02428×合系35 RILs群体糙米和发芽糙米γ-氨基丁酸、抗性淀粉的遗传分析

以水稻02428×合系35的RILs群体及其亲本糙米和发芽糙米为材料,对糙米、发芽糙米各222个群体样品的γ-氨基丁酸、抗性淀粉含量进行测定,以期选育出高γ-氨基丁酸、高抗性淀粉的水稻新品种。研究结果表明,重组自交系糙米、发芽糙米γ-氨基丁酸含量差异不大,群体间存在广泛变异,由主效基因控制。重组自交系糙米、发芽糙米抗性淀粉含量差异大,发芽糙米抗性淀粉平均含量是该群体糙米的1.2倍,群体间存在广泛变异,呈偏态分布。高海拔冷凉气候有利于糙米高抗性淀粉含量的提升与进化。本研究可以为功能水稻的遗传及品种选育提供一定的理论依据。     

云南大麦地方品种子粒的功能成分含量差异分析

研究云南地方大麦功能成分含量的遗传变异有助于大麦保健功能开发及功能型品种的改良。分析了236份云南大麦地方品种籽粒中抗性淀粉、总黄酮、生物碱及γ-氨基丁酸含量的差异。结果表明,不同大麦品种及棱型、籽粒颜色、皮裸类型之间4种功能成分的变幅和变异系数均较大,表现出明显的基因型差异,抗性淀粉和总黄酮含量在多棱与二棱、紫粒与黄粒类型之间的差异均达到极显著（P<0.01）水平;生物碱含量在多棱与二棱类型之间达极显著差异;γ-氨基丁酸含量为皮与裸类型之间差异极显著。236份地方大麦品种按快速聚类法可聚为10大类群,以第4和第8 类群较好;第1与第7类群间距最大,而第1与第10类群的类间距最小;从中筛选出16份性状优良的材料。     

寒地粳稻品种功能营养品质分析

功能型稻米因其具有调节人体生理功能、改善人体健康等特点,越来越受到人们的重视。本研究对226份寒地粳稻品种的6种功能营养品质进行了遗传变异、相关分析和主成分分析。结果表明,2年间各功能营养品质差异不显著,赖氨酸、谷蛋白、γ-氨基丁酸、总黄酮含量、平均胚重和胚占糙米重在226份寒地粳稻品种中均呈现较大的变异,其中平均胚重的变异系数最大为92.17%,总黄酮含量的变异系数最小为11.51%。绥粳3号、绥粳5号、牡丹江21号、合粳1号、牡丹江22号、龙糯2号、系选1号7个品种,同时具有2种功能营养品质优良的特点。赖氨酸含量与平均胚重和胚占糙米重呈极显著正相关,总黄酮含量与γ-氨基丁酸含量呈显著负相关,与谷蛋白含量呈显著正相关。胚型因子、黄酮和谷蛋白型因子、γ-氨基丁酸型因子的累计贡献率达到69.149%,是影响寒地粳稻功能营养品质的主要因子。在功能型稻米品种选育过程中,应首先注意对巨胚、高γ-氨基丁酸和低谷蛋白的选择,并可以利用分子标记辅助选择或转基因育种手段,实现多个功能营养品质性状的聚合育种。     

云南不同种皮色地方稻种的总黄酮含量及其对种子萌发的影响

为了解不同种皮色地方稻种的总黄酮含量与其种子萌发品质的相关性,测定了17份云南地方稻种谷粒、糙米和谷壳的总黄酮含量,以及谷粒和糙米的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数4项萌发指标。结果表明,红皮和紫皮谷粒及糙米的总黄酮含量显著、极显著高于白皮,而谷壳的总黄酮含量则无明显差异。红皮谷粒的4项萌发指标均高于紫皮和白皮,但仅红皮与白皮谷粒之间的发芽势差异达到极显著水平;红皮糙米的4项萌发指标极显著地高于紫米和白米,且除发芽指数外,紫米的其他3项萌发指标显著或极显著地高于白米,表明有色种皮谷粒、糙米的总黄酮含量较高,其萌发指标也相应较高。相关分析表明,谷粒的总黄酮含量与4项萌发指标之间没有明显的相关性,但糙米的总黄酮含量则与4项萌发指标呈显著正相关;谷壳的黄酮含量与种子萌发无关,而糙米的黄酮含量则显著地影响种子的萌发特性。     

