土壤微生物多样性通过共现网络复杂性表征高寒草甸生态系统多功能性

土壤微生物多样性在生态系统功能的维持方面发挥着至关重要的作用，但是土壤生物多样性与生态系统功能（Biodiversity-ecosystem function，BEF）关系仍存在争议。以往的研究多基于简单多样性指标（如物种数、香浓多样性指数等）对BEF关系进行探究，忽略了物种间复杂的相互作用在BEF关系中的重要性。以青藏高原米拉山高寒草甸为研究对象，使用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术测定了6个海拔高度（3755 m、3994 m、4225 m、4534 m、4900 m、5120 m）土壤细菌和真菌群落特征，分析了简单微生物多样性指标（物种数）和共现网络复杂性与生态系统多功能性（Ecosystem multifunctionality，EMF）的关系，以期进一步揭示微生物多样性与EMF的关系。共现网络分析表明，表征土壤细菌和真菌网络复杂性的节点（Node）和边（Link）沿海拔高度的升高显著下降（P<0.05）。土壤细菌和真菌的多样性和网络复杂性均沿海拔的升高显著下降（P<0.05），而且网络复杂性比相应的多样性下降明显。在未控制环境因素时，真菌和细菌的多样性和网络复杂性均与EMF显著正相关（P<0.05）；其中真菌和细菌网络复杂性对EMF的解释度高于相应多样性对EMF的解释度。通过偏回归分析（Partial least squares regression，PLSR）控制年降水、年均温、黏粒含量、盐基离子和酸性离子等气候及土壤环境因子影响后，土壤细菌和真菌物种多样性与EMF的显著正相关关系变为不相关（P>0.05），而网络复杂性与EMF的显著正相关关系（P<0.05）仍然存在。利用方差分解分析（Variance partition analysis，VPA）将环境因子纳入对EMF的影响后发现，土壤微生物网络复杂性和环境因子对EMF变化的解释度可达80%，高于土壤微生物多样性与环境因子对EMF变化的解释度。结构方程模型（Structural equation model，SEM）分析进一步显示，土壤细菌多样性和真菌多样性通过促进对应共现网络的复杂性，间接对EMF产生正向影响。综上所述，相较于简单的多样性指标，土壤微生物网络复杂性对EMF具有更好的解释度和预测性，微生物多样性主要通过促进网络复杂性间接正向影响EMF。研究结果扩展了BEF关系的研究，证明微生物物种多样性主要通过促进对应的网络复杂性维持EMF。     

贺兰山东坡典型植物群落多样性垂直分布特征与土壤因子的关系

深入探究山地生态系统植物群落多样性与关键土壤因子的关系及土壤因子在植物群落构建与多样性维持中的重要作用是区域生物多样性保护和生态系统服务功能综合提升的基础。本文采用冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）和相关分析揭示了贺兰山东坡典型植物群落多样性垂直分布格局与土壤因子的关系。结果表明：（1）贺兰山东坡植物群落多样性具有明显的垂直分布格局,针阔叶混交林植物物种组成最为丰富,中域效应明显;不同层次植物多样性随海拔升高变化趋势不一致且各自在不同海拔间差异显著（P<0.05）,植物多样性大体表现为草本层 > 灌木层 > 乔木层。（2）研究区土壤因子沿海拔梯度变化趋势不同,均存在显著差异（P<0.05）,其中土壤含水量（SM）、有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）含量空间变异性较大;高山灌丛草甸土壤养分含量最高,高海拔区土壤P限制高。（3）9个土壤因子解释了研究区总体植物多样性89.68%的生态信息,与植物多样性具有较强的相关性,影响不同层次植物多样性垂直分异的关键土壤因子略有不同。综上,土壤有机碳、pH、碳磷比、含水量是影响贺兰山东坡植物多样性空间分布的主要驱动因子。     

