寡糖对向日葵叶片细胞病程相关蛋白及细胞壁物质的诱导作用

用寡糖对向日葵叶片进行喷雾,研究了该寡糖对向日葵叶片细胞内几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶2种病程相关蛋白(PRs蛋白)以及木质素、富含羟脯氨酸蛋白(HRGP)2种细胞壁物质含量的影响.结果表明,经寡糖处理后,向日葵叶片中β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶的活性均升高,最高值分别比同期CK增加36.38%和6.35%;木质素及HRGP含量也诱导增加,最高值分别比同期CK显著增加39.15%和47.13%.在寡糖处理后接种病原菌的向日葵叶片中,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶及细胞壁物质被诱导合成,且合成量均较单独寡糖处理与单独接种锈菌处理要高.研究发现,诱导向日葵幼苗叶片的几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性增强和细胞壁木质素、HRGP含量增加,可能是寡糖预处理增强向日葵抗锈性的内在机制.     

茉莉酸甲酯诱导烟草幼苗抗炭疽病与PAL活性及细胞壁物质的关系

探讨了茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate, Me-Ja)诱导烟草幼苗抗炭疽病与苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性、木质素和富含羟脯氨酸蛋白(HRGP)含量的关系。 Me-Ja处理烟草幼苗不仅可以提高幼苗抗炭疽病的能力,而且明显提高幼苗的PAL活性、木质素和HRGP含量; 3个不同抗性品种的烟草幼苗的PAL酶活性、木质素和HRGP含量三者与感病程度之间的负相关都达到显著水平,表明PAL、木质素和富含羟脯氨酸蛋白(HRGP)在茉莉酸甲酯诱导抗病中起关键作用。     

苹果脱乙酰几丁质发酵液诱导苹果叶片对斑点落叶病的早期抗性反应

苹果发酵液(Apple fermentation broth,AFB)是用生理落果、人工疏果和采前落果等无商品价值的果实,经快速发酵制成的植物源营养制剂。苹果脱乙酰几丁质发酵液是在发酵前将脱乙酰几丁质加入粉碎的苹果果实中,共同发酵制成。本试验旨在探讨苹果脱乙酰几丁质发酵液诱导的苹果叶片对斑点落叶病(Alternaira alternate f.sp.mali)的抗性机制。以2年生宫藤富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.CV.‘kudowu’)幼树为试材,以喷施苹果发酵液(AFB)、苹果脱乙酰几丁质,发酵液(ACFB)和脱乙酰几丁质制备液(CHN)为处理,喷清水为对照。测定接种斑点落叶病病原菌后,苹果叶片的病情指数和防治效果,同时测定活性氧、木质素、交联蛋白的沉积状况、活性氧含量和抗氧化酶(过氧化物酶POD、超氧化物歧化酶SOD和过氧化氢酶CAT)的活性。结果表明,ACFB处理叶片的病情指数比对照降低了4.3%,防治效果比对照提高了40.7%,AFB处理叶片的病情指数比对照降低了2.4%,防治效果比对照提高了22.2%。斑点落叶病病原菌接种12h后,ACFB处理叶片在病原菌侵染位点上的活性氧、木质素和交联蛋白的沉积量比对照显著增加,其中活性氧比对照增加30%;各处理叶片超氧阴离子自由基和过氧化氢含量分别在接种后12h和36h、3h和24h出现两个高峰。病原菌接种后9—72h,ACFB处理叶片的POD酶和SOD酶活性高于对照,而CAT酶活性较对照低。由此可见,喷施苹果脱乙酰几丁质发酵液,可有效诱导苹果叶片对斑点落叶病的抗性,其诱导反应可能与侵染早期叶片活性氧迸发及抗氧化代谢有关。     

