三种鹤人工授精技术研究

使用人工授精技术可以提高笼养鹤的卵受精率。人工授精时精子的密度和活率是影响卵受精的重要参数,输精间隔和部位也是影响卵受精的因素。为了解人工授精时输入的活精子数与卵受精率的关系,2006年~2007年对3只白鹤Grus leucogeranus、1只黑颈鹤Grus nigricollis和1只蓝蓑羽鹤Anthropoides paradisea雌鹤进行了人工输精实验,采用输卵管内输精,输精间隔2 d,产完一枚卵后尽早完成一次输精的方法,采精后共输精56次,每次平均输入的活精子数为1.2×107个,3种鹤所产26枚卵中有20枚卵受精,卵受精率为77%。     

圈养黑熊精液的冷冻保存

将采自23 头成年圈养黑熊的精液,分别用3 种稀释液(Ⅰ:Tris - 乳- 果- 卵;Ⅱ:柠- 葡- 蔗- 卵;Ⅲ:Tris - 柠- 果- 葡- 卵)稀释并在4℃ 下保存,通过检测精液在不同稀释液稀释条件下的保存时间,筛选出最适稀释液用于精液的冷冻保存;从精液解冻后精子的活率、活力、畸形率、顶体完整率4 个指标,分别从3种冷冻保护剂(甘油3%、3.5% 、4% )、两种冷冻方法(两步冷冻法和自动冷冻法)两个方面进行了比较试验。结果表明:精子活力在0.3 以上时,稀释液Ⅲ保存时间为175.42 ± 3.04 h,显著高于稀释液Ⅰ和稀释液Ⅱ(P ﹤0.01),稀释液Ⅱ保存时间也明显高于稀释液Ⅰ (P ﹤0.01);含3.5% 甘油浓度的稀释液解冻后精子活率(41.75 ± 3.46% )、活力(32.63 ±5.27% )和顶体完整率(85.62 ± 4.58% )显著高于其他两组(P ﹤0.01),并且精子畸形率(29.32 ± 8.22% )明显低于其他两组(35.95 ± 8.04% ,36.07 ±7.72% )(P ﹤0.01);采用自动冷冻法冷冻保存圈养黑熊精液,解冻后精子活率、活力和顶体完整率分别为41.75 ±3.46% 、32.63 ± 5.27%和85.62 ±4.58% ,都明显高于两步冷冻法(P ﹤0.01);解冻后畸形率为29.32 ± 8.22% ,明显低于两步冷冻法(P ﹤0.01)。     

大熊猫精液超低温冷冻的比较

对卧龙自然保护区大熊猫研究中心的9只雄性大熊猫电刺激采精,比较研究了稀释液中甘油含量、精液离心、不同稀释液和冷冻方法对大熊猫精液超低温冷冻保存后的活力、运动状态和顶体的影响。稀释液中甘油的含量为4％－5％较好,冻精解冻后的活力和顶体的正常率能保持鲜精的一半。离心和未离心的精液经超低温冷冻,解冻后的活力和运动状态都较接近。TEST和SFS两种稀释液的效果没有明显的差异。细管的冷冻过程较颗粒方便、快捷,时间容易控制,是一种较好的超低温冷冻精液的方法。     

攸县麻鸭DMA细管精液冷冻技术研究

为利用冷冻精液保存地方鸭品种资源,以笼养攸县麻鸭公鸭(日龄170 d)为试验对象,检测其精子密度与活力,对精液稀释液渗透压进行筛选;将活力在0.5以上的精液以6%二甲基乙酰胺(dimethylacetamide,DMA)作为冷冻保护剂,用便携式简易专利技术装置,将细管精液置于液氮面上约2 cm高度熏蒸冷冻7 min后浸入液氮10 min以上,随后40℃水浴解冻10 s,检测解冻精子活力;将精子活力在0.3以上的细管精液在液氮中保存,待收集到足够细管精液后对相近周龄临武鸭母鸭进行输精。结果显示:1)在不同渗透压稀释液中,精子体外存活时间以LR液303 m Osm/kg组最佳,其活力与273 m Osm/kg组差异不显著(P>0.05),与215 m Osm/kg组差异显著(P<0.05); 2)采集的原精平均活力中,诱情方式的为0.71,按摩方式的为0.61; 3)诱情方式冻精液的平均活力为0.33,活力在0.3以上的冻精输精组的受精率为85.93%,鲜精组为88.17%,且冻精最高批次平均受精率达93.8%。本文精液冷冻方法为我国鸭乃至禽类延长公禽在后裔测定中的种用期限,利用精液冷冻保存种质资源,弥补活体保种的不足等领域的研究与应用提供了技术支撑。     

蓝蓑羽鹤的人工饲养繁育

蓝蓑羽鹤主要分布于非洲南部,北京动物园2001年开始饲养展出,2005年繁殖成功.在我国北方饲养蓝蓑羽鹤冬季需要保温设施,还需要适当的耐寒训练,提高对寒冷的适应能力.蓝蓑羽鹤选择植物性食物多,全年在繁殖期和非繁殖期饲料蛋白含量分别为34.9%和21.6%,平均能量16.6 kJ/kg.精液澄清、透明.雌鹤性成熟年龄早于雄鹤.北京地区繁殖期3～6月,平均窝卵数2枚.雏鹤生长高峰期在35～60日龄.     

