茵栀黄口服液联合枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒辅助治疗新生儿黄疸的疗效及对免疫功能和生长发育的影响

摘要 目的：观察茵栀黄口服液联合枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒辅助治疗新生儿黄疸的疗效及对免疫功能和生长发育的影响。方法：选取2019年12月至2020年12月我院收治的新生儿黄疸患儿121例。以随机数字表法将患儿分为两组,对照组（蓝光治疗）61例和研究组（蓝光治疗基础上采用茵栀黄口服液联合枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒辅助治疗）60例,均治疗5 d。观察两组疗效、临床症状缓解时间、免疫功能、生长发育和不良反应情况。结果：治疗5 d后,研究组的总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗5 d后,相比于对照组患儿,研究组患儿的胎便排空时间、退黄时间均更短（P<0.05）。治疗5 d后,相较于对照组,研究组CD8⁺更低,CD4⁺、CD3⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺更高（P<0.05）。治疗5 d后,相比于对照组患儿,研究组患儿的体质量、头围更大,身长更长（P<0.05）。研究组治疗3 d、5 d后血清总胆红素水平低于对照组（P<0.05）。对照组不良反应总发生率8.33%（5/61）,与研究组的14.75%（9/60）,组间比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：茵栀黄口服液联合枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒辅助治疗新生儿黄疸可提高治疗效果,可促进血清总胆红素水平降低,缩短症状缓解时间,促进其正常生长发育,改善人体免疫力。     

妊娠糖尿病对仔鼠肺成熟的影响及吡格列酮的干预作用

摘要 目的：探究妊娠糖尿病（GDM）对仔鼠肺成熟的影响及吡格列酮对肺发育的干预作用。方法：将30只SD孕鼠分为对照组、GDM组和GDM+吡格列酮组（GDM+P组）,每组10只。GDM组和GDM+P组孕鼠通过腹腔注射链脲霉素（STZ,45 mg/kg）和高脂饮食饲养构建GDM孕鼠模型,GDM+P组大鼠建模后灌胃10 mg/kg的吡格列酮,对照组和GDM组孕鼠每天灌胃等体积生理盐水。分娩后,检测各组仔鼠的血糖和血浆胰岛素水平以及胎肺组织中的总磷脂量。通过苏木精伊红（HE）染色、油红O染色和透射电镜观察胎肺组织结构和形态变化。通过RT-PCR和Western blot检测胎肺组织中SP-A、SP-B、SIRT1和PPARγ的表达。结果：GDM组仔鼠的血糖水平与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）,胰岛素水平明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,GDM组仔鼠胎肺组织中的总磷脂含量降低（P<0.05）;胎肺组织中肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞(AECⅡ)数量和脂滴明显减少。与对照组相比,GDM组仔鼠胎肺组织中的SP-A、SP-B、SIRT1和PPARγ的mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平均降低（P<0.05）。吡格列酮干预显著逆转了GDM对仔鼠胰岛素、胎肺组织结构和形态变化的影响;GDM+P组仔鼠胎肺组织中的SP-A、SP-B、SIRT1和PPARγ的mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平相较GDM组均升高（P<0.05）。结论：GDM母鼠所生仔鼠存在肺发育延迟,吡格列酮干预可有效促进仔鼠的肺成熟。     

小儿肺咳颗粒联合头孢呋辛酯治疗急性支气管炎患儿的临床疗效及对免疫功能和炎症指标的影响

摘要 目的：探讨小儿肺咳颗粒联合头孢呋辛酯治疗急性支气管炎患儿的临床疗效及对免疫功能和炎症指标的影响。方法：将我院2019年1月到2020年12月期间接收的88例急性支气管炎患儿以信封抽签法的方式分为对照组（头孢呋辛酯治疗）和观察组（小儿肺咳颗粒联合头孢呋辛酯治疗）,各44例,两组患儿均治疗10 d。观察两组患儿疗效、临床症状消失时间、免疫功能、炎症因子及不良反应。结果：观察组患儿临床总有效率为90.91%（40/44）,高于对照组患儿的70.45%（31/44）（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,观察组的临床症状消失时间（肺部啰音、咳嗽、发热）更短（P<0.05）。治疗10 d后,观察组CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺高于对照组,CD8⁺低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗10 d后,观察组血清白介素-6（IL-6）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率组间对比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：急性支气管炎患儿在头孢呋辛酯治疗的基础上给予小儿肺咳颗粒治疗,症状缓解时间缩短,同时还可有效降低血清炎症因子水平,提高患儿免疫力,安全可靠。     

