广东罗坑自然保护区鳄蜥的体温调节及静止代谢率的热依赖性

探讨鳄蜥（Shinisaurus crocodilurus）的体温调节和静止代谢率及其热依赖性特征,测定了在自然和实验室条件下的环境温度、鳄蜥体温以及静止代谢率（RMR）等热生物学指标。结果显示：在自然条件下,鳄蜥的野外活动体温（Th）稍高于基质温度（Tc）和空气温度（Td）并与后二者呈正相关关系（Tb=11．65＋0．47Tc,r^2=0．34,F1.75=39．11,P〈0．0001;Tb=11．61＋0．46Td,r^2=0．56,F1.75=96．56,P〈0．0001）。鳄蜥在野外的活动体温存在明显的月份间差异,但无性别及年龄上的差异。环境温度为15℃-30℃的实验条件下,鳄蜥的静止体温（Tb）与环境温度（Ta）呈正相关关系：Tb=12．450＋0．5641Ta（F1.110=11．34,r^2=0．997,P〈0．001）;在缺乏温度梯度的环境中,尽管鳄蜥的体温、空气温度和基质温度都有显著的昼夜差异,但体温、空气温度和基质温度的日平均温度之间无显著差异。鳄蜥的RMR不存在雌雄个体间的差异,并与环境温度呈正相关关系。分析显示鳄蜥的体温既有行为调节也有生理调节,其体温调节及RMR符合变温动物的热生物学特征,但是相对于其他活动较多的蜥蜴而言,鳄蜥的生理调节能力较强,这可能与其活动时间分配中静栖占绝大部分的行为特点是相适应的[动物学报54（6）：964-971,2008]。     

救护白鹤与野生白鹤迁徙路线和活动规律差异分析

受伤和体弱白鹤的救护及放归是白鹤保护的重要方式之一。2014—2016年间,先后对8只救护白鹤和2只野生白鹤进行环志并安装卫星跟踪器,根据所获得的卫星跟踪数据来分析比较救护白鹤与野生白鹤在秋季迁徙路线和在重要中途停歇地的最大日活动距离、活动区分布和面积、生境类型等方面的异同。结果显示,救护白鹤放归当年与放归次年以及救护白鹤放归当年与野生白鹤的秋季迁徙路线和活动规律之间存在明显差异,但救护白鹤放归次年与野生白鹤之间差异不明显。(1)放归当年,4只救护白鹤在农田和水塘停歇1个月左右,停歇时长明显高于野生白鹤和放归次年的救护白鹤。(2)救护白鹤放归当年在跨海方式、登陆地点、停歇地点以及登陆后的迁徙方向上表现出多样性和不确定性,其中部分个体在迁徙过程中有停顿徘徊、迷失迁徙方向的现象,且跨越渤海和大别山的距离大于放归次年的救护白鹤和野生白鹤。(3)救护白鹤放归后4天内每日最大活动距离小,而后高低分化明显,无明显规律,而救护白鹤放归次年的每日最大活动距离规律变化与野生白鹤较一致。(4)与救护白鹤放归次年以及野生白鹤的活动规律相比,救护白鹤放归当年的栖息地位点变化频繁,具体表现为生境类型选择的多样化,且无明显规律,同时活动区面积较小。探索救护白鹤放归野外后与野生白鹤迁徙路线和活动规律的差异,对救护白鹤的科学放归具有指导意义。     

血β2微球蛋白水平在系统性红斑狼疮中的临床意义

目的：探讨系统性红斑狼疮（systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE）患者血β2-MG水平与疾病活动的相关性及其临床意义。方法：随机抽取2012年2月-2012年7月我科收治的62例SLE患者（SLE组）和同期在我院门诊体检的健康体检者40例（对照组）,检测和比较两组血清β2-MG、自身抗体、补体水平,并对SLE患者进行SLEDAI评分,分析SLE患者血清β2-MG水平与自身抗体、补体水平和SLEDAI评分的相关性。结果：SLE组血β2-MG水平（3．11±0．40μg／mL）显著高于对照组（2．23±0．23μg/mL）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;其中发生口腔溃疡、浆膜炎及蛋白尿的SLE患者的血β2-MG水平与无此三种表现的患者相比显著升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。SLE患者的血β2-MG水平与抗ds—DAN抗体、SLEDAI均呈显著正相关（分别为r=0．289,r=0．361,P〈0．01）,与C3呈负相关（r=-0．271,P〈0．05）。结论：SLE患者血β2-MG水平高于正常,可作为SLE疾病活动指标用于监测疾病活动。     

