大趾鼠耳蝠线粒体DNA控制区结构及变异

采用PCR产物直接测序法首次测定大趾鼠耳蝠(Myotis macrodactylus)10个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区全序列,并进行了结构和变异分析。结果表明,大趾鼠耳蝠的控制区结构与其他哺乳动物相似,可分为一个中央保守区(包括F、E、D、C、B元件)和两个外围结构域:延伸的终止结合序列区(包括ETAS1和ETAS2元件)和保守序列区(包括CSB1、CSB2和CSB3元件),其中最为保守的是中央保守区(核苷酸变异度为1.8%)。大趾鼠耳蝠控制区核苷酸全序列具有丰富的长度多态性(1778～2048bp),主要是由在碱基组成、重复数目和排列方式上异质的串联重复序列造成的。在ETAS内发现了TACAT及其反向互补序列ATGTA,支持滑移错配模式(slipped mispairing model)。本研究为该物种的进一步研究和保护提供基础遗传数据。     

鲽科10种鱼类核糖体ITS2序列比较分析

为了解鲽科鱼类ITS2序列的多态性特征,本研究获得了鲽科10种鱼类310条ITS2序列,长度在419 ~ 486 bp之间。种内序列长度差异最小的为粒鲽（Clidoderma asperrima）（419 ~ 420 bp）和太平洋拟庸鲽（Hippoglossoides elassodon）（419 ~ 420 bp）,其次为北岩鲽（Lepidopsetta polyxystra）（447 ~ 452 bp）和刺黄盖鲽（Limanda aspera）（457 ~ 463 bp）,松木高眼鲽（Cleisthenes pinetorum）（452 ~ 462 bp）和圆斑星鲽（Verasper variegatus）（465 ~ 479 bp）的种内序列差异分别为10 bp和14 bp;其余4种鱼类根据长度差异（14 ~ 32 bp）分型为长（A型）、短（B型）序列类型,同时检测存在重组类型（R型）,其中长度差异最大的是钝吻黄盖鲽（Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae）（454 ~ 486 bp）,其次为尖吻黄盖鲽（P. herzensteini）（433 ~ 458 bp）、虫鲽（Eopsetta grigorjewi）（420 ~ 439 bp）、星突江鲽（Platichthys stellatus）（466 ~ 480 bp）。通过双参数模型（K2P）计算遗传距离可见,种内遗传距离多集中于0.002 ~ 0.027之间,仅星突江鲽和尖吻黄盖鲽因类型差异导致较高数值（0.043和0.053）;不同物种间遗传距离在0.046 ~ 0.180之间。10种鱼类ITS2的GC含量为63.95% ~ 70.16%;9种鱼类的二级结构均为具有5个分支（HelixⅠ ~ Ⅴ）的闭合环状结构,仅圆斑星鲽中由于存在Helix Ⅳ变异形成Helix Ⅳ-a和Helix Ⅳ-b而具有6个分支。基于ITS2构建的鲽科10种鱼类的系统进化树显示,不同种鱼类的克隆序列均单独聚支。序列的多态性特征分析表明,在具有不同序列类型的虫鲽、星突江鲽、尖吻黄盖鲽和钝吻黄盖鲽4种鲽科鱼类中,ITS2以非协同进化的方式存在,而其他6种鱼类为协同进化;虽然存在种间K2P遗传距离小于种内的个例,但ITS2在属间不同物种的区分上具有适用性。本研究结果丰富了鲽形目鱼类的ITS2数据,也将为鱼类的核糖体RNA序列多态性的研究提供科学依据。     