燕麦β-葡聚糖对妊娠期糖尿病患者血糖调节及妊娠结局影响的临床研究

摘要 目的：研究燕麦β-葡聚糖对妊娠期糖尿病患者血糖调节及妊娠结局的影响。方法：选取2020年08月至2021年01月在本院产科门诊规律产检并确诊为GDM的孕妇,按照是否服用燕麦β-葡聚糖随机分为观察组和对照组,两组均采取医学营养治疗,观察组为自愿服用燕麦β-葡聚糖的患者,观察两组患者在不同时间段的空腹血糖变化以及胰岛素需求量、孕期BMI增加量、分娩方式、新生儿出生体重、母婴不良妊娠结局之间的差异。结果：两组患者观察期间平均空腹血糖水平整体呈下降趋势;两组患者在不同时间段空腹血糖水平的差异,治疗4周时P>0.05,治疗8周后P<0.05;观察组患者孕期BMI增加量（4.56±2.00 Kg/m²）显著低于对照组（5.34±2.21 Kg/m²,P<0.05）;观察组患者剖宫产率（64.62 %）低于对照组（70.77 %）,两组患者的剖宫产率、新生儿出生体重、胰岛素需求量无明显差异,P>0.05;两组患者的母婴不良围产期结局无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论：燕麦β-葡聚糖可以降低妊娠期糖尿病患者的空腹血糖水平,控制孕期体重增长的同时不影响胎儿正常的生长发育,对母婴不良妊娠结局无改善作用,不会产生除已知结局之外的其他不良结局。     

参芪扶正注射液联合多西他赛对乳腺癌患者外周血象、免疫功能及血清肿瘤标志物的影响

摘要 目的：观察参芪扶正注射液联合多西他赛对乳腺癌患者外周血象、免疫功能及血清肿瘤标志物的影响。方法：选取2018年1月~2019年12月我院收治的64例乳腺癌患者,根据信封抽签法将患者分为对照组（n=32,多西他赛治疗）和研究组（n=32,参芪扶正注射液联合多西他赛治疗）。对比两组疗效,对比两组治疗前、治疗2个疗程后的外周血象、免疫功能及血清肿瘤标志物,记录两组治疗期间不良反应情况。结果：比较两组不良反应无差异（P>0.05）。治疗2个疗程后,对照组的总有效率为43.75%（14/32）,研究组的总有效率为68.75%（22/32）,研究组的总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗2个疗程后,两组血红蛋白、血小板、白细胞水平均较治疗前下降,但研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组CD3⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺、CD80、CD86水平均较治疗前下降,但研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗2个疗程后,两组癌胚抗原（CEA）、糖蛋白 125（CA125）、糖蛋白 153（CA153）水平均较治疗前下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：参芪扶正注射液联合多西他赛治疗乳腺癌患者,可有效减少肿瘤标志物分泌,抑制肿瘤生长,减轻机体免疫抑制,改善外周血象,且安全可靠。     

黄芪颗粒剂联合厄贝沙坦对IgA肾病患者肾功能、炎性因子及免疫功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨黄芪颗粒剂联合厄贝沙坦对IgA肾病（IgAN）患者肾功能、炎性因子及免疫功能的影响。方法：回顾性分析2016年3月~2019年8月期间于我院就诊的98例IgAN患者的临床资料,根据用药方案的不同将患者分为对照组（n=49）和治疗组（n=49）,对照组予以厄贝沙坦治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上联合黄芪颗粒剂治疗,比较两组患者疗效、肾功能、炎性因子及免疫功能,记录两组治疗期间不良反应情况。结果：治疗组治疗2个月后的临床总有效率为91.84%（45/49）,高于对照组的73.47%（36/49）（P<0.05）。治疗2个月后,两组白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、超敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）均较治疗前下降,且治疗组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率比较无差异（P>0.05）。治疗2个月后,两组24 h尿蛋白定量（24h-Upro）、血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）均较治疗前下降,且治疗组低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗2个月后,两组CD4⁺/CD8⁺、CD4⁺较治疗前下降,且治疗组低于对照组（P<0.05）;CD8⁺较治疗前升高,且治疗组高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：黄芪颗粒剂联合厄贝沙坦治疗IgAN患者,疗效确切,可有效改善患者肾功能、免疫功能,降低炎性因子水平,且安全可靠。     