臭氧与海藻酸钠涂膜对葡萄的保鲜效果及其贮藏生理特性的影响

以采后"红地球"葡萄果实为试材,分别设置对照(CK)、250μL/L臭氧处理(O3)、0.3%海藻酸钠涂膜处理(M)、250μL/L臭氧+0.3%海藻酸钠涂膜处理(O3+M),在(0±0.5)℃条件下贮藏,通过测定贮藏过程中葡萄可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、呼吸强度、硬度、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、几丁质酶(CHI)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(GLU)的活性以及膜脂过氧化物质丙二醛(MDA)和总酚含量等的变化,统计果实失重率与腐烂率情况,观察各处理对葡萄保藏效果的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,250μL/L臭氧处理、0.3%海藻酸钠涂膜及250μL/L臭氧+0.3%海藻酸钠涂膜复合处理均能显著降低葡萄果实的失重率和腐烂率,抑制葡萄果实的呼吸上升,延缓硬度下降,提高果实抗性相关酶(POD、SOD、GLU、CHI)的活性,减少膜脂的过氧化程度,延缓果实总酚含量下降,有效改善葡萄的贮藏品质,并以250μL/L臭氧+0.3%海藻酸钠涂膜复合处理对葡萄果实保鲜效果最佳。     

番茄枯萎病生防细菌的筛选及对植株防御酶活性的影响

为筛选防治番茄枯萎病的生防细菌,本研究利用梯度稀释涂板法和平板对峙生长法,从蚯蚓粪中筛选对番茄枯萎病有良好生防作用的细菌,对其中表现最好的菌株进行种属鉴定,并通过盆栽试验测定该菌株对番茄枯萎病的防治效果及对番茄体内防御酶活性的影响。结果表明,生防菌DX-25对番茄枯萎病菌的抑菌率达66.09%,初步鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌,盆栽防治效果达59.25%±0.43%。盆栽试验共设计CK、接种枯萎病菌(KW)、接种生防菌DX-25(DX),以及接种病原菌+生防菌DX-25(D+K) 4个处理,以超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、脂氧合酶(LOX)、几丁质酶(CHT)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(GLU) 8种酶作为番茄抗病性反应指标,探究接种生防菌后对番茄植株防御酶活的影响。试验表明,各处理均能使番茄茎部的8种测定酶酶活显著高于对照; D+K处理在诱导PPO和GLU酶活方面表现出协同增效的作用,两者共同处理诱导的PPO、GLU达到显著水平的时间较单接种枯萎病菌和DX-25提前了48和24 h,说明DX-25与病原菌互作的情况下可以更快地引起植株的抗性反应。     

真菌源激发子对采后葡萄果皮抗性产生的诱导

利用细胞壁提取法从葡萄采后致病菌Alternaria alternate(Fr．)Keissl中提取出激发子。在采前一周用激发子处理葡萄,研究激发子诱导葡萄采后抗病效果。结果表明：葡萄经激发子处理后,果皮内与抗病有关的过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性显著增强,酚类物质和木质素含量也显著提高,贮藏期自然发病率和发病指数降低,其中以125μg·mL-1处理效果最好,果实发病率和发病指数比对照降低500％左右。     

奉节脐橙果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性及其基因表达与果皮褐变的关系

柑橘果皮褐变严重影响果实的商品价值和耐贮性．以奉节脐橙（Citrus sinensis Osbcck）果实为材料,通过采后常温、涂蜡、低温、机械损伤等处理研究了果实果皮褐变率、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性及PAL上基因在果皮褐变过程中表达水平的变化。结果表明,涂蜡、损伤处理均极显著地提高果实的果皮褐变率,而低温贮藏可显著降低其发生率;贮藏期问各处理的PAL活性均呈上升趋势,损伤处理PAL活性显著高于对照。果实发生褐变或受到机械损伤后,PAL2、PAL6基因的表达均比对照明显增强。结果首次表明脐橙果实PAL活性变化以及PAL2基因的表达与果皮褐变具有非常密切的关系．     