简单重复DNA序列在哺乳动物mtDNA D-loop区的分布及进化特征

简单重复序列广泛分布于从原核到真核生物的基因组中, 其形成的分子机理目前尚不明确。对NCBI数据库中已有256种哺乳动物线粒体DNA (mtDNA) D-loop区进行序列比对分析, 根据其所含有的简单重复序列类型分为3组, 分别是53种哺乳动物含有六核苷酸重复序列; 104种哺乳动物含有非六核苷酸重复序列(＞6 bp); 99种哺乳动物不含有任何重复序列。通过碱基序列分析比对, 发现六核苷酸重复序列集中分布在CSB1-CSB2间隔区, 而非六核苷酸重复可以分布于终止区(TAS)、中央保守区(Central domain)以及CSB(Central sequence block)区。通过比较含有重复序列与不含重复序列的功能保守区发现, 简单重复序列的存在并不明确影响D-loop区内的中央保守区以及CSB1、CSB2、CSB3三个功能保守区的碱基序列保守性。在此基础上, 利用N-J法构建了256种哺乳动物的进化树, 分析了哺乳动物D-Loop区内重复序列在进化过程中的可能变化规律, 发现简单重复序列随着物种的进化地位的升高而呈现消失趋势。     

齐口裂腹鱼线粒体DNA控制区结构分析

利用直接测序法对齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)线粒体DNA控制区进行了测序,并对其序列结构进行了分析.结果表明,齐口裂腹鱼线粒体控制区碱基组成中碱基A和T的含A明显高于G和C的含量,所有类型碱基组成中碱基G的含量最低,这与其他硬骨鱼类控制区碱基组成一致.通过与哺乳类和鲤形目鱼类控制区序列进行对...     

鳜类鱼类的线粒体DNA控制区结构及其系统发育分析

鳜类为低等鲈形目鱼类,是东亚特有类群。然而,关于其系统位置、分类以及一些物种的有效性等尚有争议。采用PCR扩增直接测序的方法,获得了鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、暗鳜、波纹鳜、长体鳜、中国少鳞鳜线粒体DNA控制区基因的序列。对比其他已报道鱼类控制区的结构识别序列,对鳜类鱼类控制区的结构进行了分析,识别了终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区,并找到了DNA复制终止相关的序列ETAS和中央保守区的保守序列CSB-F、CSB-E、CSB-D以及保守序列区的保守序列CSB1、CSB2、CSB3。几种鳜鱼间共有191个变异位点,其中,终止序列区的变异最高,占总变异的61．3％,中央保守区和保守序列区占总变异的38．7％。这一结果可为全面了解鱼类线粒体DNA控制区的结构特征提供资料。同时,利用高度变异的控制区序列,以鲈科和错科作为外群,使用邻接法和最大简约法构建了这几种鳜鱼的系统发育树。结果表明：鳜类为一单系类群,鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、暗鳜、波纹鳜、长体鳜构成一支鳜鱼群,其中,鳜与大眼鳜为姐妹种;中国少鳞鳜为另一支少鳞鳜群;长体鳜未单独成一支,而是聚入鳜鱼群内,应更名为Siniperca roulei。研究结果支持将现生鳜类分为两个类群的观点。     

大黑毛肩长蝽(半翅目:异翅亚目:地长蝽科)线粒体基因组及地长蝽科系统发育地位探讨

为了更加深入地了解地长蝽科的基因组水平特征,测序并分析了大黑毛肩长蝽Neolethaeus assamensis(半翅目:异翅亚目:地长蝽科:毛肩族)的线粒体基因组序列。大黑毛肩长蝽线粒体基因组是双链共价环状DNA分子,长度为17097 bp,编码13个蛋白质编码基因,22个t RNA基因和2个r RNA基因,基因排列方式同果蝇Drosophila yakuba一致。大黑毛肩长蝽线粒体基因组内存在2个大的非编码区。一个是控制区,另一个是位于ND6和Cyt B之间的串联重复区域,TRR4.4。控制区内包含7类共9个结构显著的区域,如一个茎环结构,3个非串联的重复序列以及其他5个结构区域。TRR4.4长802 bp,包括4个184 bp的重复单元和1个66 bp的部分重复单元。TRR4.4的重复单元与控制区中TRR2.7的重复单元在长度、方向以及核苷酸组成等方面几乎完全一致。22个t RNA全部能够折叠为典型的三叶草二级结构。16S r RNA二级结构包含6个结构域(结构域III在节肢动物中缺失)和44个茎环结构,12S r RNA二级结构包含3个结构域和28个茎环结构。基于蝽次目15个线粒体基因组数据分析得到的系统发育结果,支持地长蝽科位于长蝽总科基部分支的观点。     

