百合鳞茎发育过程中碳水化合物含量及淀粉酶活性变化

以兰州百合和亚洲系"精粹"百合为试材,探讨了鳞茎发育过程中不同部位淀粉、可溶性糖含量和淀粉酶活性的变化。结果表明,母鳞茎作为百合萌发阶段的代谢源,其外部鳞片是代谢更为活跃的部位。淀粉和可溶性糖含量同时增加是百合新鳞茎开始膨大的标志。蔗糖是百合鳞茎中可溶性糖的主要形态,还原糖的变化体现了碳水化合物的供应及转化。淀粉酶在百合鳞茎发育过程中对调节和平衡碳水化合物的形态起重要作用。     

百合扦插鳞片控温成球过程中4种物质含量的动态变化

以东方型（火百合Stargazer品种）、亚洲型（新中心Nove Cento品种）和麝香型（新铁炮LillHmformo-longii品种）百合鳞片为试验材料,连续在25℃保留8周、17℃保留4周、4～5℃保留8周后分析温控成球过程中鳞片淀粉、总糖、还原糖和蛋白质等含量的动态变化。结果表明：3个品种百合鳞片在控温成球过程中,4种物质的变化与鳞片控温成球处理的不同阶段有密切关系,火百合品种在整个温控成球过程中所测的4种物质含量变化较平缓,而新中心和新铁炮2个品种在整个温控成球过程中4种物质含量变化较大。     

采后大蒜鳞茎的生理生化变化及其贮藏技术

采后大蒜鳞茎的生理生化变化及其贮藏技术刘淑娴,李月标,陈芳,张东林,蒋跃明（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）摘要大蒜鳞茎在室温下贮藏２个月后,胚芽开始生长．随着胚芽生长,呼吸速率、蛋白质和维生素Ｃ含量逐渐增高;而可溶性糖和干物质含量下降。...     

206份芋种质资源品质性状分析

对206份芋种质资源品质性状进行了分析,结果表明:按球茎类型来分,干物质含量魁芋>多头芋>魁子兼用芋>多子芋。淀粉含量魁芋>魁子兼用芋>多头芋>多子芋,干物质和淀粉含量都以魁芋最高,分别为27.38%、20.21%,多子芋最低,分别为19.54%、13.35%。蛋白质含量多头芋>魁芋>多子芋>魁子兼用芋,以多头芋的含量最高为1.54%,其他类型相差不大。可溶性糖含量魁芋>魁子兼用芋>多子芋>多头芋,以魁芋的可溶性糖含量最高为1.21%,其他芋类型相差不大。按母芋芽色来分,多子芋中,干物质、淀粉和蛋白质含量红芽多子芋>白芽多子芋,可溶性糖含量白芽多子芋>红芽多子芋;多头芋中,干物质、淀粉、可溶性糖白芽多头芋>红芽多头芋,蛋白质含量红芽多头芋>白芽多头芋。在整个芋种质资源中,芋的干物质含量与淀粉含量(r=0.9583**)、干物质含量与蛋白质含量(r=0.5529**)、淀粉含量与蛋白质含量(r=0.5284**)呈极显著正相关,干物质含量与可溶性糖含量(r=-0.2934**)、淀粉含量与可溶性糖含量(r=-0.3391**)、蛋白质含量与可溶性糖含量(r=-0.4498**)均呈极显著负相关。此外本研究还按叶柄颜色类型对芋种质资源品质性状进行了分析。     

百合鳞茎发育过程中淀粉合成相关酶基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究通过同源克隆技术克隆腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、颗粒结合淀粉合酶(GBSS)和可溶性淀粉合酶(SSS) 3类百合淀粉合成关键酶基因,分析这三类淀粉合成关键酶基因的表达变化,测定百合鳞茎膨大发育中淀粉含量变化。结果表明:(1) AGPase具有GlgC家族蛋白PLN02241蛋白结构特征及cl11394家族蛋白ADP_Glucose_PP与NTP_transferase结构域,获登录号KP751443; GBSS与SSS具有cl10013家族蛋白Glyco_transf_5,GT1_Glycogen_synthase_DULL1_like结构域,获登录号分别为KP751444、KP751445。(2)百合鳞茎形成与膨大发育过程中,淀粉含量呈现递增趋势,鳞茎盘开始分化茎杆时其淀粉含量最高,达到44.52%。鳞茎与叶片部位的三个淀粉合成相关酶基因表达量均逐渐增加;在鳞茎膨大后茎杆分化阶段,三个淀粉合成相关酶基因表达量达到最高,AGPase、GBSS、SSS在鳞片中的表达量分别为10.79,6.92和5.12,叶片中的表达量分别为6.79,5.22和4.41,鳞片中的表达量大幅度高于叶片;淀粉合成相关酶基因的表达量变化与淀粉含量、鳞茎的膨大发育成正相关。这为鳞茎的繁殖生产提供了可通过调节淀粉合成关键酶基因表达促进百合鳞茎膨大发育的思路。     