壳寡糖诱导黄瓜抗黄瓜黑星病的初步研究

本文研究了壳寡糖诱导黄瓜对黑星病的抗性作用。利用6 mg/mL壳寡糖溶液对苗期黄瓜诱导,进行病情调查统计及测定处理前后黄瓜叶片的主要防御酶系———苯丙氨酸解氨酶,过氧化物酶,多酚氧化酶,超氧化物歧化酶,过氧化氢酶的活性变化。结果显示,壳寡糖对黄瓜黑星病在10 d和17 d的诱抗效果分别为60.25%和47.59%,且作为诱导因子可显著提高黄瓜叶片内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性也有所提高,但叶片内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性无较明显变化。研究结果表明壳寡糖对黄瓜抗黑星病产生诱导作用,为研究壳寡糖作为新型生物农药提供了依据。     

链格孢菌粗毒素对菊花‘神马’幼苗生长及生理代谢的影响

由链格孢菌引起的菊花黑斑病严重降低了菊花的品质和产量.链格孢菌在代谢过程中分泌的粗毒素是菊花黑斑病发生的主要致病因子之一.本文从菊花黑斑病发病叶片中分离筛选出致病真菌链格孢菌1株,研究其粗毒素对菊花幼苗‘神马’生长的影响以及测定盆栽幼苗叶片细胞膜相对透性、抗性物质含量、诱导酶活性及代谢物质含量变化.结果表明:链格孢菌粗毒素对菊花‘神马’幼苗的株高、茎粗、根长均有抑制作用,毒素浓度与抑制效果呈正相关,且粗毒素原液处理14 d后,菊花幼苗株高、茎粗、根长受到显著抑制,分别比对照减少了28.9%、21.4%和23.3%;链格孢菌粗毒素处理菊花‘神马’幼苗后,根系组织细胞膜透性随着毒素浓度的增加而增加,在同一毒素浓度处理下,菊花幼苗叶片细胞膜透性随着处理时间的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势;毒素原液处理菊花幼苗后,菊花幼苗叶片中抗性物质可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)以及脯氨酸含量均显著提高.链格孢菌10倍稀释液处理对叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的提高最为显著.链格孢菌粗毒素对切花菊‘神马’幼苗的致病作用主要通过抑制菊花幼苗根、茎的正常生长,增加菊花幼苗叶片细胞膜透性,影响切花菊幼苗叶片中抗性物质代谢以及提高叶片保护酶活性而影响植株正常生理代谢.     

链格孢菌粗毒素对菊花‘神马’幼苗生长及生理代谢的影响

由链格孢菌引起的菊花黑斑病严重降低了菊花的品质和产量.链格孢菌在代谢过程中分泌的粗毒素是菊花黑斑病发生的主要致病因子之一.本文从菊花黑斑病发病叶片中分离筛选出致病真菌链格孢菌1株,研究其粗毒素对菊花幼苗‘神马’生长的影响以及测定盆栽幼苗叶片细胞膜相对透性、抗性物质含量、诱导酶活性及代谢物质含量变化.结果表明: 链格孢菌粗毒素对菊花‘神马’幼苗的株高、茎粗、根长均有抑制作用,毒素浓度与抑制效果呈正相关,且粗毒素原液处理14 d后,菊花幼苗株高、茎粗、根长受到显著抑制,分别比对照减少了28.9%、21.4%和23.3%;链格孢菌粗毒素处理菊花‘神马’幼苗后,根系组织细胞膜透性随着毒素浓度的增加而增加,在同一毒素浓度处理下,菊花幼苗叶片细胞膜透性随着处理时间的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势;毒素原液处理菊花幼苗后,菊花幼苗叶片中抗性物质可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)以及脯氨酸含量均显著提高.链格孢菌10倍稀释液处理对叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的提高最为显著.链格孢菌粗毒素对切花菊‘神马’幼苗的致病作用主要通过抑制菊花幼苗根、茎的正常生长,增加菊花幼苗叶片细胞膜透性,影响切花菊幼苗叶片中抗性物质代谢以及提高叶片保护酶活性而影响植株正常生理代谢.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.