柏木人工林林窗位置对香椿细根分解及土壤真菌群落多样性的影响

为了解林窗位置对香椿细根分解及土壤真菌群落多样性的影响,以川中丘陵区30a生柏木人工林为研究对象,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术研究200 m²人工林窗中心位置（GC）、边缘位置（GB）、郁闭林（CC）对香椿细根2a自然分解后土壤真菌群落结构及多样性的影响。结果表明,林窗内不同位置之间微环境差异显著（P<0.05）,土壤理化性质对林窗位置变化的响应较细根养分元素更积极,GB位置细根分解速率显著高于GC和CC。土壤真菌门水平在3个林窗位置间无显著差异,其中子囊菌门、担子菌门是优势类群;腐生营养型真菌在3个林窗位置上具有显著差异,散囊菌目、粪壳菌目、肉座菌目、刺盾炱目、伞菌目是3个位置上相对丰度值>1%的优势类群,刺盾炱目、伞菌目相对丰度在GB和CC之间有显著差异（P<0.05）;青霉属和曲霉属是真菌在属水平上的优势类群,其相对丰度在3个位置间有极显著差异（P<0.01）。林窗位置未对真菌群落α多样性产生显著影响,但群落β多样性对位置变化的响应显著。GB位置群落β多样性显著高于GC和CC （P<0.05）,共有种数量最多,GC位置特有种数量最多。冗余分析发现较多环境因子对真菌群落的影响显著（P<0.01）,Mantel test （和partial Mantel test）分析结果表明土壤pH值、土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤速效磷、土壤全氮是真菌群落多样性的重要影响因子。综上所述,林窗内位置对土壤真菌类群构成和群落β多样性具有差异性影响,在柏木人工林内实施林窗式干扰有助于调节细根分解等地下生态进程。     

金佛山亚热带常绿阔叶林地表土壤动物群落特征及其影响因素

为探讨小尺度下不同微生境的土壤动物群落特征及其与环境因子之间的关系,于2018年10月在金佛山西坡亚热带常绿阔叶林样带内,对其凋落物层及腐殖质层两类微生境的土壤动物群落进行调查及相应环境因子的测定。此次调查共捕获地表土壤动物12381头,隶属于3门9纲22目。其中优势类群为蜱螨目和长角虫兆目,个体数占比为75.24%;常见类群为原虫兆目、愈腹虫兆目、短角虫兆目、双翅目、鞘翅目和膜翅目,个体数占比为21.23%。同时,土壤动物的密度（M）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H）、Simpson优势度指数（D）及Pielou均匀度指数（E）均表现为腐殖质层极显著高于凋落物层（P<0.01）。根据回归分析及冗余分析结果发现,两类微生境的土壤动物群落特征与环境因子的关系存在一定差异;影响凋落物层土壤动物群落特征的重要环境因子为凋落物的总有机碳、碳氮比、湿度及pH,而影响腐殖质层土壤动物群落特征的重要环境因子为腐殖质的干重、总氮、总磷、湿度、pH及微生物生物量氮。研究表明,常绿阔叶林生态系统的不同微生境间土壤动物多样性特征存在显著差异,小尺度下环境因子对土壤动物群落特征具有重要影响。     

西藏麦地卡湿地大型土壤动物群落特征与环境因子关系

为了探究西藏麦地卡湿地国家级自然保护区大型土壤动物群落特征与环境因子的关系,于2020年7月和2021年8月根据其地理环境特征在其三个核心区共设置了3个样地（100 m×100 m）,每个样地设置2个样点作为重复;采用手检法收集大型土壤动物,并保存于75%乙醇的收集管中,圆筒式环刀（高30 cm,直径5 cm）取0~10 cm土样,测定相关环境因子。共捕获大型土壤动物336头,经鉴定隶属于3门5纲11目15科,优势类群为石蜈蚣科（Lithobiidae）、芫菁科（Meloidae）、拟步甲科（Tenebrionidae）;单因素方差分析显示,三个样地中,大型土壤动物个体数（F=0.194,P=0.833）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H）（F=0.304,P=0.758）、Pielou均匀度指数（E）（F=0.346,P=0.732）和Simpson优势度指数（C）（F=0.245,P=0.797）均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。三个样地的Jaccard相似性系数（J）在0.56~0.65,为中等相似;功能类群以植食性为主,腐食性最少。Pearson相关性分析表明,Pielou均匀度指数（E）分别与海拔（Alt）和速效钾（RAK）呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,Pielou均匀度指数（E）分别与土壤含水量（SWC）和全氮（TN）呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,个体数（N）与土壤盐度（SAL）呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。     