两种石蒜生长发育期鳞茎可溶性糖、蛋白质及POD活性的变化

以中国石蒜(Lycoris chinensis)与石蒜(Lycoris radiata)为材料,研究其生长发育期鳞茎可溶性糖、蛋白质含量及POD活性的变化。结果表明,在花芽分化前期,2种石蒜鳞茎可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量均增加,并出现峰值,但从花芽分化后期直到花期结束,可溶性糖含量均持续下降;在花期,2种石蒜鳞茎可溶性蛋白质含量均处于高水平,花谢后明显下降;石蒜展叶期间鳞茎可溶性蛋白质含量明显增加,而中国石蒜花谢后可溶性蛋白质含量处于低水平。在花芽分化前期,2种石蒜鳞茎POD活性呈直线上升,但后期POD活性略有降低;花期后,2种石蒜鳞茎POD活性出现短暂的低谷,随后随着气温的降低而出现一致性上升。     

不同光周期条件下新铁炮百合生理指标的对比研究

在长、短两种光周期条件下对新铁炮百合的三种生理指标进行了测定。结果表明:新铁炮百合上、中部叶片的生理活动与植株生长发育状态的关系较为紧密;顶芽形态分化初期,上、中部叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量降至较低的水平,而总氮含量则升至较高水平;此外,生殖生长状态下,3部分叶片各自C/N值均高于营养生长状态下其各自C/N值。     

Comparative study of physiological indexes of Lilium formolongi under different photoperiod conditions

在长、短两种光周期条件下对新铁炮百合的三种生理指标进行了测定.结果表明:新铁炮百合上、中部叶片的生理活动与植株生长发育状态的关系较为紧密;顶芽形态分化初期,上、中部叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量降至较低的水平,而总氮含量则升至较高水平;此外,生殖生长状态下,3部分叶片各自C/N值均高于营养生长状态下其各自C/N值.     

生姜生长过程中的某些生理指标和生化物质含量变化

1988年测定栽种于山东农业大学蔬菜标本园的生姜(Zingiber officinalis)品种“莱芜片姜”的某些生理指标和生化物质含量变化,得到如下结果,供参考:种姜在萌芽时,其淀粉及干物质含量迅速下降(图1,表1),至盛长期又逐渐回升,可溶性糖呈增加的趋势(表2);新姜(根茎)的淀粉及可溶性糖含量均随生长的进行而增加。这种变化与淀粉酶、转化酶活性变化相协     

兰州百合鳞茎发育及低温解除休眠过程中内源激素的变化

以兰州百合为试材,研究了鳞茎发育过程中以及2、6、10℃条件下保湿贮藏101 d内母鳞茎与新鳞茎中内源激素的变化。结果表明：鳞茎发育过程中内源ABA含量以及母鳞茎的GA₃与ZR含量增加,而内源IAA含量以及新鳞茎的GA₃与ZR含量下降。低温贮藏期间,母鳞茎与新鳞茎的GA₃、IAA含量均有升高过程,而ABA含量呈下降趋势;新鳞茎的ZR含量呈下降趋势,母鳞茎的ZR含量也有升高过程。低温处理初期的34 d内,内源激素变化最为显著。不同贮藏温度相比较,ABA含量差异不大,GA₃含量随温度升高而下降。在富含淀粉的新鳞茎中,GA₃和ABA表现出极显著的负相关关系,而在淀粉含量较低的母鳞茎中GA₃和ABA无相关性。通径分析结果表明,母鳞茎与新鳞茎的物质代谢机制不同,母鳞茎的物质变化受内源GA₃的调控,新鳞茎主要是ABA作用的结果。     