基于结构方程模型分析林分空间结构对草本物种多样性的影响

林分空间结构的改变直接影响林下草本物种的多样性。以针叶纯林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采用结构方程模型研究了林分空间结构对林下草本物种多样性的影响,并探讨了林分水平空间结构,垂直空间结构以及林木竞争态势对林下草本物种多样性的影响的相对重要性。结果表明,林分水平空间结构对林下草本的物种多样性指数和物种均匀性指数均存在极显著的影响（P < 0.001）,影响系数高达0.96和0.89,对林下草本物种丰富度存在显著影响（P < 0.01）,影响系数为0.22;林分垂直空间结对林下草本丰富度和物种均匀性指数均存在极显著的影响（P < 0.001）,影响系数分别为0.86和0.43,对林下草本物种多样性指数存在显著影响（P < 0.01）,影响系数为0.16;林木竞争指数与林下草本丰富度和物种多样性指数也均存在极显著的影响（P < 0.001）,但影响系数较小,分别为-0.47和-0.30,而对林下草本物种均匀性指数未达到显著影响作用（P > 0.05）,影响系数仅为-0.04。整体上看,林分水平空间结构、垂直空间结构和林木竞争态势均对林下草本物种多样性有较强的影响作用,但从影响系数看,林分水平空间结构的影响作用最大,垂直空间结构次之,林木竞争态势的影响作用最小。因此,欲维持或改善林下草本物种多样性,应采取调整林分水平空间结构为主,垂直空间结构调整为辅,并适当降低林木竞争程度的综合经营措施。     

杉木林改造成乡土阔叶林对林下植物物种组成和多样性的影响

把杉木林改造成乡土阔叶林,不仅能提供高价值木材,而且能够提升生态系统服务功能,是我国目前改造退化针叶林最常见的经营模式之一,但这些改变对其林下植物物种组成和多样性的影响及机制我们尚知之甚少。以南亚热带杉木林采伐迹地上重新种植的杉木林、红锥林和米老排林为研究对象,调查研究其灌木层和草本层植物物种组成和多样性,结果表明：（1）和杉木林相比,改造后的红锥林和米老排林灌木层的植物物种丰富度和多样性均呈极显著降低（P<0.01）,但其草本层植物只有物种丰富度极显著降低（P<0.01）,多样性均无显著变化（P>0.05）;（2）主成分分析（PCA）表明改造后的林分灌木层和草本层的植物物种组成发生明显的变化,冗余分析（RDA）确定导致林分灌木层植物物种组成发生变化的主要原因是杉木林改造成红锥林和米老排林后的冠层透光率、土壤碳氮比、土壤含水量和凋落物碳氮比的显著变化,而冠层透光率和土壤碳氮比的显著变化是导致其林下草本层植物物种组成发生明显变异的主要因子;（3）方差分解结果显示微地形、乔木特性和土壤理化性质的独立效应对灌木层和草本层植物物种组成的影响高于它们的交互效应。该研究为科学经营管理人工林和提高人工林生态系统多功能性提供科学依据。     

克氏针茅草原群落物种多样性与生物量关系对放牧强度的响应

放牧强度引起的草原植物群落物种多样性与地上生物量变化是近年来草地生态系统研究的热点问题。以内蒙古锡林郭勒克氏针茅草原为研究对象,探究植物群落结构特征、物种多样性与地上生物量之间相互关系及其对不同放牧强度的响应。结果表明：随着放牧强度的增加植物群落结构逐步向退化方向演替;植物群落高度逐渐降低（P<0.05）,密度逐渐增加（P<0.05）,盖度总体呈下降趋势（P<0.05）;植物群落和原有群落优势种地上生物量总体呈下降趋势（P<0.05）,而退化指示物种的地上生物量逐渐增加（P<0.05）;轻度、中度放牧条件下群落物种Margalef指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数均显著高于重度放牧（P<0.05）;地上生物量与Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数和Pielou指数呈正相关关系,而与Simpson指数呈负相关关系。综上所述,克氏针茅草原植物群落结构和功能在不同放牧强度下产生不同的响应,适度放牧有利于提高群落物种多样性与生物量。     