康莱特注射液联合GP方案对晚期非小细胞肺癌患者免疫功能、新生血管生成和血清JAK2/STAT3信号通路的影响

摘要 目的：探讨康莱特注射液联合吉西他滨联合顺铂（GP）方案对晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者免疫功能、新生血管生成和血清两面神激酶2（JAK2）/信号转导及转录活化因子3（STAT3）信号通路的影响。方法：选取2019年2月至 2020年2月期间湖南省中医药研究院附属医院收治的80例晚期NSCLC患者。根据随机数字表法分为对照组（GP化疗,n=40）和观察组（康莱特注射液联合GP化疗,n=40）,治疗后观察两组患者疗效、免疫功能、新生血管生成指标、JAK2/STAT3信号通路相关指标的变化,记录不良反应发生率,并随访2年观察患者生存预后情况。结果：对照组、观察组的临床总有效率分别为60.00%（24/40）、82.50%（33/40）,组间对比有统计学差异（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,观察组治疗后的CD8⁺更低,CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺更高（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,观察组治疗后的血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）进一步下降,组织抑制因子-2（TIMP-2）进一步升高（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,观察组治疗后的JAK2mRNA、STAT3mRNA进一步下降（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率组间对比,统计学无差异（P>0.05）。观察组中位生存期为19个月明显长于对照组的10个月,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：康莱特注射液联合GP方案用于晚期NSCLC患者,可在一定程度上阻止疾病进展,减轻免疫抑制,延长生存期,考虑可能与下调JAK2/STAT3信号通路有关。     

二甲双胍联合运动疗法干预妊娠期糖尿病患者的临床研究

摘要 目的：探讨二甲双胍联合运动疗法对妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者临床效果的影响。方法：将2020年3月到2022年3月北京航天总医院收治的89例GDM患者,按照抛掷硬币法随机分为组分为观察组（n=45）和对照组（n=44）。对照组口服盐酸二甲双胍片,观察组在对照组基础上加用运动疗法。对比两组患者的临床疗效、血糖指标、氧化应激指标、炎症因子水平、妊娠结局及不良反应。结果：治疗后观察组临床疗效总有效率93.33（42/45）高于对照组75.00%（33/44）（P<0.05）。治疗后两组患者空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）均降低,且观察组显著低于对照组（均P<0.05）。治疗后两组超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平均升高且观察组显著高于对照组,丙二醛（MDA）、活性氧（ROS）水平均降低且观察组显著低于对照组（均P<0.05）。治疗后两组超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）水平均降低且观察组水平显著低于对照组（均P<0.05）。观察组剖宫产、早产发生率低于对照组（均P<0.05）。治疗期间两组患者不良反应事件总发生率无差异（P>0.05）。结论：二甲双胍联合运动疗法能有效控制GDM患者血糖水平,优化氧化应激指标,降低炎症因子水平,改善妊娠结局,且具有一定的安全性。     

坤泰胶囊联合芬吗通对围绝经期综合征患者性激素、免疫功能和生存质量的影响

摘要 目的：观察坤泰胶囊联合芬吗通对围绝经期综合征患者性激素、免疫功能和生存质量的影响。方法：纳入我院在2017年3月~2020年3月期间收治的围绝经期综合征患者90例,采用随机数字表法分为两组：研究组和对照组,例数各为45例,分别接受坤泰胶囊联合芬吗通治疗、芬吗通治疗,观察两组疗效、性激素、免疫功能、生存质量和不良反应情况。结果：与对照组相比,研究组的临床总有效率明显升高（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗3个疗程后雌二醇（E₂）升高,且研究组高于对照组;卵泡生成激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗3个疗程后CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺均升高,且研究组高于对照组;CD8+⁺下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗3个疗程后绝经期生存质量量表（MENQOL）各维度评分及总分均下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：坤泰胶囊联合芬吗通可有效调节围绝经期综合征患者性激素水平,提高患者免疫功能和生存质量,是一种较为安全有效的治疗方案。     

止哮平喘方联合子午流注针灸治疗老年支气管哮喘急性发作期患者的临床研究

摘要 目的：探讨止哮平喘方联合子午流注针灸治疗老年支气管哮喘急性发作期患者的临床效果。方法：选取2017年2月~2019年1月期间我院治疗的老年支气管哮喘急性发作期患者80例为研究对象。将所有患者根据随机数字表法分为对照组（n=40）和研究组（n=40）,对照组给予常规西医治疗,研究组在对照组基础上给予止哮平喘方联合子午流注针灸治疗。比较两组患者临床疗效、肺功能、症状积分、免疫功能、不良反应。结果：研究组治疗后临床总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后研究组咳痰、呼吸困难、咳嗽、喘息等症状积分改善情况优于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗后CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺水平均升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）;CD8⁺水平降低,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗后第1秒用力呼气量占预计值的百分比（FEV1%pred）、用力肺活量占预计值的百分比（FVC%pred）、最大呼气峰流速占预计值的百分比（PEF%pred）均升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应的发生率对比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：止哮平喘方联合子午流注针灸可提高老年支气管哮喘急性发作期患者的治疗效果,改善其临床症状、肺功能以及免疫功能。     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.