秸秆分层多级转化液体燃料新工艺的研究进展

目前,秸秆主要作为性质单一组分的纤维素原料而采用生物转化法或快速热解法加以利用。生物转化法主要利用纤维素,而利用木质素和半纤维素较困难;快速热解生物质又使部分组分低值利用,而且得到的生物油品质低。为解决单一的生物或热转化方式存在的问题,提出秸秆分层多级转化液体燃料的新构思,即以秸秆“组分分离、分级定向转化”为核心,将生物转化和热转化有机结合多级转化生产燃料酒精与生物油。研究结果表明,秸秆经过汽爆处理后,采用高浓度发酵一分离乙醇耦合系统,可降低纤维素酶用量,提高了纤维素酶解效率,而且简化操作过程,使蒸馏前乙醇浓度达到60％以上。发酵乙醇剩余物再经热解后,不但热解温度较原秸秆明显降低,而且所得生物油品质有了明显改观。     

2013生物能源专刊序言

生物能源作为可再生能源,可以替代部分石化能源,有望缓解能源供给中对石油的依赖程度.本期专刊结合第6届国际生物能源会议,包括综述和研究报告两部分,报道了我国生物能源专家学者在燃料乙醇、生物柴油、微生物油脂、生物燃料标准、航空生物燃料等领域的最新研究进展.     

海藻生物质能源转化研究现状

随着全球化石能源的日益枯竭,寻求可替代传统化石能源的可再生生物质能源刻不容缓,海藻生物质资源越来越受到人们的关注。综述了近年海藻生物质能源转化的研究进展,详细介绍了可替代石油燃料的生物柴油技术,以及利用海藻生物质转化为具有高附加值化学品的研究现状,以期为海藻生物质能源的开发利用提供参考。     

海藻酸转化生物乙醇研究进展

作为第三代生物燃料,大型褐藻类生物质转化燃料乙醇的研究受到广泛的关注。但是,现有的乙醇工业菌株并不能利用褐藻中的主要成分海藻酸,这个问题是海藻生物乙醇实现工业化生产的主要技术难关。近几年随着对海藻酸裂解酶和海藻酸降解菌代谢途径的深入研究,科研人员构建了不同的海藻酸发酵菌株,为高效转化大型海藻生产生物乙醇提供了可行的技术基础。这篇文章对海藻酸资源概况和海藻酸转化生物乙醇存在的科学问题及其研究进展进行了综述。     

宏基因组技术在新型生物燃料生产酶制剂开发中的应用

随着石化燃料的日益减少,以植物生物质为原料的可再生生物燃料成为石化燃料的理想替代品。然而微生物降解生物质效率低下,是生物燃料生产过程中一大难题,因此开发效率高、稳定性强的微生物酶制剂显得尤为重要。近年来,宏基因组技术的发展为生物燃料的生产提供了多种新型酶制剂。宏基因组技术是直接提取环境样品中的总DNA,通过构建文库,筛选目的基因或功能基因的方法,在用于燃料生产的新型酶制剂的开发中发挥着重要作用。本文概述了宏基因组技术的实施策略,总结了包括纤维素酶、蛋白酶、酯酶、脂肪酶等多种酶资源开发的最新研究进展,并综合和讨论了通过酶法将木质纤维素等生物材料有效转化为生物燃料的途径,为新酶的开发提供了新思路。     

微藻生物炼制研究现状及发展策略

前言 资源短缺和环境污染问题已成为制约世界经济可持续发展的瓶颈.以可再生且环境友好的生物质资源替代化石资源已成为解决资源和环境问题的主要途径之一①,Henry R.Bungay②在1982年针对生物质资源开发与利用提出了生物炼制(Bio-Refinery)这一概念.美国国家可再生能源实验室(U.S.NREL)将生物炼制定义为将生物质原料转化为燃料、电热能和化学产品的生物质转化工艺与设备的集成.生物炼制的原料主要有:含纤维素的生物质和废弃物、谷类或玉米、青草、苜蓿、微藻等.其中微藻是一类在海洋、湖泊等水体中广泛分布的微型植物,能够利用光能固定CO2实现自养,其细胞中含有丰富的油脂、色素、蛋白质、维生素等成分.微藻生物炼制是以微藻为原料,生产各种化学品、燃料、生物基材料和食品等产品的工艺与设备的集成.     

酿酒酵母的工业化应用

酿酒酵母广泛应用于食品、酿造、化工、医药等领域.基于已建成投产或工业示范化生产的酿酒酵母生产线,回顾酵母生物质制造产业的发展历程和关键技术;综述酵母生物质在酿酒行业的应用,酵母生物质用于开发和制造功能性食品和食品添加剂的进展;总结酵母细胞工厂的发酵生产优势,介绍酿酒酵母制造大宗化学品、天然产物和生物燃料等产品的产业化进...     

自然生物系统在生物质高效转化利用中的科学价值与应用前景

<正>开发利用可再生的生物质资源对于解决人类发展面临的资源与环境危机具有重要意义。在自然界中,很多生物系统能够有效地克服生物质抗降解屏障,研究和利用自然高效生物转化系统是解决生物质高效转化这一重大科学问题最具潜力的有效途径之一。文章综述了自然生物转化系统的生物预处理机制及其     

微生物木糖代谢途径改造制备生物基化学品

当前,全球经济的高速发展与日益减少的石油资源储备进一步加剧了能源供需矛盾。人类对开发利用可再生的纤维素生物质资源寄予厚望。木糖是木质纤维素水解产物中含量仅次于葡萄糖的一种单糖,因此对木糖高效率生物转化的研究成为影响其工业化前景的关键因素之一。针对近几年的研究,文中综述了生物转化木糖方面的进展,包括木糖代谢途径的鉴定和设计、木糖运输途径的改造、生物基化学品制备。为了解决当前全球面临的能源危机与环境问题,运用合成生物学技术发展新一代生物燃料技术,特别是开发能够代谢木糖高产乙醇的微生物工程菌株是实现可持续发展的重要方式。     

生物丁醇制造技术现状和展望

丁醇是大宗基础化工原料,并有望成为新一代生物燃料。利用可再生原料通过微生物发酵生产丁醇受到人们的很大关注。然而,与石油原料制造丁醇相比,目前生物丁醇的制造成本偏高。生物丁醇制造技术按重要性排序:在廉价原料替代、低丁醇浓度及存在丙酮、乙醇低值副产物3个方面有改进空间。上海生物丁醇协作组设定了由易到难的技术路线图:通过代谢工程提高丁醇比例;在丁醇高耐受菌株中导入和优化丁醇合成途径;去除葡萄糖阻遏效应使之可利用复杂原料。协作组相信,通过与国内外广泛的产学研合作,应可在不远的将来开发出有经济竞争力并可持续发展的生物丁醇生产工艺。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.