高寒草甸生态系统蚁丘对小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为查明高寒草甸中蚁丘对小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响,2018年5、7和10月分别在若尔盖高寒草甸内选取6个直径在30-35 cm间的蚁丘作为调查对象,并选取距相应蚁丘2 m处的点作为对照,采集蚁丘和对照的土壤样品,用Tullgren法分离小型土壤节肢动物。结果表明：（1）蚁丘可以明显改变高寒草甸小型土壤节肢动物群落组成结构,主要类群由螨类转变为跳虫;（2）蚁丘中的长角跳目、前气门亚目和甲螨亚目的个体密度均显著高于对照（P<0.05）,但仅有甲螨亚目个体百分比在群落中所占比例显著高于对照（P<0.05）;（3）蚁丘可以显著提高小型土壤节肢动物群落密度和多样性,尤其能够使部分菌食性跳虫（库跳属、隐跳属、符跳属）和腐食性螨类（布伦螨属、双瘤吸螨属、微奥甲螨属及下盾甲螨属）的个体数量大幅增加;（4）从5月到10月,小型土壤节肢动物群落的个体密度在蚁丘中呈先增加后下降的变化趋势（P<0.05）,在对照中呈持续增加（P>0.05）,而类群数和Shannon多样性指数在蚁丘和对照中均呈增加趋势,但仅在对照有显著差异（P<0.05）;（5）小型土壤节肢动物的类群数、Shannon多样性指数与有机质含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,个体密度与土壤容重呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。研究结果表明,蚁丘能够改变小型土壤节肢动物群落组成结构,并显著提高小型土壤节肢动物群落个体密度和多样性。     

不同基因型转Bt水稻种植对土壤螨类群落的影响

随着转基因技术的飞速发展,越来越多的转基因作物新品种被培育成功并得以推广应用,但转基因作物对非靶标生物的生态安全性问题日益引起人们的广泛关注。为加强转基因作物的生态风险评估,以Cry1Ab纯合基因型转Bt（Bacillus thuringiensis）水稻"克螟稻"和Cry1Ab/Ac融合基因型转Bt水稻"华恢1号"及其对照亲本水稻稻田土壤螨类为研究对象,系统调查研究了纯和基因型和融合基因型转Bt水稻种植下土壤螨类的群落组成、数量动态及其群落多样性的变化。研究结果显示,转Bt水稻对土壤螨类的群落组成无负面影响,仅一些稀有类群（<1%）和常见类群（介于1%和10%）消失或出现。且与对照亲本相比,纯和基因型转Bt水稻中仅上罗甲螨科（Epilohmanniidae）上罗甲螨属（Epilohmannia）的百分比含量显著增加了525%。此外,转Bt水稻与其对照亲本稻田土壤螨类的数量动态、群落多样性、群落均匀度和科属丰富度之间均差异不显著（P > 0.05）。而与纯合基因型转Bt水稻相比,融合基因型转Bt水稻可显著提高大田土壤螨类的数量和科属丰富度（P < 0.05）。可见,融合基因型转Bt水稻种植比纯合基因型转Bt水稻更有利于土壤螨类等非靶标生物的发生及其生物多样性保护。     