药用植物刺山柑不同部位细菌群落结构及其多样性

【目的】研究传统药用植物刺山柑（Capparis spinosa L.）不同部位细菌群落结构、物种组成和多样性特征,为药用植物微生物资源的开发及微生物与宿主互作提供理论依据。【方法】本研究以刺山柑地上部植物组织（果实、茎）和地下部土壤（根际土壤、非根际土壤）为研究材料,采用高通量测序技术分析刺山柑不同部位细菌的16S rRNA基因多样性,比较其细菌群落结构和物种组成特征。【结果】刺山柑4种样本共获得的3 649个操作分类单元（operational taxonomic unit,OTU）,属于34门、88纲、248目、464科和1 051属。土壤样本的细菌多样性大于植物组织,细菌群落多样性以根际土壤、非根际土壤、茎和果实的顺序逐渐降低,果实内生细菌群落多样性始终最低,显著低于根际土壤。不同部位相对丰度较高的细菌门如下：植物组织中以变形菌门为主,根际土壤中为变形菌门和放线菌门,非根际土中为厚壁菌门和放线菌门。无色杆菌属（Achromobacter）、欧文氏菌属（Erwinia）、肠球菌属（Enterococcus）、微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella）主要存在于刺山柑植物组织中。游动球菌属（Planomicrobium）、库克菌属（Kocuria）、类芽孢杆菌属（Paenibacillus）、链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、微枝形杆菌属（Microvirga）和节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）主要分布于土壤中。β多样性分析结果表明,刺山柑植物组织和土壤的细菌群落结构具有显著差异,同类型样本的细菌群落结构相似。【结论】刺山柑土壤样本中细菌群落的多样性和丰富度均高于植物组织,刺山柑不同部位的细菌群落组成不同。本研究对刺山柑不同部位细菌群落结构进行了初步分析,鉴定了各部位细菌群落中的核心菌群,为以后挖掘刺山柑的功能研究和利用提供了准确的微生物信息。     

高寒半湿润沙地植物与土壤微生物多样性对植被恢复的响应

为探究植被恢复对高寒半湿润沙化脆弱生态系统的恢复效应,明确植物群落与土壤微生物多样性对恢复的响应,为高寒沙化植被恢复提供科学支撑。以青藏高原东南缘沙化地为对象,通过连续种植老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)进行植被恢复,分析连续3年恢复后,植物群落物种组成与多样性的变化,土壤微生物群落不同季节数量与多样性的变化,探讨植物与土壤微生物多样性对植被恢复的响应特征。结果表明:老芒麦作为建群种促进植被恢复过程,3年后植物群落物种数量相较对照增加了13种,而物种种类相较对照新增14种,川甘亚菊(Ajania potaninii)从群落中消失,总体表现为短命植物和对水分需求较高的植物种类增加,植物群落物种多样性增加;土壤中微生物群落和微生物数量季节性变化剧烈,在非生长季节后期(4月),土壤细菌含量相较对照组增加了1.2倍(0-15 cm)与1.8倍(15-30 cm),真菌含量相较对照组增加了0.5倍(0-15 cm)和5.1倍(15-30 cm),放线菌相较对照组增加了1.5(0-15 cm)倍和4倍(15-30 cm);土壤微生物多样性显著增加。种植老芒麦恢复高寒半湿润沙化脆弱生态系统,促进了植物群落物种多样性与土壤微生物群落多样性恢复,这将有助于高寒沙化生态系统恢复过程。     

深圳市建成区入侵植物对草本植物种类及功能多样性的影响

入侵植物对城市生态系统形成潜在威胁,有待引起足够的关注。为探究城市入侵植物对草本植物种类及功能多样性的影响,以深圳市建成区入侵植物鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）和南美蟛蜞菊（Sphagneticola trilobata）为例,分析了不同绿地类型中不同程度的单独入侵和共同入侵对草本植物群落物种多样性和功能多样性的影响规律。结果显示：①Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均与入侵植物盖度呈显著负相关（P<0.05,0.5865 < R² < 0.9356）。②功能丰富度指数（FRic）、功能均匀度指数（FEve）和Rao二次熵指数（FD_Q）与入侵植物盖度有一定的相关关系（0.0000 < R² < 0.2211）。③群落的特征加权平均株高（CWM_H）与入侵植物盖度有一定的正相关关系（0.0716 < R² < 0.2262）。④与未入侵的样方相比,鬼针草轻度入侵显著提高了物种多样性（P<0.05）,鬼针草和南美蟛蜞菊单独重度入侵均显著降低物种多样性（P<0.05）,二者各种程度的分别单独入侵及共同入侵都显著提高了群落加权平均株高（CWM_H）（P<0.05）。⑤对不同的绿地类型分开计算发现,鬼针草单独入侵和二者共同入侵都显著提高了各种绿地类型的物种多样性（P<0.05）,南美蟛蜞菊单独入侵只对部分绿地类型的群落物种多样性影响显著。⑥鬼针草和南美蟛蜞菊之间的生态效应可能为拮抗作用。研究结果为进一步揭示植物入侵对城市草本植物群落的影响规律提供参考,为有效防治城市外来植物入侵提供一定的依据。     

