谷氨酸棒杆菌耐受胁迫机制及工业鲁棒性合成生物学研究进展

谷氨酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium glutamicum作为一般被认为具有生物安全性的一种模式工业微生物,不仅在发酵工业中成功用于大规模生产氨基酸,而且具有合成多种新型化学品的潜力。谷氨酸棒杆菌菌株在生产化合物时,经常会受到各种逆境条件的胁迫,从而降低细胞活力和生产性能。合成生物学的发展为提高谷氨酸棒杆菌的鲁棒性提供了新的技术手段。本文总结了谷氨酸棒杆菌应对发酵过程中各种胁迫的耐受机制。同时,重点介绍提高谷氨酸棒杆菌底盘细胞鲁棒性和耐受性的合成生物学新策略,包括挖掘新的抗逆元件、改造转录调控因子、利用适应性进化策略挖掘抗逆功能模块等。最后,从生物传感器、转录调控因子的筛选和设计、多种调控元件利用等方面对提高谷氨酸棒杆菌底盘细胞鲁棒性进行了展望。     

L-谷氨酸生产关键技术创新与产业化应用

L-谷氨酸是目前产量最大的氨基酸品种,也是我国生产规模最大的生物发酵产品。随着合成生物技术以及新型生产装备和技术的发展,国内L-谷氨酸菌种和生产技术近年来取得了明显的提升。本文从L-谷氨酸产业的现状分析和关键技术创新需求的角度出发,概述了L-谷氨酸菌种和生产技术的研究进展,介绍了近年来L-谷氨酸生产关键技术的创新开发和产业应用的进展。     

适于二代燃料乙醇生产酿酒酵母的精准构制

以木质纤维素为原料的二代燃料乙醇工业生产对发酵微生物的基本要求,一是可对木质纤维素组分中的全糖发酵,二是对预处理过程产生的毒性物质具有高耐受性。酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)是具有优良生产性能的传统乙醇发酵生产菌株,是适合包括二代燃料乙醇等生物基化合物转化的理想底盘细胞。近30年来,利用理性代谢工程改造、非理性适应性进化以及新兴起的合成生物学等策略,对酿酒酵母进行精准构制,极大地提高了其二代燃料乙醇生产的产业化性能。综述了适于二代燃料乙醇生产酿酒酵母精准构制过程中的己糖和戊糖代谢途径工程、辅酶工程、糖转运蛋白、抗性元件发掘以及产业化推进等方面的研究进展。     

甲酸生物利用的研究进展

利用微生物细胞工厂实现高效的原料利用和目标物质合成是合成生物学的重要研究方向之一。传统工业微生物主要以糖基类原料作为发酵底物,而发掘更为廉价的碳资源并实现其高效利用,值得探究。甲酸是重要的有机一碳资源,亦是基本有机化工原料之一,广泛应用于农药、皮革、染料、医药和橡胶等工业。近年来受产业需求波动的影响,甲酸生产面临产能过剩的困境,亟待发展新的转化路径来拓展和延伸相关产业链,而生物路线是重要方向之一。然而,天然的甲酸利用微生物普遍存在生长缓慢、甲酸代谢效率低以及分子工具匮乏造成遗传改造困难等问题,亟待改造和优化;而人工构建甲酸利用微生物的研究尚处于起始阶段,存在极大的发展空间,值得关注。文中对近年来甲酸生物利用的研究进展进行了梳理和总结,并对今后的研究重点和方向提出建议。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌中氨基酸分泌转运蛋白及其代谢改造研究进展

氨基酸是一类在食品、医药及化工等领域具有广泛应用的重要化合物。谷氨酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium glutamicum是生物合成氨基酸最重要的微生物菌株,其年产各类氨基酸超过百万吨。谷氨酸棒杆菌高产氨基酸除具有强大的合成代谢能力外,高效的分泌转运能力也是不可忽略的分子基础。文中综述了近年来谷氨酸棒杆菌中氨基酸分泌转运蛋白及其代谢改造的研究进展,并展望了未来发展方向,为进一步改造提升其发酵生产氨基酸的能力提供了可资借鉴的资料。     

工业微生物：创新与突破专刊序言(2021)

