超高压对灵芝生长及其漆酶合成的影响

研究了超高压处理对灵芝生长及其漆酶合成的影响,试验结果表明:灵芝致死率随处理压力的增大而增加,在150MPa下处理30min获得了一株生物量和漆酶产量都大幅增加的菌株G1502,其最大生物量及酶活分别比出发菌株提高了19.34%和282.67%,发酵时间也缩短了1d。     

基质高利用率灵芝菌株筛选方法的研究

通过测定27株灵芝菌株的菌丝体生长速度,漆酶和纤维素酶相对活性及其栽培试验,运用多元线性回归分析法建立了菌丝体生长速度、漆酶和纤维素酶相对活性与产量的关系,确定出菌丝体的生长速度,漆酶和纤维素酶相对活性对产量的贡献力。结果表明:这些指标与产量有较高的线性相关。利用这些指标来预测杂交菌株的产量和选择灵芝杂交育种中的亲本,具有简便、快速等优点,可以有效缩短杂交育种的周期。     

基质高利用率灵芝菌株筛选方法的研究北大核心CSCD

通过测定27株灵芝菌株的菌丝体生长速度,漆酶和纤维素酶相对活性及其栽培试验,运用多元线性回归分析法建立了菌丝体生长速度、漆酶和纤维素酶相对活性与产量的关系,确定出菌丝体的生长速度,漆酶和纤维素酶相对活性对产量的贡献力。结果表明:这些指标与产量有较高的线性相关。利用这些指标来预测杂交菌株的产量和选择灵芝杂交育种中的亲本,具有简便、快速等优点,可以有效缩短杂交育种的周期。     

玉米水解糖液体培养灵芝发酵条件的优化

目的：优化液体培养灵芝的发酵条件,提高多糖产量。方法：采用玉米水解糖为主要成分的培养基,通过单因素和正交实验,对赤芝G22菌株液体培养过程中影响多糖产量的发酵温度、摇床转速等工艺条件进行了研究。结果：经极差分析和方差分析确定了多糖高产的最佳发酵条件为：发酵温度27℃、摇床转速170r/min、培养基初始pH值6.5、发酵时间144 h。结论：通过优化液体发酵条件,可显著提高灵芝多糖的产量。在最佳发酵条件下液体培养G22菌株,灵芝总多糖产量由1.851g/L提高到2.439g/L,提高了31.0%。     

灵芝深层发酵生产四环三萜酸的研究

从灵芝深层发酵产物中分离得到三种四环三萜酸,命名为灵芝酸Ｍ１,Ｍ２,Ｍ３,在２５Ｌ发酵罐上研究了发酵条件对灵芝酸产量的影响,以及灵芝酸的代谢形成特征。结果表明最适发酵条件是：温度３０℃;通风量１：０．７５ｖ／ｖ／ｍ;搅拌转速１８０ｒ／ｍｉｎ;发酵时间８０ｈ,此时灵芝酸的最高产量是０．３６ｇ／Ｌ发酵液。抑菌实验表明上述灵芝酸能够抑制大肠杆菌,产气杆菌、肠炎杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的生长。     

桑木层孔菌液体培养过程中几种胞外酶活性的变化

研究了桑木层孔菌Phellinus mori液体培养过程中发酵液中淀粉酶、果胶酶、羧甲基纤维素酶（CMC酶）和漆酶等4种胞外酶的活性变化,同时测定了蛋白质、还原糖和pH的变化。结果表明,桑木层孔菌拥有丰富的胞外酶系,淀粉酶酶活第7天时达到最大值,果胶酶在第9天和第12天的酶活都较高,羧甲基纤维素酶第10天时酶活最高,漆酶酶活第9天时达到最大值,说明桑木层孔菌对淀粉类物质利用最早。蛋白质浓度在第8天和第11天时出现两个峰值,还原糖浓度随培养时间逐渐降低,发酵液pH值在培养初期逐渐变小,后期逐渐变大。     

灵芝漆酶转化除草剂2,4-D丁酯的初步研究

来自灵芝ST（Ganoderma sp.ST）的漆酶在无氧化还原介质存在时能够直接转化苯氧羧酸类除草剂2,4-D丁酯。对酶转化2,4-D丁酯的条件进行了优化,包括pH值、给酶量和反应温度。灵芝ST漆酶在pH值4.0～8.0和15～30℃的范围内均能够有效转化2,4-D丁酯（初始浓度0.5mg/L）,在最适的pH值7.0、给酶量25U/L和温度30℃条件下,转化率随着酶作用时间的延长而提高,在24h左右达到最高（〉99.5%）。酶活力在作用时间内稳定,并且用自来水代替缓冲液获得的转化率相当。     

纤维基质对液体培养灵芝产纤维素酶的影响

本研究通过在培养基中添加滤纸、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、蔗渣和玉米芯等纤维素类基质,观察纤维素基质对液体培养条件下灵芝产纤维素酶和半纤维素酶的影响.结果表明,这些纤维素基质能促进纤维素酶活力的增加,促进作用效果各异,当滤纸的添加量达到1 g/L时,滤纸酶活(FP酶活)达到空白对照的9.04倍,当蔗渣添加量为1 g/L时,灵芝β-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活(Cx酶活)、FP酶活、半纤维素酶活分别比空白对照样增加了12%、534%、117.3%.     

灵芝漆酶催化直接耐晒翠蓝GL脱色条件的优化

采用灵芝菌株发酵所得的漆酶, 对酞菁类染料直接耐晒翠蓝GL进行了催化脱色实验, 确定了脱色反应的最适条件。结果表明: 单独使用灵芝漆酶粗酶液对直接耐晒翠蓝GL具有很好的脱色效果。其最适脱色pH为3.0, 最适脱色温度为40°C, 最适漆酶用量是40 U/mL, 最适染料浓度为60 mg/L。以上述最适脱色条件对直接耐晒翠蓝GL进行脱色实验, 反应70 min, 脱色率可达94.3%。研究结果显示, 所试灵芝漆酶在印染废水治理方面具有良好的应用前景。     

钙离子和水杨酸诱导灵芝多糖和三萜的合成

灵芝多糖和三萜是灵芝主要的药理活性物质。如何提高液体发酵中灵芝多糖和三萜的含量是目前研究的热点。本研究以J‐7/AL‐2菌株为例,在灵芝的液体发酵中加入10mmol/L钙离子诱导,多糖含量比对照提高34%,三萜含量提高64%。在发酵液中加入150μmol/L水杨酸(SA)诱导,多糖含量提高57.54%,三萜含量提高37.19%。在灵芝的液体发酵第12天加入10mmol/L钙离子和150μmol/L水杨酸,三萜含量提高46.9%。在不同诱导条件下,三萜的高效液相图谱(HPLC)显示钙离子与对照的差异性比较大。灵芝三萜关键酶基因的表达也有所不同。水杨酸提高法尼基焦磷酸合酶(FPS)、鲨烯合酶(SQS)和羊毛兹醇合酶(LS)基因的表达量,而钙离子和钙离子与水杨酸共同处理提高3‐羟基‐3‐甲基戊二酰辅酶A合酶(HMGS)、3‐羟基‐3‐甲基戊二酰辅酶A转录水平还原酶(HMGR)、焦磷酸甲羟戊酸脱羧酶(MVD)、法尼基焦磷酸合酶(FPS)、鲨烯合酶(SQS)和羊毛兹醇合酶(LS)6个三萜关键酶基因的表达量。在3种处理下,都是SQS的基因表达量提高最多,推测SQS基因是灵芝三萜合成过程中重要的基因。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.