富γ-氨基丁酸水稻种质筛选及与子粒性状相关性分析

利用高效液相色谱法,测定了108份水稻种质资源材料子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量,分析了不同种质资源材料间γ-氨基丁酸含量差异及与子粒性状的相关性,以γ-氨基丁酸含量差异较大的高粱稻-1与宁农黑粳配制杂交组合,测定亲本、杂交F1及216个F2子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量,分析其含量与相对胚重和子粒性状的相关性及变异系数,估算各性状的广义遗传力。结果表明:108份种质资源材料子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量变异范围为2.39~12.03 mg/100g,,平均含量为6.30±1.99 mg/100g,变异系数为31.59%;不同水稻种质资源材料子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量与粒厚、千粒重呈极显著的负相关;杂交F1子粒γ-氨基丁酸含量为8.39±0.11 mg/100g,介于双亲之间;F2单株子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量总体呈偏正态分布,且出现明显的超亲现象,说明水稻子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量是由多基因控制的数量性状遗传;杂交F2子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量与相对胚重呈极显著的正相关,与粒厚、千粒重呈极显著的负相关,与粒长呈显著的负相关;F2单株子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量、粒厚和千粒重的广义遗传力相对较高,分别为98.12%、91.99%、96.37%,在育种中对这些性状可进行早期选择。     

不同生态条件下水稻籼粳交后代亚种分化机制

籼粳交育种已成为国内最重要的育种方法之一,明确籼粳亚种分化机制是指导籼粳交育种的关键.本文用InDel(插入/缺失)和ILP(内含子长度多态性)标记,对在辽宁省和广东省种植并用单粒传法、混合法及系谱法构建的籼粳交(七山占/秋光)F₆代群体进行分析.结果表明: 混合法与单粒传法群体无偏分离,粳型判别值(Dj)集中在40%～60%之间;两地系谱法群体总体偏籼(30%～55%),且广东群体(38%)比辽宁(42%)偏籼,两地群体分布呈显著差异.混合法与单粒传法群体中Dj与重要农艺性状基因区域血缘呈显著正相关;而在系谱法中部分正相关被打破,且两地群体籼粳血缘呈规律性分布.表明人工选择是影响籼粳分化的主要因素,并与自然选择协同作用引起群体偏分离现象;群体中一些重要农艺性状的变化与籼粳分化间存在紧密的关系,这可能是影响籼粳交育种在综合亚种优势上未达到预期效果的关键.     

不同类型特种稻种质营养及功能性成分含量的差异

本研究以具有有色种皮、巨胚、甜味、香味、糯性等单一特殊性状或2个以上特殊性状聚合于一体的新创制特种稻种质39份和1份白米种质(对照)为试验材料,进行了黑米、黑褐米、红米、香糯米、黑巨胚糯米、红巨胚糯米、巨胚糯米、黑甜米、红甜米、白甜米等不同类型特种稻种质的营养及功能性成分含量的差异评价。结果表明,供试特种稻类型在大部分氨基酸含量和矿质元素含量上与白米差异不显著,只在个别氨基酸和矿质元素含量上与白米呈显著或极显著差异。黑褐米、红米、黑巨胚糯米、红巨胚糯米、巨胚糯米、红甜米和白甜米等7种类型的赖氨酸含量显著或极显著高于白米,高2.91%~24.68%;黑米、黑褐米、红米、香糯米、黑巨胚糯米和红甜米等6种类型的铁含量显著或极显著高于白米,高17.62%~68.09%;黑褐米、红米、黑巨胚糯米、红巨胚糯米、黑甜米、红甜米、白甜米等7种类型的钙含量显著或极显著高于白米,高23.56%~49.46%;黑米、黑褐米、红米、黑甜米、红甜米、白甜米等6种类型的锌含量显著或极显著高于白米,高12.21%~55.87%。由此表明,具有有色种皮、巨胚、甜味、香味、糯性等单一特殊性状或2~3个特殊性状的聚合对赖氨酸含量与铁、钙和锌含量的提高方面具有一定的增加效应,认为在今后以赖氨酸、铁、钙和锌含量为目标性状的功能性水稻育种中,多个特殊性状的聚合将是增加上述功能性成分含量的有效途径之一。通过鉴定评价,从创新种质中还筛选出一些功能性成分含量相对较高的优异种质,白甜米1553和红巨胚糯米1476的赖氨酸含量较高,比白米分别高29.37%和23.42%;红米1439和红米1440的铁含量较高,比白米分别高99.05%和80.00%;黑甜米1511和黑甜米1515的硒含量较高,比白米分别高194.14%和136.48%;白甜米1551和香糯米1446的γ-氨基丁酸含量较高,比白米分别高14.56%和11.83%;黑巨胚糯米1464和黑米1432的花色苷含量较高,比供试18份有色稻米的平均值分别高253.23%和248.83%。这些新创制的功能性成分含量较高的水稻种质有待于今后在育种、生态适应性鉴定与产业化中进一步得到利用。     