基于第二代测序技术兰州鲇线粒体基因组全序列测定与分析

研究采用高通量第二代测序技术,构建获得兰州鲇（Silurus lanzhouensis）线粒体基因组全序列,并对全序列特征和结构进行了分析。研究结果表明,兰州鲇线粒体基因组全序列长度为16523 bp,碱基组成具有高A+T低G+C含量的偏向性,具有脊椎动物典型的结构组成。13个PCG基因中存在2种启动子（ATG、GTG）、3种终止子（TAG、TAA和T或TA）。除tRNA-Ser（AGN）基因二级结构中DHU臂缺失,其余21个tRNA基因可折叠成典型三叶草结构。12S rRNA二级结构由45个茎环结构组成4个结构域,16S rRNA由54个茎环结构组成6个结构域。含有关键序列标签的控制区（CR）可分为3个不同的结构域:终止序列区（TAS1、TAS2）、中央保守区（CSB-F、CSB-E和CSB-D）和保守序列区（CSB1、CSB2和CSB3）。非编码区含有一段保守的控制轻链复制起始的序列区（O_L）。基于线粒体基因组全序列和通用标签COX1基因标记可区分兰州鲇同其他鲇形目鱼类种质进化关系。     

南蝠线粒体DNA控制区结构及贵州7个种群遗传多样性的分析研究

采用PCR技术获得了贵州7个南蝠(Ia io)自然种群42个个体的线粒体DNA控制区全序列,长度为1256～1340 bp.对控制区结构进行分析,识别了其延伸的终止结合序列区(包括ETAS1和ETAS2元件)、中央保守区(包括F、E、D、C、B元件)和保守序列区(包括CSB1、CSB2和CSB3元件);同时,在延伸的终止结合序列区还发现了若干能形成发夹结构的主体序列TACAT—ATGTA.在7个自然种群42个个体中共定义了16个单倍型.遗传多样性分析表明:贵州南蝠种群具有较高的单倍型多样性(h=0.945)和中等的核苷酸多样性(π=0.012).基因流、AMOVA和系统进化树分析表明贵州这7个南蝠自然群体间没有发生遗传分化.     

鼬科动物线粒体DNA控制区结构分析

利用PCR技术获得紫貂(Martes zibellina)和黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)线粒体DNA控制区全序列,并结合从GenBank中下载的9种鼬科动物相应序列,用ClustalX排序后对控制区结构进行分析,识别出延长终止序列区、中央区和保守序列区3个区域,指出了一个终止相关序列ETAS1及8个保守序列(CSB-F、E、D、C、B、1、2和3),并给出了序列通式,在CSB1和CSB2之间发现不同形式的短重复序列.此外,以狼为外类群,应用邻接法构建鼬科线粒体控制区全序列的系统进化树,结果表明:臭鼬亚科最先从鼬科中分化出来,随后剩余类群分为两大支系,即貂属种类与貂熊聚为一支,并与獾亚科的狗獾形成姐妹群;另一支为水獭亚科的物种与鼬属的林鼬形成姐妹群,再与虎鼬聚在一起,狗獾与貂属的紫貂亲缘关系最近,水獭亚科与鼬属亲缘关系最近.     

