the seven to ten day period immediately preceding the maximum pollen emission day, appears to be most closely related to fruit production. Moreover, the pollen emission homogeneity (minimal variability in daily pollen concentrations) during the “critical” flowering period is very important for fertilization.     

Survival of boll weevil （Coleoptera： Curculionidae） adults after feeding on pollens from various sources

The survival of overwintering boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis （Boheman）, adults on non-cotton hosts in the Lower Rio Grande Valley （LRGV） of Texas was examined from 2001 to 2006. The success of the Boll Weevil Eradication Program, which was reintroduced into the LRGV in 2005, depends on controlling overwintering boll weevil populations. Laboratory studies were conducted using boll weevil adults that were captured in pheromone traps from September through March. The number of adults captured per trap declined significantly in the field from fall to the beginning of spring （3.5-7.0-fold）. The proportion of trapped males and females did not differ significantly. The mean weight of boll weevil adults captured in September was 13.3 mg, while those of captured adults from November to February were significantly lower and ranged from 6.7 to 7.8 mg. Our results show that boll weevil adults can feed on different plant pollens. The highest longevity occurred when adults were fed almond pollen or mixed pollens （72.6 days and 69.2 days, respectively） and the lowest when they fed on citrus pollen or a non-food source （9.7 days or 7.4 days, respectively）. The highest adult survival occurred on almond and mixed pollens [88.0%-97. 6% after 1st feeding period （10 days）, 78.0%-90.8% after 3rd feeding period （10 days）, 55. 0%-83.6% after 5th feeding period （10 days）, and 15.2%-32.4% after lOth feeding period （10 days）]. The lowest adult survival occurred on citrus pollen [52.0%-56.0% after 1st feeding period （10 days）, 13.3% after 3rd and 5th feeding periods （10 days）, and 0 after 6th feeding period （10 days）]. Pollen feeding is not a behavior restricted to adult boll weevils of a specific sex or physiological state. Understanding how boll weevil adults survive in the absence of cotton is important to ensure ultimate success of eradicating this pest in the subtropics.     

In‐Depth Proteome Analysis of Ricinus communis Pollens

Pollen grains are tiny structures vital for sexual reproduction and consequently seed and fruit production in angiosperms, and a source of many allergenic components responsible for deleterious implications for health worldwide. Current pollen research is mainly focused on unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying the pollen germination and tube formation passing from the quiescent stage. In this context, an in‐depth proteome analysis of the pollens from Ricinus communis at three different stages—that is, mature, hydrated, and in vitro germinated—is performed. This analysis results in the identification of 1950 proteins, including 1773, 1313, and 858, from mature, hydrated, and germinated pollens, respectively. Based on label‐free quantification, 164 proteins are found to be significantly differentially abundant from mature to hydrated pollens, 40 proteins from hydrated to germinated, and 57 proteins from mature to germinated pollens, respectively. Most of the differentially abundant proteins are related to protein, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism and signaling. Besides other functional classes, a reasonable number of the proteins are predicted to be allergenic proteins, previously undiscovered. This is the first in‐deep proteome analysis of the R. communis pollens and, to the best of our knowledge, one of the most complete proteome dataset identified from the pollens of any plant species, thus providing a reference proteome for researchers interested in pollen biology.     

土圞儿属和旋花豆属(豆科)的孢粉学研究

在扫描电子显微镜下,对豆科土儿属(Ap ios)和旋花豆属(Coch lianthus)7个种植物的花粉进行了观察.结果表明,2个属的花粉均为三孔沟,形状为三角球形或球形.土儿属的花粉可划分为2种类型:肉色土儿(A.carnea)的花粉外壁为典型的网状纹饰,其它种的花粉外壁较光滑,具颗粒状或短条纹状纹饰,研究结果不支持土儿属下亚属的划分;肉色土儿花粉外壁的网状纹饰式样可能反映了其在土儿属中处在较进化的位置.土儿属东亚分布种的花粉类型较为多样,原始和进化2种类型并存,表明东亚可能是土儿属的起源地和演化中心.旋花豆属的花粉特征和肉色土儿相似,说明两者之间的亲缘关系可能较近.     

梨花柱S-RNase对花粉管超微结构的影响

采用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究了离体条件下不同品种梨花柱S—RNase对异花(亲和)及自花(不亲和)花粉萌发和花粉管生长及其超微结构的影响。结果表明,花柱S—RNase抑制不亲和花粉的萌发和花粉管的生长,对亲和花粉的萌发和花粉管的生长基本没有影响。花粉生长初期,亲和及不亲和花粉管超微结构相似;但培养24h以后,亲和花粉管中充满细胞质和细胞器,而不亲和花粉管中只有靠近花粉管前端有少量细胞质,细胞壁增厚,细胞壁与细胞质之间有一层胼胝质和电子透明区间隔。