蒙古沙冬青根际土壤细菌群落组成及多样性与生态因子相关性研究

蒙古沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）是中国西北荒漠唯一的常绿阔叶灌木,耐干旱、抗逆性强,在水土和荒漠化防治方面发挥着重要作用。为了探究蒙古沙冬青根际微生物多样性与生态因子互作机制,采用高通量测序技术测定了26个自然种群根际土壤细菌多样性;利用冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）探讨了根际细菌群落组成和多样性与生态因子之间的关系。结果表明：蒙古沙冬青根际土壤细菌隶属于15门、43纲、68目、123科、185属;主要优势细菌群为蓝菌门（Cyanobacteria）65.74%、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）21.72%、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）6.28%（相对丰度>2%）;优势菌纲为α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）17.48%、放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）4.76%、γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）3.28%。RDA分析显示：生态因子能够解释蒙古沙冬青根际土壤细菌群落多样性52.69%的方差,其中年均降雨量（F=12.8,P=0.002）、纬度（F=5.1,P=0.016）、太阳辐射（F=5,P=0.02）是影响土壤细菌多样性的主要因素。研究结果可为深入认识荒漠生态系统中根际土壤细菌的群落结构和影响因素提供理论依据。     

北疆盐碱地植物群落空间分布及物种多样性

为探究盐碱地植物群落空间分布特征及群落间物种多样性的关系,根据对北疆盐碱地植物群落84个样点调查的数据,以各物种多度为指标,采用双向指示种分析方法（TWINSPAN）、除趋势对应分析法（DCA）、典范对应分析法（CCA）进行数量分类并分析群落分布与环境因子间关系和群落物种多样性及相似性变化特征。结果表明,TWINSPAN数量等级分类将84个样点的植物划分为11种类型。各群丛类型的物种多样性特征表现为群丛Ⅲ的多样性最大,群丛X多样性最小,且群丛Ⅲ多样性显著高于群丛X （P<0.05）,群丛VⅡ均匀度最大,群丛X均匀度最小,且群丛Ⅲ均匀度显著高于群丛X（P<0.05）,群丛I的丰富度最大,群丛X丰富度最小,且群丛I丰富度显著高于群丛X（P<0.05）,在所有群丛中群丛Ⅲ所含有的植物种类最多,有26种;相似性特征为群丛V和群丛VⅡ的相似性最大,群丛V和群丛VⅡ物种间的竞争较小,群丛稳定性高;CCA排序结果表明,北疆盐碱地植物群落分布与海拔高度、多年平均温度、土壤酸碱度等因素有关,其中影响最大的是海拔高度,其次为多年平均温度、降水量、蒸发量和土壤电导率,地形因子坡度对各群丛分布影响不大;北疆盐碱地植物群落数量分类及物种多样性变化的分析对于揭示北疆盐碱地植物群落空间分布特征和新疆盐碱地植物种质资源调查及其保护具有重要的意义。     

树种多样性和土壤微生物多样性对人工林生产力的影响

林分生产力通常会随着树种多样性增加而增加,但不同营养级生物多样性以及树种和土壤微生物多样性之间的相互作用如何影响生产力目前尚不清楚。以亚热带不同丰富度和树种组成的人工林为研究对象,从物种、功能性状、遗传三个维度的树种多样性以及土壤真菌和细菌系统发育多样性,探究了中国亚热带人工林树种多样性和土壤微生物多样性对林分生产力的影响。研究发现,林分生产力随树种功能多样性(FD)(P<0.001)、比叶面积群落加权均值(CWM-SLA)(P<0.01)、树种系统发育多样性(PD)(P<0.05)和土壤真菌多样性(PDF)(P<0.01)的增加而显著增加,分别解释了林分生产力总变异的12.86%、6.80%、3.67%和3.08%。FD和CWM-SLA可分别通过增加土壤真菌、细菌多样性而间接提高林分生产力。研究结果表明多营养级生物多样性是维持高水平林分生产力的基础,树种多样性和土壤微生物多样性之间的自上而下的级联效应在调节生态系统生产力方面发挥着重要作用。     