云南糯稻籼粳分化与遗传变异研究

利用28对籼粳特异插入缺失(insertion/deletion,InDel)引物和24对SSR引物对云南60份糯稻品种的籼粳分化和遗传变异进行分析.InDel籼粳鉴定结果表明,24份糯稻品种为典型籼型,6份为籼型,2份为粳型,28份为典型粳型.SSR遗传结构分析表明,籼糯和粳糯属于两个独立的类群;遗传变异分析显示,籼糯和粳糯的遗传变异均较丰富,但籼糯与粳糯遗传变异差异不显著;分子变异分析显示,糯稻的遗传变异主要来自亚种内(占总变异76%),亚种间遗传变异占24%,但分化极显著.     

普通野生稻和亚洲栽培稻线粒体DNA的RFLP分析

通过７个探针、１７种内切酶探针组合对１１８份普通野生稻和７６份亚洲栽培稻的线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）ＲＦＬＰ分析表明,籼粳分化是亚洲栽培稻线粒体基因组分化的主流,７６个栽培稻中,３６个品种ｍｔＤＮＡ为籼型,４０个品种ｍｔＤＮＡ为粳型。普通野生稻ｍｔＤＮＡ以籼型为主（８６份）,粳型较少（７份）,１份类型难以确定,还有２４份没有籼粳分化。     

FT-NIRS技术应用于稻米直链淀粉含量分析研究

运用近红外光谱快速分析技术,使用偏最小二乘法建立了近红外光谱和水稻糙米直链淀粉含量的数学模型,并进行糙米直链淀粉含量预测.结果表明糙米近红外光谱与其直链淀粉含量具有良好的相关性,决定系数r2=0.8429,最大绝对误差4.82%,平均误差2.30%.该方法在不破坏样品的前提下快速分析水稻直链淀粉含量,可用于稻种资源的快速鉴定,对于水稻优质育种及其相关研究具有重要意义.     

Carbohydrate content and antioxidative potential of the seed of three edible indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains or seeds are known to lose much of their nutrient and antioxidant contents, following polishing. The current study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the carbohydrate content and antioxidant parameters in the unpolished and polished seeds of three edible indica rice cultivars, namely Swarna (SW), the most popular indica rice cultivar in India and aromatic or scented cultivars Gobindobhog (GB) and Pusa Basmati (PB). While both the sucrose and starch content was the maximum in PB seeds (both unpolished and polished), the amylose content was the highest in SW polished seeds. SW polished seeds were superior as compared to GB and PB cultivars in terms of total antioxidant capacity, DPPH radical scavenging and Fe(II) chelation potential, as well as the highest lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition or H2O2 scavenging potential, probably due to the maximum accumulation of total phenolics and flavonoids, the two important antioxidants. The reducing power ability was, however, identical in both SW and GB polished seeds. The PB polished seeds were more potent in superoxide and hydroxyl scavenging, whereas GB in nitric oxide (NO) scavenging. The common observation noted after polishing of seeds was the reduction in the level of carbohydrates and antioxidant potential, though the extent of reduction varied in the three cultivars. The only exception was GB, where there was no alteration in NO scavenging potential even after polishing. Our study showed the better performance of SW polished seeds with respect to higher amylose content and majority of the tested parameters governing antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging potential, thus highlighting the greater dietary significance of SW over the other two cultivars.     

An economical approach for d-lactic acid production utilizing unpolished rice from aging paddy as major nutrient source

In order to reduce the raw material cost of d-lactic acid fermentation, the unpolished rice from aging paddy was used as major nutrient source in this study. The unpolished rice saccharificate, wheat bran powder and yeast extract were employed as carbon source, nitrogen source and growth factors, respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the dosages of medium compositions. As a result, when the fermentation was carried out under the optimal conditions for wheat bran powder (29.10 g/l) and yeast extract (2.50 g/l), the d-lactic acid yield reached 731.50 g/kg unpolished rice with a volumetric production rate of 1.50 g/(l h). In comparison with fresh corn and polished rice, the d-lactic acid yield increased by 5.79% and 8.71%, and the raw material cost decreased by 65% and 52%, respectively, when the unpolished rice was used as a major nutrient source. These results might provide a reference for the industrial production of d-lactic acid.     