一种简单实用的猪颗粒冻精制作技术

本实验以年龄在2.5岁左右的长白种公猪的精液为材料,在比较了常用的Ⅰ号、Ⅱ号、Ⅲ号猪精液冷冻稀释液和Ⅰ号、Ⅱ号解冻液及冷冻———解冻程序对猪精液的冷冻效果后,依据解冻后精子的活力、质膜完整性等指标,发现:1、Ⅱ号冷冻稀释液的稀释效果(精子活力42.5±5.2精子弯尾率44.7±3.5)和Ⅱ号解冻液的解冻效果(精子活力43.8±2.6精子弯尾率36.2±4.3)明显较好;2、根据制作经验总结,发现了一种与以往资料上介绍的完全不同的猪精液冷冻颗粒制作方法,从而筛选出了一种简单实用的猪颗粒冻精制作技术。     

圈养大熊猫冷冻精液对其种群遗传多样性的作用

在过去34年的圈养大熊猫种群保护工作中,我们成功建立了全球最大的大熊猫精子库,目前已保存50只大熊猫个体总计7 000余支细管冷冻精液(冻精)。冷冻精液一方面可以使物种的遗传资源得到长久保存,另一方面可以通过人工授精的方式促进种群繁育。但是,圈养大熊猫冷冻精液对其种群遗传多样性的作用尚未有明确报道。本研究首先根据成都大熊猫繁育研究基地2000—2014年冷冻精液人工授精数据,对比分析了冻精人工授精个体和圈养种群的遗传多样性。结果显示,冻精人工授精个体遗传多样性均高于同年圈养种群的平均遗传多样性,表明在繁殖年份中冻精人工授精可以显著提高圈养大熊猫种群的遗传多样性。统计精子库中所有冻精个体的平均血缘系数并与圈养种群进行对比分析,探究冷冻精液对圈养种群遗传多样性的潜在作用。结果显示,精子库中有21只已死亡个体的精液,其中有66.67%的个体平均血缘系数低于圈养种群;有14只20岁以上个体的精液,其中有50.00%的个体平均血缘系数低于圈养种群;另有15只20岁以下个体的精液,其中有53.33%的个体平均血缘系数低于圈养种群,表明冷冻精液对圈养种群遗传多样性的保护具有重要价值。综上所述,冷冻精液不但有效保存了大熊猫遗传资源,而且在保护圈养种群遗传多样性方面具有积极的促进作用。     

猪精液冷冻影响因素的研究进展

由于在经济生产中的重要意义,猪精液冷冻保存技术已成为研究的焦点。文章综述了国内外猪精液冷冻技术的研究成果,主要阐述精液的冷冻保存原理,并从冷冻稀释液和冷冻保护剂、冷冻方法和解冻方法等方面阐述了猪精液冷冻的影响因素。     

大熊猫冷冻精液解冻速度和解冻液中添加Pentyoxyfilline对其解冻后活力的影响

建立大熊猫的精子库,进行远距离圈养大熊猫种群间的人工授精和遗传物质的转运,维持遗传多样性,是目前大熊猫遗传管理的优先方法。要成为最有效的工具,精子库保存的精子解冻后的活力必须很好。本文对大熊猫冷冻精液的解冻速度和解冻液中添加化学激活剂Pentyoxyfilline(PF)后的精子活力进行了试验。试验用的精液采自11只成年大熊猫,精液冷冻速度为每分钟-40℃～-100℃。试验Ⅰ:将冷冻精液放入3种不同温度的水浴中解冻:(1)22℃(慢速解冻);(2)37℃(中速解冻)(3)50℃(快速解冻)。将冷冻前精子活力(78 1±2 9%)和解冻后的平均精子活力进行比较,快速解冻后的精子活力(57 5±5 4%)显著地降低(P<0 05),而中速解冻的精子活力(67 5±3 1%)和慢速解冻的精子活力(73 33±2 1%)与冷冻前的活力接近。试验Ⅱ:使用中速解冻方法解冻精液后,分别加入最终浓度为0mM、1mM、5mM和10mM的PF,然后分别保温15min和24h。在PF(0mM、1mM、5mM和10mM)中分别孵育15min的解冻精子活力,运动状态,活率和顶体正常率在试验期的90min内都很相似(P>0 05)。在1mMPF中孵育24h的精子活力没有变化(P>0 05)。在5mM和10mMPF中孵育过的精子活力(5mM:24 0±4 7%;10mM19 5±3 6%)比没有加PF的对照组的精子活力(38 3±5 2%)显著地低(P<0 05)。而且,在10mM     

人工驯养鼋繁殖习性研究

鼋(Pelochelys cantorii, 1864)属于中国国家一级重点保护野生动物, 生物学资料相对匮乏, 2015和2016年连续2年对人工驯养的4只亲鼋(2雌2雄)进行了繁殖生物学研究。人工驯养鼋的产卵期集中在5—8月, 夜间产卵, 无护卵行为。通过视频观察分析, 鼋产卵过程可分为Ⅳ个阶段。2只雌鼋2015年共产卵10窝, 每窝32—50枚, 共406枚, 受精273枚, 受精率为67.24%, 孵出稚鼋140只, 孵化率为51.28%; 2016年共产卵11窝, 每窝40—55枚, 共489枚, 受精353枚, 受精率为72.19%, 孵出稚鼋212只, 孵化率为60.06%。鼋卵圆形, 刚性, 均重(16.82±1.99) g, 卵直径(3.10±0.18) cm, 刚孵出稚鼋均重(13.60±0.85) g, 在人工控温下平均孵化期为(64.94±3.47)d。繁殖数据表明这2对鼋处于生育盛年期。针对2016年的繁殖数据分析, 2只雌鼋每窝产卵量无明显差异, 卵均重和卵直径间有显著相关性, 雌鼋1个体体重大于雌鼋2, 前者产的卵均重显著大于后者, 孵出稚鼋的初重差异也显著, 卵大, 稚鼋也大。孵出的稚鼋以活鱼苗为饵料, 在温室内人工养殖周年, 均重可以达(510.30±82.77) g。研究旨在为鼋繁育生物学提供基础性数据, 为其资源保护做贡献。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.