Use of indigenous ecological knowledge of the Maasai pastoralists for assessing rangeland biodiversity in Tanzania

This paper incorporates the indigenous ecological knowledge (IEK) of the Maasai pastoralists and ecological methods to assess effects of grazing and cropping on rangeland biodiversity at macro‐ and micro‐landscape scales in northern Tanzania. The joint surveys with pastoralists identified indicator plant species and their associations with micro‐landscapes and livestock grazing suitability (i.e. for cattle and small ruminant grazing), while traditional calf‐pasture reserves (alalili pl. alalilia) were evaluated for preservation of rangeland biodiversity. The macro‐landscapes comprising the cool high plateau (osupuko pl. isipuki) and montane forest highland (endim) were included in the survey. At micro‐landscape scales, the osupuko was classified into uplands (orkung'u), slopes (andamata) and dry valley bottomlands (ayarata). The micro‐landscapes were assessed in terms of herbaceous plant species and woody species richness and risks of soil erosion. Biodiversity varied at both the macro‐ and micro‐landscape scales and in accordance with the land‐use types. Greater plant species diversity and less erosion risks were found in the pastoral landscapes than in the agro‐pastoral landscapes. The calf‐grazing pastures had greater herbaceous species richness than the non‐calf pastures, which in turn had more woody species. The study concludes that the indigenous systems of landscape classification provides a valuable basis for assessing rangeland biodiversity, which ecologists should incorporate into ecological surveys of the rangelands in East Africa in the future.     

Contributions of Understory and/or Overstory Vegetations to Soil Microbial PLFA and Nematode Diversities in Eucalyptus Monocultures

Ecological interactions between aboveground and belowground biodiversity have received many attentions in the recent decades. Although soil biodiversity declined with the decrease of plant diversity, many previous studies found plant species identities were more important than plant diversity in controlling soil biodiversity. This study focused on the responses of soil biodiversity to the altering of plant functional groups, namely overstory and understory vegetations, rather than plant diversity gradient. We conducted an experiment by removing overstory and/or understory vegetation to compare their effects on soil microbial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and nematode diversities in eucalyptus monocultures. Our results indicated that both overstory and understory vegetations could affect soil microbial PLFA and nematode diversities, which manifested as the decrease in Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) and Pielou evenness index (J) and the increase in Simpson dominance index (λ) after vegetation removal. Soil microclimate change explained part of variance of soil biodiversity indices. Both overstory and understory vegetations positively correlated with soil microbial PLFA and nematode diversities. In addition, the alteration of soil biodiversity might be due to a mixing effect of bottom-up control and soil microclimate change after vegetation removal in the studied plantations. Given the studied ecosystem is common in humid subtropical and tropical region of the world, our findings might have great potential to extrapolate to large scales and could be conducive to ecosystem management and service.     

Plant diversity patterns in the Aljibe Mountains (S. Spain): a comprehensive account

The Aljibe Mountains are located in the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula and have a remarkable biogeographical interest. The complete plant species list (trees, climbers, shrubs, perennial and annual herbs, ferns, lichens, bryophytes and macroscopic algae) was recorded in four 0.1 ha plots from each of the most representative community types (Quercus suber woodland, Q. canariensis forest, open heathland and Q. coccifera shrubland). Up to 119 plant species were found in total in the Q. suber woodland plot. The diversity of woody plants was analysed from 44 samples of cover (100 m line), and the herbaceous layer was explored in 200 quadrats (of 0.5 × 0.5 m). Three biodiversity components (species richness, endemism, and taxonomic singularity) were evaluated in both shrub and herbaceous layers. Open heathlands showed the highest richness of endemic species, both woody and herbaceous. The highest number of woody species was found in the evergreen Q. suber woodland, and of herbaceous species in the semi-deciduous Q. canariensis woodland. Taxonomic singularity was higher in Q. canariensis woodlands and Q. coccifera shrublands for woody species, but there were no significant differences in the herbaceous layer. Local species diversity of heathlands in this region resembles that of South African heathlands (fynbos), despite the obvious geographic and floristic distance, and contrasts with the low diversity of biogeographically closer, European temperate heathlands. The Aljibe Mountains show high diversity values for different life forms (from trees to mosses) and spatial scales (from community to region), and are rich in endemic species. Thus, this area should be recognised as a relevant unit within the Mediterranean plant diversity hot spots.     