Carbohydrate metabolism in Nerine sarniensis bulbs developing in liquid culture

Anatomical and physiological changes accompanying enhanced Nerine sarniensis cv. Salmon Supreme bulb growth in vitro were examined. Small bulbs, 2–3 mm in diameter, grown in vitro on a semi-solid medium were subcultured to liquid medium with elevated levels of sucrose (Suc) and inorganic phosphate. Bulbs' fresh and dry weights, carbohydrate contents and the activities of enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism were determined at different stages of bulb development. Starch was the dominant storage carbohydrate in these bulbs, and the leaf bases parenchyma cells were the principal storage tissue. During the first month of bulb growth, only small changes in starch content were detected. However, an increase in starch level was observed at later stages of development. The activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27), a key enzyme of starch synthesis, increased just before the increase in starch accumulation. Sucrose was the dominant soluble sugar in the bulbs, only traces of glucose and fructose were detected. The activity of alkaline invertase (INV, EC 3.2.1.26) was higher than that of acid INV during the growth period. Sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) exhibited the highest Suc-degrading activity during bulb growth. Suc was hydrolyzed in the medium by the cell wall bound acid INV during the growing period. The results are discussed in relation to enhanced nerine bulb growth and development in vitro.     

Dynamic changes in carbohydrate metabolism and endogenous hormones during <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tulipa edulis</Emphasis> stolon development into a new bulb

The stolon is the main asexual reproductive organ of Tulipa edulis (Miq.) Baker. It has a special morphology and can develop into a new bulb for propagation. In the current greenhouse experiment, the dynamic changes in carbohydrates and related enzymes, protein and endogenous hormones during T. edulis stolon development were investigated. The results showed that soluble sugar levels were basically declining, whereas starch and protein content rose continuously during stolon development. The adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity peaked in the initial swelling stage and stayed a relative high level in the middle swelling stage; sucrose synthase (SS), soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activities followed the same law that showed rising trends during stolon development. SS activity was significantly inversely related to sucrose content but had significantly positive relations with starch content, SSS and GBSS activities. Gibberellin (GA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) peaked in the initial swelling stage and maintained high levels in the middle swelling stage; they then decreased significantly in the later swelling stage. A substantial increase was observed in abscisic acid (ABA) content until the middle swelling stage, followed by a significant reduction in the later swelling stage. The ratios of ABA to IAA, GA and ZR reached their lowest levels in the initial swelling stage. In conclusion, T. edulis stolon development is a process of new bulb morphogenesis along with the starch accumulation catalyzed by AGPase, SSS and GBSS, using the product of sucrose cleavage caused by SS. Initial low ABA content and low ratios of ABA to IAA, GA and ZR, together with the GA, IAA and ZR of high-content, soluble sugars worked more efficiently to induce new bulb formation.     

Activities of Enzymes Relating to Starch Synthesis and Endogenous Levels of Growth Regulators in Potato Stolon Tips During Tuberization

Changes in contents of starch and protein, and activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis were studied during tubcrization of stolon tips of Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Irish Cobbler. Starch content and activities of phosphorylase and granule-bound starch synthctase based on fresh weight increased rapidly in the early phase (stage I, the stolon tips just before swelling; stage 2, the swelling tips; stage 3, young tubers of 0.2–0.5 cm diameter), and they all remained nearly unchanged in the later phase (stage 3 to stage 6, young tubers of 3.5 cm diameter). The content of soluble protein based on fresh weight remained unchanged. Activities of soluble starch snythetase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase were not detected at stage 1 and 2, but increased at later stages. Endogenous levels of auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin were assayed for the materials at the corresponding developmental stages. Auxin content was high at stages 1 and 2, and lowered at later stages. Cytokinin content increased abruptly at stage 6. Gibberellin content was low at all stages. The internal conditions for starch deposition and tuberization in potato were discussed in regard to regulation of enzyme activities by growth regulators.     