工业微生物及其产品广泛用于工业、农业、医药等诸多领域,相关产业在国民经济中具有举足轻重的地位。高效的菌株是提高生产效率的核心,而先进发酵技术和仪器平台对充分开发菌株代谢潜能也很重要。近年来,工业微生物领域的研究取得了快速进展,人工智能、高效基因组编辑技术和合成生物学技术逐渐广泛使用,相关产业应用也在不断扩展。为进一步促进工业微生物在生物制造等领域的应用,《生物工程学报》特组织出版专刊,从微生物菌株的多样性和生理代谢、菌株改造技术、发酵过程优化和放大,高通量微液滴培养装备开发以及工业微生物应用等方面,分别阐述目前的研究进展,并展望未来的发展趋势,为促进工业微生物及生物制造等产业的发展奠定基础。     

发展生物乙醇以替代传统能源

尽管燃料乙醇的使用有一定局限性，但国外应用的实战证明，多途径发展生物乙醇也显示其生命力。在发展生物乙醇过程中必须扬其优，克其弊，以利燃料乙醇的发展。所谓生物乙醇指的是通过微生物发酵途径，以各种不同的生物质（主要是含糖类）为原料发酵生产乙醇（酒精），尽管有其传统的生产优势，现代生物技术微生物技术的应用则有全新的内含，生产菌种的选育，经过改造或重组建构，或酶活力提高以及各生产工艺改造等等。为扩大乙醇生产，提高其效率和产率是整个乙醇生产的基础和重要环节。     

高级醇的微生物绿色制造

高级醇是含有两个以上碳原子的醇类,具有比乙醇更优秀的燃料性能,是化石燃料的重要补充与替代品。利用微生物以可再生的生物质为原料进行高级醇的生产可同时缓解当前的能源与环境危机,已成为绿色生物制造的重大发展方向。天然的微生物仅能少量生产个别种类的高级醇,因此,通过代谢工程及合成生物学技术,在模式工业菌株中重构高级醇的合成途径,成为了克服高级醇生产瓶颈的必要手段。该领域自兴起以来已历经数十年发展,取得了多项开创性成果。本文作者有幸亲历了该领域从零到一、直至实现跨越式突破的完整历程。在代谢工程学科创立30周年之际,文中回顾了高级醇异源微生物合成的数个里程碑式工作,从途径创建、途经优化、原料扩展、底盘改造、产业化进程等多方面进行了分析总结。望以此激发学界对高级醇代谢工程的深入关注,促进新技术、新策略的开发应用,推动我国生物能源产业的创新升级。     

生物丁醇代谢工程的研究进展

丁醇作为一种重要的大宗化学品具有广泛的用途,同时又是一种潜在的生物燃料。随着能源与环境危机的日益加重,利用可再生原料通过微生物法生产丁醇受到全世界的普遍关注。代谢工程为定向改造微生物生产丁醇提供了有力的工具。通过改造经典的丙酮丁醇发酵和定向改造模式微生物生产丁醇是生物丁醇研究的两个重要方向。笔者从代谢工程改造的角度评述近5年来生物丁醇研究的进展,同时讨论了生物丁醇研究中需要着力解决的问题。     

工业微生物遗传和环境扰动的调控和适应进化

开发工业微生物,使其利用可再生的原料生产生物燃料、大宗化学品、食品添加剂和营养品、药物以及工业酶等,是发展生物产业的基础。工业微生物高产和胁迫抗性等鲁棒性状受复杂遗传调控网络控制,其改造需要从全基因组尺度进行系统的全局的多位点的扰动,以达到快速积累多样性基因型突变并产生所期望的表型。文中对工业微生物鲁棒性状的遗传调控与胁迫响应机制、基因组全局扰动与多位点快速进化以及细胞水平氧还平衡的全局扰动进行了简要综述,未来需要继续借助系统生物学和合成生物学手段,进一步加强对工业环境下工业微生物鲁棒性状调控机理的解析与建模预测以及系统的工程改造。     

Fatty acid composition of lipids from mushrooms belonging to the family Boletaceae

The non-polar lipid content and fatty acid (FA) composition of 11 mushroom species of the family Boletaceae were determined. The non-polar lipid content ranged from 2.0 (Leccinum aurantiacum and Boletus erythropus) to 5.4 % (w/w) d.w. (Suillus grevillei) with an average value of 2.9 %. More than 25 different FAs were found in the mushroom lipids. Unsaturated FAs, mainly linoleic and oleic acids, accounted for about 83 % of the total FAs, while palmitic acid was the main saturated FA. Some FAs are identified for the first time in Boletaceae and in higher Basidiomycetes (cis-11,12-methyleneoctadecanoic acid, 7-cis,10-cis hexadecadienoic) or in fungi (cis-11,12-methyleneoctadecanoic acid). There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the contents of specific FAs between mushroom species.     