羊草基因型数目与氮添加对土壤微生物群落的交互影响

物种多样性(或同一物种遗传多样性)减少和氮富集都是影响陆地生态系统进程的主要因素,它们之间的交互作用是否对土壤微生物群落产生显著影响已成为研究者关心的主要科学问题。研究羊草基因型数目(1、2、4三种基因型数目组合)和氮添加(无氮添加、低氮添加和高氮添加3种水平)对土壤微生物群落的总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA,Phospholipid Fatty Acid)含量、细菌PLFA生物标记含量、真菌PLFA生物标记含量、真菌/细菌比、以及基于每个PLFA生物标记相对含量百分比所得微生物群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数的影响。结果表明:氮添加对细菌PLFA生物标记含量,以及土壤微生物PLFA生物标记的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数具有显著影响(P0.05);基因型数目对所测变量无显著影响(P0.05),但基因型数目和氮添加的交互作用对细菌PLFA生物标记含量和真菌/细菌比具有显著影响(P0.05)。研究结果为全球变化背景下氮沉降及重要物种种群数量减少对土壤微生物群落的影响提供了科学数据,为合理解释群落动态变化提供了数据支持。     

Relationship between plant species diversity and soil microbial functional diversity along a longitudinal gradient in temperate grasslands of Hulunbeir,Inner Mongolia,China

Numerous experiments have been established to examine the effect of plant diversity on the soil microbial community. However, the relationship between plant diversity and microbial functional diversity along broad spatial gradients at a large scale is still unexplored. In this paper, we examined the relationship of plant species diversity with soil microbial biomass C, microbial catabolic activity, catabolic diversity and catabolic richness along a longitudinal gradient in temperate grasslands of Hulunbeir, Inner Mongolia, China. Preliminary detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) indicated that plant composition showed a significant separation along the axis 1, and axis 1 explained the main portion of variability in the data set. Moreover, DCA-axis 1 was significantly correlated with soil microbial biomass C (r = 0.735, P = 0.001), microbial catabolic activity (average well color development; r = 0.775, P < 0.001) and microbial functional diversity (catabolic diversity: r = 0.791, P < 0.001 and catabolic richness: r = 0.812, P < 0.001), which suggested thatsome relationship existed between plant composition and the soil microbial community along the spatial gradient at a large scale. Soil microbial biomass C, microbial catabolic activity, catabolic diversity and catabolic richness showed a significant, linear increase with greater plant species richness. However, many responses that we observed could be explained by greater aboveground plant biomass associated with higher levels of plant diversity, which suggested that plant diversity impacted the soil microbial community mainly through increases in plant production.     

北京温榆河-北运河生态廊道自生植物多样性对城市化的响应

城市化进程带来的城市生境破碎化对城市野生动植物多样性产生了巨大的影响,而生态廊道作为城市中的绿色线性空间,对缓解城市化进程下的生物多样性丧失具有重要作用。自生植物不仅是城市植物多样性的重要组成部分,也为乡土动物提供了赖以生存的资源,在低维护植物景观营造中起到关键作用。聚焦北京温榆河-北运河生态廊道,在对廊道自生植物总体物种组成进行分析的基础上,探究城市化梯度上自生植物物种组成与多样性特征差异,并分析不同自生植物种群对城市化水平的适应性。共调查到温榆河-北运河自生植物195种,隶属于73科,156属,以自生草本植物为主。各城市化水平下自生木本植物的α多样性无显著差异;中低城市化水平下草本植物的α多样性显著高于其他水平（P<0.05）。随着城市化水平升高,自生乔木和一、二年生的β多样性升高,自生多年生草本、自生入侵植物和外来植物的β多样性值下降。在城市化梯度上的生态位宽度均值排序为入侵植物 > 乡土植物 > 国外外来植物 > 国内外来植物。将生态廊道自生植物按照生态位宽度划分为广适型、中适型和狭适型,并依据生态位重叠筛选了与15种入侵植物在城市化梯度上适应性相近的自生乡土植物种类。本研究结果可以为营造稳定的低维护自生植物群落,抵抗外来入侵植物的扩散,实现城市河流生态廊道的生物多样性保护功能提供参考。     

