高产透明质酸菌种FJ-23的诱变选育

目的:高产透明质酸菌种的选育是提高透明质酸产量和质量的关键。方法:以马疫链球菌SH-0为出发菌,对其进行紫外诱变和NTG诱变选育。结果:筛选出溶血素和透明质酸酶双缺陷型突变菌株FJ-23,其透明质酸产量提高了7倍;突变株经6次传代,其产酸量及HA的相对分子量保持稳定,为今后进一步研究发酵法生产透明质酸打下基础。     

金黄色葡萄球菌透明质酸裂解酶HylS的异源表达与特性研究

透明质酸酶能够将透明质酸聚糖降解成具有抗氧化等生物活性的低分子量寡糖.微生物来源透明质酸酶具有酶学性质多样和易于重组表达等特点,是开发透明质酸酶的研究热点.通过基因组测序获得一个潜在的金黄色葡萄球菌来源透明质酸裂解酶基因hylS,将其进行了大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)异源重组表达,并对重组酶进行了酶学特性和酶解产物抗氧化...     

透明质酸制备的研究进展

透明质酸(Hyaluronic acid简称HA)是一种国际上公认的生物大分子保湿剂,用于眼科显微手术、关节炎治疗、高级化妆品等领域.目前,透明质酸的生产方法逐渐由动物组织提取法转向微生物发酵法.细菌发酵法生产透明质酸具有产量不受原料资源限制、成本低、产量高、有较高的相对分子量,分离纯化工艺简便,易于大规模生产等特点成为透明质酸生产的发展方向,应当进一步深入研究.综述了透明质酸的化学结构、理化性质、应用及生产方法等方面的研究现状,并预测了其以后发展趋势.     

海豚链球菌诱变发酵法制备透明质酸及其在动物皮肤修复中的应用

透明质酸(HA)是一种非常重要的生物材料,是体内广泛存在的细胞外基质成分之一。为了获得产量、分子量及纯度较高的透明质酸,并研究透明质酸水凝胶在动物皮肤修复中的潜在作用。通过紫外诱变的方法对海豚链球菌进行诱变,并对此突变菌发酵后产物的蛋白含量及HA分子量进行了测定,通过CTAB法对发酵产物进行提纯,运用物理冻融法将透明质酸制成水凝胶后,用于兔背部全层皮肤修复的初探。结果表明通过诱变海豚链球菌产透明质酸的能力从(82.3±3.3)mg/L增加到(120±10.6)mg/L,增加了46.4%;产物经纯化后蛋白含量从(0.178±0.011)mg/L减少到(0.032±0.017)mg/L,减少了82.02%;所制得透明质酸的分子量约为3.0×105 Da;透明质酸水凝胶对兔全层皮肤缺损的修复有较明显的促进作用,能减轻炎症和伤口瘢痕的形成。     

透明质酸生物合成途径及基因工程研究进展

透明质酸是由N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖和葡萄糖醛酸组成的双糖单位聚合而成的直链酸性黏多糖,已被广泛应用于药物、化妆品和食品添加剂。微生物发酵法是目前生产透明质酸最有效的方法。生物体内透明质酸的合成途径基本一致,均为Leloir途径。透明质酸合成操纵子由透明质酸合酶基因、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶基因和尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因组成,其表达受Cov S/CovR和Lux S等多种调控系统调控。随着分子生物学技术的迅速发展以及对透明质酸合成相关基因了解的不断深入,人们从提高透明质酸安全性、提高透明质酸产量和调控透明质酸分子质量三个方面出发,通过基因工程手段构建出了高产、安全、一定分子质量范围的透明质酸生产菌株。就有关透明质酸生物合成途径、合成相关基因表达调控及生产菌株分子生物学改造的策略与研究进展进行综述和展望。     