瑞昌石灰岩红壤区退耕还林土壤动物群落特征

以江西瑞昌石灰岩红壤区采取多树种混交、竹阔混交和林苗一体化3种模式退耕还林6年后的林地为研究对象,分析退耕还林对土壤动物群落及其数量变化的影响.退耕还林地土壤动物隶属于6门17纲34目,优势类群为线虫纲,占总类群数的86.7％;常见类群为蜱螨目、线蚓科以及弹尾目.对照农耕地土壤动物隶属于5门10纲21目,优势类群为线虫纲,占总密度的86.7％;常见类群为蜱螨目和线蚓科.退耕还林地土壤稀有类群数(30类)明显大于农耕地(18类).除冬季外退耕还林地土壤动物类群数和平均密度显著高于农耕地.土壤动物的垂直分布具有明显的表聚性,表层(0～5 cm)土壤动物数量与5～10、10～15 cm土层存在极显著差异,且退耕还林地表聚性较农耕地更明显.退耕还林地土壤动物类群数均为夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季,且夏、秋季与春、冬季差异显著;平均密度为秋季＞夏季＞春季＞冬季,季节间差异显著.退耕还林地土壤动物生物多样性指数显著高于农耕地,3种退耕还林模式中,多树种混交模式的生物多样性最高,林苗一体化模式最低.     

降水量与氮添加对荒漠草原生态系统碳交换的影响

为深入了解降水格局改变和氮沉降增加对荒漠草原生态系统碳交换的影响机制，于2017年在宁夏荒漠草原设立了降水量变化（减少50%、减少30%、自然降水量、增加30%以及增加50%）和氮添加（0和5 g m^-2 a^-1）的野外试验，研究了2019年生长季（5-10月份）净生态系统碳交换（Net ecosystem carbon exchange，NEE）、生态系统呼吸（Ecosystem respiration，ER）和总生态系统生产力（Gross ecosystem productivity，GEP）的时间动态，分析了三者与植被组成以及土壤属性的关系。NEE、ER和GEP日动态和月动态均呈先增加后降低，NEE在整个生长季表现为净生态系统碳吸收。0和5 g m^-2 a^-1氮添加下，减少降水量显著降低了NEE、ER和GEP （P<0.05），增加30%降水量显著提高了三者（P<0.05）。相同降水量条件下，氮添加不同程度地提高了NEE、ER和GEP，且其效应在增加50%降水量时较为明显。净生态系统碳吸收（-NEE）、ER和GEP与群落生物量、牛枝子（Lespedeza potaninii）以及草木樨状黄芪（Astragalus melilotoides）生物量正相关。三者亦随Patrick丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的增加而增加。本文结果意味着，减少降水量降低了土壤水分和养分有效性、抑制了植物生长，从而降低了生态系统碳交换。适量增加降水量则可能通过提高土壤含水量、刺激土壤酶活性、调节土壤C ： N ： P平衡特征等途径，促进了植物生长和物种多样性，从而提高了生态系统碳汇功能；氮添加亦促进了生态系统碳交换，但其与降水的交互作用尚不明显，需通过长期观测进行深入探讨。     

上海大金山岛植被功能组成对草本植物、土壤动物和细菌多样性的影响

揭示植物群落对土壤动物和微生物多样性的上行调控效应有助于理解不同营养级生物多样性的维持机制。以往的研究主要集中在植物物种多样性对土壤动物和微生物多样性的影响,而关于植被功能组成自下而上的影响研究较少。以上海大金山岛13个植物群落为对象,在分析落叶木本植物占比与树木和草本物种多样性,以及土壤动物和细菌多样性的关系基础上,利用结构方程模型区分了落叶木本植物占比对土壤动物和细菌多样性的直接与间接影响效应。结果显示：落叶木本植物占比不仅分别对草本物种多样性和土壤动物多样性分别产生直接正效应和负效应（P<0.01;P<0.05）,也会通过草本物种的级联效应间接的降低地下土壤细菌多样性（P<0.10）。然而,木本植物多样性仅与草本物种多样性显著正关联（P<0.10）,与土壤动物和细菌多样性无显著关联（P>0.10）。该研究结果表明,相较于木本植物多样性,落叶植物占比在中亚热带北缘森林生态系统不同营养级生物多样性维持格局中扮演着更为重要的角色。     