少根根霉产孢能力、变种与发酵产物的相关性

[目的]探究少根根霉不同生态环境、不同地理位置、不同产孢能力和不同分类学变种的发酵产物多样性及相关性,为工业生产提供指导.[方法]代表性的68株少根根霉菌株于糯米培养基中进行液态发酵,利用高效液相色谱法测定各种发酵产物浓度,计算发酵产物间的Pearson相关系数,通过多因素方差分析和主成分分析解析各类菌株与发酵特性的相...     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

The identification of polypeptides synthesised during the acquisition of teichoic acid synthetic activity in Bacillus licheniformis

An attempt has been made to identify proteins synthesised during induction of teichoic acid synthesis in Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945. The proteins are recognised as those produced on the change from teichuronic acid to teichoic acid synthesis that occurs after the transfer of the bacteria from phosphate-limited to phosphate-rich conditions. B. licheniformis was grown in phosphate-limiting conditions in the presence of threonine to stimulate threonine uptake. The bacteria were then transferred to phosphate-rich conditions and were pulsed-labelled with [¹⁴C]threonine during the change to teichoic acid synthesis. All of the proteins were extracted from the cells with sodium dodecyl sulphate and were examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Radioactive polypeptides were identified by fluorography of the polyacrylamide gels. The radioactive polypeptides that were formed on change from teichuronic acid to teichoic acid synthesis were compared with the polypeptides present in a membrane sub-fraction that had high teichoic acid-synthesising activity. The labelling of nine polypeptides with [¹⁴C]threonine was dependent on new RNA synthesis. Of these nine polypeptides, five were also present in the membrane sub-fraction with the highest teichoic acid-synthesising activity.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

我国沿海拟菱形藻属的2新记录种及其产毒特征分析

为澄清我国沿海拟菱形藻属(Pseudo-nitzschia)的物种多样性,并确认中国海域拟菱形藻属是否具有产生多莫酸(Domoicacid)的能力,采用毛细管显微操作技术从我国沿海水体中分离、纯化拟菱形藻细胞,建立了单克隆培养株系,并基于核糖体转录间隔区ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 序列构建了分子系统树。结果表明,结合在光学显微镜和透射电镜下观察的形态学特征和分子系统发育分析数据,鉴定到我国拟菱形藻属的2新记录种:银河拟菱形藻(P. galaxiae Lundholm & Moestrup)和微孔拟菱形藻(P. micropora Priisholm, Moestrup & Lundholm),对其形态学特征进行了详细描述,并与相似种类进行了比较研究。利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对多莫酸特征进行了检测,结果表明培养株系并不产生多莫酸。这些为我国拟菱形藻属物种多样性和产毒特征研究提供了基础数据。     

Tracking down the "head blob": comparative analysis of wingless expression in the developing insect procephalon reveals progressive reduction of embryonic visual system patterning in higher insects

The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described “head blob”. These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.     

Evaluation of microbial strains for linoleic acid hydroxylation and reclassification of strain ALA2

In previous studies, a new microbial strain ALA2 was isolated which produced many new products from linoleic acid [Gardner H.W., Hou C.T., Weisleder D. and Brown W. 2000. Lipids 35: 1055–1060; Hou C.T. 1998. 12,13,17-Trihydroxy-9(Z)-Octodecenoic acid and derivatives and microbial isolate for production of the acid. US Patent No. 5, 852, 196]. Strain ALA2 was preliminary identified as Clavibacter sp. based on its physiological and fatty acid profiles. To determine if strain ALA2 is the optimal strain for industrial applications, other related strains were screened for their abilities to convert linoleic acids. Two strains from Clavibacter and 20 type strains from the phylogenetically related genus Microbacterium were studied. Surprisingly, all of these strains tested showed very little or no activity in converting linoleic acid. On reexamination of the identification of strain ALA2, the sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of ALA2 was found to be 99% identical to that of Bacillus megaterium and the strain was also found to have 76.3% DNA homology to the B. megaterium type strain. Therefore, strain ALA2 is now reclassified as B. megaterium. Screening of 56 strains of B megaterium strains showed that many of them were able to produce reasonable amounts of hydroxyl fatty acids from linoleic acid, although strain ALA2 possessed the greatest activity.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.