透明质酸及其衍生物研究进展

透明质酸是一种以葡萄糖醛酸和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖胺为双糖单位交替连接而成的黏多糖。由于其具有独特的分子结构和理化性质,已被成功应用于化妆品、医学美容、眼科手术、关节炎治疗等。对最近几年国内外透明质酸及其衍生物,尤其是海洋生物来源的透明质酸的制备以及将不同分子质量的透明质酸作为新型药用载体及其他方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

透明质酸生产菌的诱变选育

以马链球菌为出发菌株, 通过紫外线和60Co-γ射线辐照诱变, 得到一株无溶血性菌株NC1150, 并在此基础上继续用60Co-γ射线辐照诱变得到产量较高的菌株NC168, 使透明质酸产量与出发菌株NC1150相比提高了101%, 相对分子量为0.55×106 D, 突变株经过多次传代, 透明质酸产量和相对分子量保持稳定, 溶血性无回复突变现象。     

一株产透明质酸酶的菌株鉴定及酶学性质研究

透明质酸酶可用于药物渗透剂、动物皮革松散及低分子量的透明质酸制备.实验室前期筛选了一株具有较高透明质酸降解能力的菌株,本研究对其进行了 16S rRNA基因和生理生化反应鉴定,鉴定为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌,但弗氏柠檬酸杆菌来源的透明质酸酶的功能还未见报道.因而,以透明质酸为底物研究其酶学性质,结果表明:该酶最适pH值为5.5,在pH值4.0～8.0下处理1 h可以保持60％以上酶活力;最适温度为50℃,在50℃和60℃下处理1h后剩余60％以上的酶活力.该酶和人源透明质酸酶最适pH相似,但其耐热性更高.因此,本研究挖掘到了新颖的透明质酸酶的资源,并为其开发利用提供了参考价值.     

微生物发酵法生产透明质酸

透明质酸(Hyaluronic acid,以下简称HA)是一种高分子粘多糖,具有良好的亲水性、生物相容性和保湿功能,广泛应用于食品、化妆品和医药领域.透明质酸的传统生产方法是主要从动物组织中提取,用微生物发酵法生产透明质酸正逐步取代传统生产方法,其优点是原料易得、成本低、所产透明质酸有更高的产量和分子量等原因.     

透明质酸生产菌溶血素S基因缺失突变菌株的构建及其特性北大核心CSCD

【目的】马链球菌兽疫亚种是工业上生产透明质酸的主要菌种,该菌能产生引起宿主细胞溶血的链球菌溶血素S(streptolysin S,SLS)毒素,因而其产品的安全性一直是人们所担心的问题。本实验的目的就是通过基因敲除的方法构建不产SLS的透明质酸生产工程菌,同时探讨溶血素sag A基因缺失对菌株透明质酸合成和其他毒力因子的影响。【方法】利用温度敏感/自杀性质粒p JR700载体系统,构建马链球菌兽疫亚种sag A基因缺失突变株;通过PCR扩增,溶血平板和SLS含量测定等方法确定sag A基因缺失;采用分光光度、SDS-PAGE和细胞毒性试验等分析方法,对野生菌株和sag A基因缺失突变菌株透明质酸含量、透明质酸分子量、溶血素Hylc、透明质酸分解酶、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶和菌体表面蛋白等相关毒力因子进行对比研究。【结果】获得了透明质酸产量提高30%而溶血活性极低的马链球菌兽疫亚种sag A基因缺失突变株。该突变株与野生菌株相比较,透明质酸分解酶活性增加而透明质酸相对分子量降低,此外,与毒力相关的表面蛋白含量、溶血素Hylc和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶活性也显著降低。细胞毒性实验结果表明,野生菌株与sag A基因缺失突变菌株的培养物上清液,对细胞活性的影响存在显著差异。【结论】在马链球菌兽疫亚种中sag A不仅是表达溶血素SLS的基因,同时sag A基因对菌株透明质酸合成、透明质酸分解酶、菌体表面蛋白、溶血素Hylc和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶等都具有调节作用。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.