科尔沁沙地不同造林类型对土壤动物多样性的影响

为深入认识流沙生境中种植人工林对土壤动物多样性的影响,选择科尔沁流动沙地及其周围灌木林和乔木林地(生长年龄均为30年左右)为研究样地,对土壤动物群落与土壤环境进行调查,分析了土壤动物群落结构对流动沙地种植人工林的响应及影响因素.结果表明:流动沙地种植人工林对土壤性状产生显著影响,尤其是灌木林覆盖流动沙地显著改善了土壤环境,增加了土壤水分,提高了土壤营养条件.在3种林地中共捕获土壤动物485只、11个类群.优势类群为蜱螨目和弹尾目,常见类群为啮目,其他8个类群为稀有类群.从流动沙地到灌木林地和乔木林地,土壤动物密度减少,类群数和Shannon指数增加,而均匀度指数下降.但土壤动物密度、类群数、Shannon指数和均匀度指数在3种样地间均无显著性差异.土壤电导率是影响土壤动物类群数分布的重要因素.在科尔沁沙地,流动沙地种植人工林能够改善土壤环境和影响土壤动物多样性,但以30年的人工林研究其对流动沙地土壤动物群落的影响存在局限性.     

基于高通量测序的稀释平板计数细菌群落变化研究

【目的】明确平板计数法中不同稀释梯度对土壤细菌数量和组成的影响规律,比较稀释平板计数法和高通量测序研究土地利用方式变化下土壤细菌群落的差异。【方法】针对不同土地利用方式下的4种土壤(次生林、健康蕉园、发病蕉园和水稻土),设置5个土壤悬液10^-1-10^-5稀释梯度开展平板计数,获得平板上可培养细菌富集物并提取总DNA;同时直接提取原位土壤微生物总DNA,高通量测序细菌富集物DNA和土壤总DNA中的16S rRNA基因,研究不同土壤悬液稀释梯度下的可培养细菌群落和背景土壤细菌多样性,明确可培养细菌占土壤总细菌的比例以及多样性差异。【结果】次生林垦殖为蕉园土壤后土壤呼吸增幅最高,细菌数量降幅最高,稀释平板计数与实时荧光定量PCR (real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR)结果一致,但其他土地利用方式变化的稀释平板计数与实时荧光定量细菌数量的结果并不完全一致。连续稀释显著降低了可培养细菌多样性。与原位土壤总细菌相比,土壤可培养细菌群落Chao 1指数降幅高达86%-98%。与土壤悬液稀释10倍(10^-1)相比,稀释100-10万倍(10^-2-10^-5)后可培养细菌群落Chao 1指数降幅高达35%-60%。连续梯度稀释也降低了物种多样性,所有稀释梯度共检测到315-401个微生物属,共有属仅为21-38个,而10^-1梯度独有属有92-210个,10^-2-10^-5梯度独有属为2-59个。4种土壤中可培养细菌占背景土壤总细菌比例范围为：16.1%-47.7% (门水平),7.4%-30.9% (属水平)。两两比较不同土地利用方式间的显著差异物种,可培养方法获得的显著增加和减少的物种数量仅为高通量直接测序原位土壤结果的9.7%和22.9%;免培养和可培养均发现了一些共同的差异物种,包括Bacillaceae、Micrococcaceae、Microbacterium、Comamonadaceae和Burkholderiales。【结论】传统稀释平板计数可培养细菌数量过程中,10^-1稀释梯度下可培养细菌比例及多样性明显高于10^-2-10^-5梯度,而10^-2-10^-5梯度之间并无明显差异。表明传统稀释平板计数过程中,遗漏了相当数量的独特微生物属,其比例范围为35.9%-99.0%。可培养法和免培养法均发现,土地利用方式变化可导致一些微生物类群显著降低,如Microbacterium。尽管可培养方法低估了不同土地利用方式间细菌群落的差异,但可培养与免培养方法发现了共同的差异细菌类群。与4种土壤中细菌本底丰度相比,固体平板显著富集Pseudomonas和Flavobacterium,增加倍数分别为2 233-5 805倍和43-4 506倍。未来应耦合分子生态学与可培养技术深入发掘复杂土壤环境中的微生物资源。     

Race and Racism in America and in Anthropology

Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview . Audrey Smedley
Anthropology and Race . Eugenia Shanklin     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Electroejaculation in chimpanzees and gorillas and artificial insemination in chimpanzees