北京东灵山土壤动物-植物互作关系对海拔格局的响应

土壤动物可能会与植物形成复杂的互作网络,有关其对海拔梯度做出响应的研究还相对较少,了解不同生境下的生态网络为理解和预测系统的稳定性及其动态变化机制提供了新途径。于北京东灵山地区调查了沿海拔梯度凋落物层与土壤层中的土壤动物以及木本和草本植物的多样性,并通过零模型的方法对比了土壤动物-植物互作网络特征参数的标准化效应值在高-中-低三个海拔段的差异。结果显示：土壤动物的稀有类群在中海拔段多样性较高,木本植物多样性随海拔降低,而草本植物多样性则随海拔升高。各生物类群组成都随海拔距离而增加,存在明显的聚集性分布格局。植物与土壤动物之间的互作网络特征参数不仅随海拔改变,且在凋落物与土壤层之间、木本与草本植物之间存在差异。总体而言,土壤动物与木本植物互作网络的海拔变化主要与土壤动物多样性有关,而与草本的互作网络则与草本植物多样性有关。沿海拔梯度,存在土壤动物-木本植物向土壤动物-草本植物网络的适应性转变。本研究在同一海拔梯度上探讨了不同层土壤动物与植物的互作关系,对深入理解山地生态系统中各生物类群的共存机制具有重要意义。     

Soil seed bank and floristic diversity in a forest‐grassland mosaic in southern Spain

Abstract. Soil seed bank and floristic diversity were studied in a forest of Quercus suber, a forest of Quercus canariensis and a grassland, forming a vegetation mosaic in Los Alcornocales Natural Park, southern Spain. The soil seed bank was estimated by the germination technique. In each community patch, diversity, woody species cover and herbaceous species frequency was measured. Three biodiversity components – species richness, endemism and taxonomic singularity – were considered in the vegetation and the seed bank. Forest patches had a soil seed bank of ca. 11 200–14 100 seed.m^?2 and their composition had low resemblance to (epigeal) vegetation. The grassland patch had a more dense seed bank (ca. 31 800 seed.m^?2) and a higher index of similarity with vegetation, compared with the forests nearby. The complete forest diversity was 71–78 species on 0.1 ha, including 12–15 species found only in the seed bank; the grassland species richness was higher (113 species on 0.1 ha). We discuss the role of soil seed banks in the vegetation dynamics and in the complete plant biodiversity of the mosaic landscape studied.     

Plant diversity in three types of hedgerows adjacent to cropfields

The farming landscape of eastern Canada is dotted with three main types of hedgerows: (1) natural woody, (2) planted woody and (3) herbaceous. The objective of this study was to compare the value of these habitats as a repository of plant biodiversity in agricultural areas of southern Quebec. The overall plant diversity was higher in natural hedgerows and they contained more plant species of conservation values than other hedgerow types. Plant species richness per quadrat was, however, higher in planted woody hedgerows, and together with the species composition, lead to the conclusion that planted hedgerows in their entirety consisted of an ecotone type of vegetation such as is found in field edges which usually support high plant diversity and productivity but where transient plant species predominate. Consequently, this study indicated that natural hedgerows fare better than planted hedgerows in terms of diversity of plants of conservation interest. In spite of that, planted woody hedgerows contained plant (and bird) species of some interest and should be favoured over more desolate herbaceous hedgerows. In areas where hedgerows were removed and are not re-establishing naturally, a mixture of deciduous trees and conifers should be encouraged in further windbreak planting programs so as to conciliate both the conservation and agronomic objectives. Furthermore, management practices should optimise the growth of establishing plants of conservation values.