Contents of pollutant and nutrient elements in rice and wheat grown on the neighboring fields

Because of recent agricultural policy to suppress rice production, a rather rare situation occurred in one prefecture in Japan that rice and winter wheat were grown in fields neighboring each other, rice being grown from May to October, and wheat from November to June of the next year. Grains of such rice and wheat were analyzed for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) by atomic absorption spectrometry, and eight nutrient minerals by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Concentrations of nutrient minerals were higher in wheat grains than in unpolished rice grains (without husk), and similar trends were observed also for Cd and Pb. Flour obtained by milling of the wheat grains had significantly less Cd and nutrient minerals than the mother grains, and such reduction was also observed by treatment of unpolished rice to polished grain. Pb concentration was also reduced by the polishing of rice. Pb in wheat flour appeared to be higher than that in whole grain. Comparisons between the final edible forms of the two cereals showed that K and cu were higher in polished rice than in wheat flour and that such may also be the case for Cd, whereas the reverse was the case for Ca and Fe, and possibly for Pb.     

Host suitability of various stored food products for the cigarette beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lasioderma serricorne</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

We investigated the attraction to, and ovipositional activity and egg-to-adult survival rate on, 11 stored products of Lasioderma serricorne (F.). These products included polished rice, unpolished rice, wheat flour, corn flour, cocoa powder, roasted coffee beans, green tea leaves, black tea leaves, soybean flour, flue-cured tobacco leaves, and dried small sardines. Tobacco, cocoa, soybean flour, black tea, and wheat flour significantly attracted the beetles. Corn flour, green tea, and coffee tended to attract the beetles. Ovipositional activity of beetle was higher on the food materials than on nonfood materials. The highest ovipositional activity was observed on coffee, followed by cocoa. Ovipositional activity on black tea, unpolished rice, and green tea was also relatively high. Methanol extracts of coffee beans showed oviposition-stimulatory activity. Therefore, the high ovipositional activity observed on coffee beans could be attributed to oviposition stimulants contained in the beans. In the egg-to-adult survival test, all eggs laid on polished rice or tobacco leaves developed successfully into adults, whereas none of the eggs laid on black tea, green tea, or coffee beans developed into adults. These findings suggest that suitability as an attractive target, suitability as an oviposition site, and suitability as larval food are not always compatible.     

Genetic differentiation for nuclear,mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes in common wild rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza rufipogon</Emphasis> Griff.) and cultivated rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The genetic differentiation of nuclear, mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) genomes was investigated by Southern and PCR analysis using 75 varieties of cultivated rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and 118 strains of common wild rice (CWR, Oryza rufipogon Griff.) from ten countries of Asia. The distinguishing differences between the Indica and Japonica cultivars were detected both in the nuclear genome and the cytoplasmic genome, confirming that the Indica-Japonica differentiation is of major importance for the three different classes of genome in cultivated rice. This differentiation was also detected in common wild rice with some differences among the genome compartments and the various regions. For nuclear DNA variation, both Indica-like and Japonica-like types were observed in the Chinese CWR, with the latter more-frequent than the former. No Japonica-like type was found in South Asia, and only two strains of the Japonica-like type were detected in Southeast Asia, thus the Indica-like type is the major type among South and Southeast Asian CWR. For mtDNA, only a few strains of the Japonica-like type were detected in CWR. For cpDNA, the Japonica type was predominant among the CWR strains from China, Bangladesh and Burma, while the Indica type was predominant among the CWR strains from Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia and Sri Lanka, and both types were found in similar frequencies among the Indian CWR. Altogether, however, the degree of Indica-Japonica differentiation in common wild rice was much-less important than that in cultivated rice. Cluster analyses for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA variation revealed that some CWR strains showed large genetic distances from cultivated rice and formed clusters distinct from cultivated rice. Coincidence in the genetic differentiation between the three different classes of genome was much higher in cultivated rice than in CWR. Among the 75 cultivars, about 3/4 entries were "homoeotype" showing congruent results for nuclear, mt and cpDNA regarding the Indica-Japonica differentiation. In CWR, the proportions of homoeotypes were 5.7%, 15% and 48.8% in China, South Asia and Southeast Asia, respectively. Based on the average genetic distance among all the strains of CWR and cultivated rice for nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, the variability of the nuclear genome was found to be higher than that of the mitochondrial genome. The global pattern based on all genomes shows much-more diversification in CWR than that in cultivated rice.     