Electroejaculation was performed in 3 chimpanzees, 1 pygmy chimpanzee, and 2 gorillas with an instrument that delivers a modified sine wave current with a frequency of 24 Hz. The current stimuli were applied by a rectal probe with longitudinal electrodes. The electrical parameters varied from 6 to 12 V and from 30 to 40 mA for response of erection and lay between 8 and 18 V and between 40 and 145 mA during semen emission. Eleven chimpanzee semen samples showed the following data (x ± SD): total volume 1.9 ± 1.3 ml, volume of the liquid fraction 0.3 ± 0.2 ml, spermatozoa per ejaculate 743 ± 376 × 10⁶, sperm motility 52.7 ± 9.6%, morphologically abnormal spermatozoa 12.2 ± 7.5%. From an adult gorilla, three semen samples were collected, in each case without spermatozoa. The electrostimulation of a 6-year-old gorilla led to an erection, but not to semen emission. Three female chimpanzees were inseminated with fresh or frozen semen, each of them within three different estrous cycles. None of these inseminations led to a pregnancy.     

Trajectories and Constraints in Brain Evolution in Primates and Cetaceans

A negative allometric relationship between body mass (BM) and brain size (BS) can be observed for many vertebrate groups. In the past decades, researchers have proposed several hypotheses to explain this finding, but none is definitive and some are possibly not mutually exclusive. Certain species diverge markedly (positively or negatively) from the mean of the ratio BM/BS expected for a particular taxonomic group. It is possible to define encephalization quotient (EQ) as the ratio between the actual BS and the expected brain size. Several cetacean species show higher EQs compared to all primates, except modern humans. The process that led to big brains in primates and cetaceans produced different trajectories, as shown by the organizational differences observed in every encephalic district (e.g., the cortex). However, these two groups both convergently developed complex cognitive abilities. The comparative study on the trajectories through which the encephalization process has independently evolved in primates and cetaceans allows a critical appraisal of the causes, the time and the mode of quantitative and qualitative development of the brain in our species and in the hominid evolutionary lineage.     

Variation in infectivity and aggressiveness in space and time in wild host-pathogen systems: causes and consequences

Variation in host resistance and in the ability of pathogens to infect and grow (i.e. pathogenicity) is important as it provides the raw material for antagonistic (co)evolution and therefore underlies risks of disease spread, disease evolution and host shifts. Moreover, the distribution of this variation in space and time may inform us about the mode of coevolutionary selection (arms race vs. fluctuating selection dynamics) and the relative roles of G × G interactions, gene flow, selection and genetic drift in shaping coevolutionary processes. Although variation in host resistance has recently been reviewed, little is known about overall patterns in the frequency and scale of variation in pathogenicity, particularly in natural systems. Using 48 studies from 30 distinct host–pathogen systems, this review demonstrates that variation in pathogenicity is ubiquitous across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Quantitative analysis of a subset of extensively studied plant–pathogen systems shows that the magnitude of within‐population variation in pathogenicity is large relative to among‐population variation and that the distribution of pathogenicity partly mirrors the distribution of host resistance. At least part of the variation in pathogenicity found at a given spatial scale is adaptive, as evidenced by studies that have examined local adaptation at scales ranging from single hosts through metapopulations to entire continents and – to a lesser extent – by comparisons of pathogenicity with neutral genetic variation. Together, these results support coevolutionary selection through fluctuating selection dynamics. We end by outlining several promising directions for future research.     

Aminoacylation in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and in methanogenic and halophilic archaebacteria

Abstract Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PRS) from the sulphur-metabolizing thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has been purified 150-fold using different chromatographic steps. The enzyme has a M _r of 270 000 and exhibits considerable thermostability in a temperature range up to 90°C with optimal activity at 70°C. Conservation of antigenic determinants could not be detected by antibodies against various PRS of all primary kingdoms. As a further means to detect traits of phylogenetic relationship, the cross-species reactivity between PRS and tRNAs of organisms from the three branches of archaebacteria and from all primary kingdoms reveals the group character of all 3 branches of the archaebacterial domain, the sulphur-metabolizing, methanogenic and halophilic archaebacteria.