sh-2超甜玉米乳熟期籽粒重量和碳水化合物变化及与温度降雨量的回归分析

采用夏季不同播期,研究了sh-2型超甜玉米乳熟期籽粒重量和碳水化合物的变化,用多重回归分析方法对气温、降雨量与籽粒重量、碳水化合物含量的关系进行了分析．结果表明,两个播期的可溶性总糖、果糖、蔗糖含量变化趋势有明显差异．夏季早播,提高了乳熟期籽粒鲜重和干重,灌浆速率,可溶性总糖和淀粉含量．说明夏季早播有利于提高甜玉米的独特甜风味和产量构成．移栽-收获期的T（温差）、K（有效积温）和RF（降雨量）是影响乳熟期籽粒鲜重和干重及可溶性总糖、果糖、蔗糖、淀粉含量的主要因子,K、RF表现正相关效应;在授粉-收获期,K是影响的主要因子,K与籽粒鲜重和干重及果糖、淀粉含量呈正相关,与籽粒蔗糖含量呈负相关．     

Effects of high temperature during grain filling under control conditions on the physicochemical properties of waxy maize flour

The effects of high temperature during different grain filling stages (1–15 d and 16–30 d after pollination) on the physicochemical properties of four varieties of waxy maize grain were studied. Heat stress during grain filling decreased grain weight and starch deposition, while it increased protein content, starch granule size, abnormal granule numbers and iodine binding capacity. These effects were more severe when heat stress was introduced at early development stage than at late grain filling stage. The peak intensities and crystallinities were decreased when plants were exposed to high temperature at early development stage. By contrast, responses to high temperature at late development stage were variety-dependent. High temperature during grain filling decreased the peak and breakdown viscosities and increased the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy, and retrogradation percentage of flours, especially during early development stage. In conclusion, high temperature during grain filling changed the grain proximate and starch structure, resulting in the deterioration of pasting and thermal properties.     

小麦产量与品质对灌浆不同阶段高温胁迫的响应

利用人工环境控制室对盆栽冬小麦 (品种 :‘济南 17’和‘鲁麦 2 1’) (Triticumaestivumcv.‘Ji′nan17’and‘Lumai2 1’) 分别在子粒灌浆前期、中期和后期进行了 2 5℃ / 35℃ (夜 /昼 ) 的高温胁迫处理, 以生长在 2 0℃ / 30℃ (夜 /昼 ) 环境中的小麦为对照, 研究了灌浆期不同阶段高温胁迫对小麦产量和品质的影响。结果发现 :1) 子粒蛋白质积累速率在高温处理期间显著提高 (p<0.0 5 ), 但高值持续期缩短, 并最终造成植株氮素积累量减少, 氮素收获指数降低 (p <0.0 5 ) 。 2 ) 小麦蛋白质的组成和品质对不同灌浆阶段的响应存在显著差异, 前期高温胁迫导致麦谷蛋白 /醇溶蛋白的比值以及麦谷蛋白大聚合体 (GMP) 含量增加, 标志蛋白质和淀粉品质的湿面筋含量升高、沉降值增加、膨胀势和高峰粘度等指标也显著提高 ;灌浆中期高温却导致上述指标降低 ;灌浆后期高温在造成粒重减小、产量降低和淀粉品质下降的同时, 却有利于蛋白质含量的提高。 3) 小麦淀粉积累的形成与蛋白质品质的形成是两个既相互联系又相互独立的过程, 高温条件下子粒蛋白质含量的升高是淀粉积累量减少造成的。     

Anther starch variations in Lilium during pollen development

Starch was cytologically localized and biochemically assayed in different anther cell layers of Lilium cv. Enchantment during pollen development and its presence was correlated with anther growth. Two phases could be distinguished: the first, the growth phase, extends from the beginning of meiosis to the vacuolated microspore stage and corresponds to maximum increase in anther size and weight. During this period, microspores lack amyloplasts and starch is degraded in the outer staminal wall layers. The tapetum does not contain starch reserves but accumulates a PAS-positive substance in its vacuole. The second phase, the maturation phase, begins with the late vacuolated microspore stage and lasts until pollen maturation. Anther growth is slowed during this phase. A wave of amylogenesis/ amylolysis occurs first in the late vacuolated-microspores and young pollen grains and, next, in the staminal envelopes. In the pollen grain, the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell is filled with starch, but amyloplasts are not detected in the generative cell. When pollen grains ripen, amylaceous reserves are replaced with lipids. In the staminal envelopes, the second amylogenesis is particularly evident in the endothecium and the middle layers; the peak of starch is reached at the young bicellular pollen grain stage; starch disappears from the anther wall early during the maturation phase. The wave of amylogenesis/amylolysis occurring in the staminal envelopes during the maturation phase is peculiar to Lilium. It is interpreted as a sudden increase in carbohydrate level caused by lower anther needs when the growth is completed. Staminal envelopes may act as a physiological buffer and regulate soluble sugar level in the anther. Stages of anther growth correlate with starch content variations and this suggests that during the growth phase, products of starch hydrolysis in the staminal envelopes may be consumed partly by anther cell layers and partly by microspores.     