Differentiation of Indica-Japonica rice revealed by insertion/deletion (InDel) fragments obtained from the comparative genomic study of DNA sequences between 93-11 (Indica) and Nipponbare (Japonica)

DNA polymorphisms from nucleotide insertion/deletions (InDels) in genomic sequences are the basis for developing InDel molecular markers.To validate the InDel primer pairs on the basis of the comparative genomic study on DNA sequences between an Indica rice 93-11 and a Japonica rice Nipponbare for identifying Indica and Japonica rice varieties and studying wild Oryza species,we studied 49 Indica,43 Japonica,and 24 wild rice accessions collected from ten Asian countries using 45 InDel primer pairs.Results indicated that of the 45 InDel primer pairs,41 can accurately identify Indica and Japonica rice varieties with a reliability of over 80%.The scatter plotting data of the principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that:(i) the InDel primer pairs can easily distinguish Indica from Japonica rice varieties,in addition to revealing their genetic differentiation;(ii) the AA-genome wild rice species showed a relatively close genetic relationship with the Indica rice varieties;and (iii)the non-AA genome wild rice species did not show evident differentiation into the Indica and Japonica types.It is concluded from the study that most of the InDel primer pairs obtained from DNA sequences of 93-11 and Nipponbare can be used for identifying lndica and Japonica rice varieties,and for studying genetic relationships of wild rice species,particularly in terms of the Indica-Japonica differentiation.     

以糙米为原料流加L-蛋氨酸的S-腺苷蛋氨酸发酵优化

研究了S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)高产菌啤酒酵母S-W55的廉价培养基及分批补料发酵过程优化.对啤酒酵母S-W55生长和SAM产量影响最为重要的糙米水解糖和酵母粉进行了响应面优化,得到了最优化的配方为糙米水解糖51.4g/L、酵母粉4.74g/L,此条件下啤酒酵母S-W55的SAM产量达2.61 g/L.不同分批补料发酵...     

Molecular characterization of marker-free transgenic lines of <Emphasis Type="Italic">indica</Emphasis> rice that accumulate carotenoids in seed endosperm

A single Agrobacterium strain harbouring two binary plasmids was successfully used for the first time to develop a marker-free transgenic rice of improved nutritional value. Sixty-eight T₀ co-transformants were obtained in three indica rice cultivars—two popular high-yielding Bangladeshi varieties (BR28 and BR29), and one high-iron rice cultivar (IR68144). Marker-free lines were obtained from 14 out of 24 selected co-transformants screened in the T₁ generation. The accumulation of total carotenoids in polished T₂ rice seeds of the primary transgenic VPBR29-17-37 reached levels of up to 3.0 μg/g, with the level of β-carotene reaching 1.8 μg/g. In the cultivars BR28 and IR68144, total carotenoid levels in the transformants reached 2.0 μg/g of polished rice seeds. The levels of lutein and other carotenoids in the seeds were also significantly enhanced. T₁ plants obtained from primary transgenics with simple gene-integration patterns tended to have a lower carotenoid content than the original parental lines. This study describes the development of marker-free transgenic rice lines containing high levels of carotenoids, and addresses the relationship between the rearrangement of transgenes and the presence of metabolic end products in transgenic rice.     

Rice caryopsis structure in relation to distribution of micronutrients (iron, zinc, β-carotene) of rice cultivars including transgenic indica rice

The transgenic indica rice lines of IR68144 and BR29, developed using endosperm-specific promoters were analyzed for their iron, zinc and β-carotene content in the endosperm. Biochemical analysis clearly revealed the presence of higher accumulation of iron, zinc and β-carotene in transgenic rice grains in comparison with control. Prussian blue staining reaction evidenced the presence of iron in the endosperm cells of transgenic rice grains in comparison with control where iron is restricted only to aleurone and embryo. The rice grain structure of IR64, IR72, IR68144, Swarna, BRRI Dhan 29 (BR29), BR28, Taipai 309 (T309) and New Plant Type-3 (NPT3) indicated that the number of aleurone layers, size of the embryo and size of the caryopsis determines the quantity of important micronutrients (iron, zinc) in the grains. Biochemical analysis revealed that iron and zinc content drastically varies in polished and unpolished rice and among the varieties examined. During the polishing process almost entire aleurone and most part of the embryo is removed which are the main storehouse for major micronutrients. It is estimated that more than 70% of micronutrients are lost during polishing process.