四川华绿螽线粒体基因组序列分析

本研究采用第二代测序技术对四川华绿螽的基因组进行测序,并组装得到了完整的线粒体基因组序列。结果显示:四川华绿螽线粒体基因组序列全长18 051 bp,包含37个基因和1个控制区。与大部分已测序的螽亚目昆虫类似,四川华绿螽线粒体基因组具有通常的基因方向、t RNA结构、相对较低的A+T偏好性。但其基因排列与祖先序列明显不同,具有新的基因排序12S r RNA-t RNA~(Ile)-t RNA~(Met)-nad2-CR-t RNA~(Gln)-t RNA~(Trp)。控制区较长,为3 074 bp,由两部分组成,一部分是与nad2相邻的高A+T偏向性区域(A+T-biased region,ATR),另一部分是与t RNA~(Gln)相邻的串联重复(tandem repeat,TR)区。另外,在t RNA~(Ser(UCN))和nad1之间也有一段长度为123 bp的串联重复序列。基于已测序的线粒体基因组序列,我们对直翅目昆虫线粒体基因组的结构和排序进行了比较分析。本研究为直翅目系统发生关系重建积累了有价值的数据资料。     

Sequence and organization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus) and barfin flounder (Verasper moseri).

In this work, the mitochondrial genomes for spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus) and barfin flounder (Verasper moseri) were completely sequenced. The entire mitochondrial genome sequences of the spotted halibut and barfin flounder were 17,273 and 17,588 bp in length, respectively. The organization of the two mitochondrial genomes was similar to those reported from other fish mitochondrial genomes containing 37 genes (2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and 13 protein-coding genes) and two non-coding regions (control region (CR) and WANCY region). In the CR, the termination associated sequence (ETAS), six central conserved block (CSB-A,B,C,D,E,F), three conserved sequence blocks (CSB1-3) and a region of 61-bp tandem repeat cluster at the end of CSB-3 were identified by similarity comparison with fishes and other vertebrates. The tandem repeat sequences show polymorphism among the different individuals of the two species. The complete mitochondrial genomes of spotted halibut and barfin flounder should be useful for evolutionary studies of flatfishes and other vertebrate species.     

Genetic diversity of Setipinna taty (Engraulidae) populations from the China Sea based on mitochondrial DNA control region sequences

The genetic diversity of Setipinna taty, which is commercially fished in the China Sea, was studied based on mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. PCR was used to amplify the control region fragment in 100 individuals of S. taty collected from Weihai (WH), Yantai (YT), Zhoushan (ZS), Xiangshan (XS), and Ninghai (NH) in China. A control region fragment of 656 bp was successfully sequenced in these 100 individuals. The A+T content of this S. taty control region was 71.7%; 172 variable sites and 62 haplotypes were found. Nucleotide diversity in the WH, YT, ZS, XS, and NH groups was 0.0228, 0.0247, 0.0441, 0.0126, and 0.0238, respectively. The haplotype diversity was 0.984, 0.911, 0.989, 0.926, and 0.979, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 97.95% of genetic variation was within populations, and only 2.05% among populations. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree obtained based on genetic distance showed that no significant genealogical structure exists throughout this range of S. taty. These results indicate no apparent geographical differentiation in the comparison of Yellow Sea and East China Sea populations of S. taty. Within the control region, we identified an extended termination-associated sequence domain, a central conserved sequence block domain and a conserved sequence block domain; insertions of short tandem repeat sequence segments were found at the 5' end of the control region.     

白鱼线粒体DNA控制区结构和种群遗传多样性分析

用特异性引物对白鱼(Anabarilius grahami)DNA进行PCR扩增,获得了白鱼线粒体DNA控制区基因全序列(930bp)。控制区T、C、A和G碱基组成为29.8%、22.5%、33.0%和14.7%。对照其他已报道的鱼类控制区结构,对白鱼控制区结构进行了分析,识别了其终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区,找到了终止相关的序列TAS以及保守序列(CSB-F、CSB-D、CSB-1、CSB-2、CSB-3)。同时运用DNA分析软件对白鱼一个驯养种群(中国科学院昆明动物研究所珍稀鱼类繁育中心)及两个自然地理种群(江川县明星鱼洞、江川县牛摩村)进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示:两个自然种群存在较强基因交流,未出现遗传分化;人工驯养种群遗传多样性最高,种群复壮程度较好。     