枣花芽分化过程中营养物质和内源激素含量及抗氧化酶活性变化研究

以新疆主栽品种灰枣和骏枣的花芽为材料,测定不同分化时期花芽的可溶性糖、还原糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白含量,SOD、POD、PPO、CAT活性以及内源GA₃、IAA、ABA、ZT水平的变化,并分析它们与花芽分化的关系,为枣花芽分化调控提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)灰枣和骏枣花芽可溶性糖、还原糖和淀粉含量在花芽分化过程的变化趋势基本相似,于花原基分化期至雌蕊分化期先降低后升高,至雌蕊分化期到达峰值;而可溶性蛋白质含量变化趋势相反,在花原基分化期至雌蕊分化期先上升再降低。(2)在整个花芽分化过程中,其POD、PPO、CAT活性变化趋势基本一致,从花芽开始分化后逐步降低,最低点出现在雌蕊分化期;两个品种花芽SOD活性在花原基分化期至分化初期时显著上升,之后SOD活性在灰枣中不断降低,而在骏枣中则显著上升。(3)两品种花芽IAA、GA₃、ZT含量在分化过程中的变化规律基本相似,它们均在萼片分化期前呈下降趋势,之后GA₃、ZT含量及灰枣中IAA含量逐渐上升,而骏枣IAA含量在萼片分化期至花瓣分化期呈先显著上升后下降再上升;灰枣ABA含量在花原基分化期至萼片分化期显著上升,而同期骏枣则显著降低,随着分化进程的推进,灰枣ABA含量在萼片分化期后逐步降低,而骏枣则逐步上升并在雌蕊分化期达到峰值。(4)花芽分化开始后,骏枣ABA/IAA、ZT/IAA、GA₃/IAA比值快速上升,但GA₃/ABA、ZT/ABA的比值呈下降趋势;灰枣ZT/IAA、GA₃/IAA在花原基分化期至萼片分化期显著上升后降低,分化结束后低于花原基分化期。研究认为,枣花芽开始分化后会消耗大量的营养物质,导致花芽的可溶性糖、淀粉和还原糖含量降低,且整个分化过程中淀粉含量始终高于可溶性糖和还原糖含量;两个品种枣花芽分化过程中POD、CAT、PPO活性下降以及骏枣花芽分化过程中SOD活性的上升均有利于枣营养生长向生殖生长的转变,且枣花芽分化过程中低水平的GA₃和IAA、中等水平的ABA、较高水平的ZT,以及较高的ZT/IAA、ABA/IAA和GA₃/IAA有利于枣花芽分化和花芽形成。     

Physiological and morphological characteristics during development of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) zygotic embryos

The developmental stages of oak zygotic embryos (ZEs) are characterized here according to morphological and physiological features. Seeds were harvested from June to September in 1-week intervals. Excised embryos were classified into four stages of development by using growth parameters. For physiological characterization, endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), l-proline, starch content and water status were determined. The expression of the oak legumin storage protein gene was tested in immature cotyledonary ZEs before and after ABA treatment. The ABA levels of the embryos showed a significant peak during the intermediate stage of maturation (stage III) and then decreased again at the end of the late maturation phase (stage IV). Concomitant with ABA, the moisture content declined with the maximum embryo size. High IAA levels were found at the beginning of embryo enlargement as exponential growth occurred (stage II) but decreased during further development. Starch accumulated gradually in the course of maturation, whereas significant values were found in stage IV ZEs near shedding. Proline, on fresh weight basis, was high during stages I and II. Osmotic potential increased when, by rapid dry matter accumulation, stage II ZEs reached their maximum size during early intermediate development. Expression of precocious germination was higher on hormone-free medium, in particular, among stage II and stage III ZEs. Variations in phytohormone levels in combination with changes in tissue water status seem to be important factors for oak ZE development.