白鱼线粒体DNA控制区结构和种群遗传多样性分析

用特异性引物对白鱼（Anabarilius grahami）DNA进行PCR扩增,获得了白鱼线粒体DNA控制区基因全序列（930 bp）。控制区T、C、A和G碱基组成为29.8%、22.5%、33.0%和14.7%。对照其他已报道的鱼类控制区结构,对白鱼控制区结构进行了分析,识别了其终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区,找到了终止相关的序列TAS以及保守序列（CSB-F、CSB-D、CSB-1、CSB-2、CSB-3）。同时运用DNA分析软件对白鱼一个驯养种群（中国科学院昆明动物研究所珍稀鱼类繁育中心）及两个自然地理种群（江川县明星鱼洞、江川县牛摩村）进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示：两个自然种群存在较强基因交流,未出现遗传分化;人工驯养种群遗传多样性最高,种群复壮程度较好。     

DNA sequence variation in the mitochondrial control region of red-backed voles (Clethrionomys)

The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was sequenced for 71 individuals from five species of the rodent genus Clethrionomys both to understand patterns of variation and to explore the existence of previously described domains and other elements. Among species, the control region ranged from 942 to 971 bp in length. Our data were compatible with the proposal of three domains (extended terminal associated sequences [ETAS], central, conserved sequence blocks [CSB]) within the control region. The most conserved region in the control region was the central domain (12% of nucleotide positions variable), whereas in the ETAS and CSB domains, 22% and 40% of nucleotide positions were variable, respectively. Tandem repeats were encountered only in the ETAS domain of Clethrionomys rufocanus. This tandem repeat found in C. rufocanus was 24 bp in length and was located at the 5' end of the control region. Only two of the proposed CSB and ETAS elements appeared to be supported by our data; however, a "CSB1-like" element was also documented in the ETAS domain.     

Structure of the Mitochondrial DNA Control Region of the Sinipercine Fishes and Their Phylogenetic Relationship

The mitochondrial DNA control region of Siniperca chuatsi, S. kneri, S. scherzeri, S. obscura, S. undulata, Coreosiniperca roulei and Coreoperca whiteheadi were amplified by PCR amplification and directly sequenced. The mtDNA control region of the sinipercine fishes could be separated into three domains, namely, the terminal associated sequence domain, the central conserved sequence domain and the conserved sequence block domain. The extended terminal associated sequence (ETAS), three conserved sequence blocks (CSB-F, CSB-E, CSB-D) in the central conserved sequence domain and three conserved sequence blocks (CSB1, CSB2, CSB3) in the conserved sequence block domain were also identified. The phylogenetic relationships among these sinipercine fishes were constructed through neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods using Percidae and Serranidae as outgroups. Results showed that sinipercine fishes were a monophyletic group, with Siniperca forming one group, and Coreoperca forming another group. Coreosiniperca roulei did not form an independent group but was merged into the genus Siniperca. Thus it should be renamed as Siniperca roulei.     

Cloning and characterization of a microsatellite in the mitochondrial control region of the African side-necked turtle,Pelomedusa subrufa

The nucleotide sequence of the African side-necked turtle mitochondrial control region and its flanking tRNA genes was determined. This 73% A+T-rich region is 1194 bp long. Several conserved motifs involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial genome replication process, including one conserved sequence block (CSB1), and three termination-associated sequences were identified. The most remarkable feature found in this control region was the presence of six microsatellite-containing tandem repeats between the CSB1 motif and the tRNA^Phe gene. The potential usefulness of this microsatellite sequence for population-level studies is enhanced by its unique localization in the maternally inherited mitochondrial molecule.