兴隆山圈养马麝的行为多样性

综合焦点取样、扫描取样和连续记录等方法,对甘肃兴隆山麝场圈养马麝（Moschus sifanicus）的行为进行了长期的行为取样。应用行为多样性分析方法提取样本行为流的综合信息,采用行为多样性指数和矫正行为多样性指数作为检测指标,分析了圈舍面积和环境丰富性等圈养环境特征对马麝行为多样性的影响,以及性别、年龄、性活跃度和幼年经历等个体特征对其行为多样性格局的效应。结果表明：圈养设施的物理特征可影响马麝的行为多样性,圈养面积较大、环境丰富性较高的圈舍内的马麝行为多样性有相对较高的趋势（但差异不显著,P=0．934）;雌麝的行为多样性明显低于雄麝（P=0．019）;个体年龄（亦直接反映圈养时间）对雌麝行为多样性的降低效应极显著（P：0．001）,但对雄麝没有影响（P=0．548）。马麝的行为多样性没有月间差异（雌：P=0．10;雄：P=0．109）,可能与圈养环境及饲养管理等因子对行为多样性的影响有关。马麝的行为多样性格局同其性活跃度相关。繁殖失败的雌麝的行为多样性有比繁殖成功的雌麝有降低的趋势,但差异不显著（P=0．96）。幼年受到的哺育方式差异对野外捕获和麝场自繁的马麝的行为多样性未产生显著影响（雌：P=0．173;雄：P=0．306）。     

四川省若尔盖季节性水塘周边高原林蛙夏秋季活动特征

影响无尾两栖类活动的因素很多,水体是最主要的因素之一。本研究采用样线法,分别于2006年7月和9月下旬对若尔盖季节性水塘周边高原林蛙(Rana kukunoris)的活动特征进行了研究。样线宽2m,长70-150m,采用十字交叉法,基本按照东、南、西、北、东北、西北、东南、西南方向设置8条样线。结果表明:夏季高原林蛙主要在水塘周边活动,高原林蛙遇见率与水塘距离呈显著负相关(Pearson,成体:r=?0.479,P<0.05;亚成体:r=?0.480,P<0.05);90%的高原林蛙个体在距离水塘110m范围内活动,亚成体比成体更接近水体活动,远离水塘的成体选择泉眼和草沓草地活动。秋季高原林蛙的活动与水塘距离无显著相关性(Pearson,r=?0.016,P>0.05),水塘周边高原林蛙的遇见率很低,远离水塘的高原林蛙偏向选择泉眼活动。     

利用SSR标记分析水稻亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势的关系

利用5个光温敏核不育系与40个恢复系（品种）配制了200个组合,应用SSR标记估算了这5个不育系与40个恢复系之间的遗传距离,分析了遗传距离与杂种优势的关系。结果表明：（1）不同材料、不同遗传距离范围之间,遗传距离与单株产量以及有效穗数、穗长、每穗粒敷、着粒密度、结实率、千粒重、单株产量7个性状超亲优势的相关性有很大差别,表现出很复杂的关系。（2）田丰S与父本遗传距离在0．6286～2．5257之间时,F1单株产量及其超亲优势与遗传距离极显著相关;培矮64S与父本遗传距离在0．8247～1．5315之间时,F1单株产量与遗传距离显著相关。（3）所有两系组合亲本间遗传距离在0．5333～1．5之间时,F1单株产量超亲优势与遗传距离显著相关;遗传距离在0．5333～1．0之间时,F1单株产量与遗传距离显著相关,遗传距离分别在1．0～1．5、0．5333～1．5和0．5333～2．5257之间时极显著相关。（4）另外,F1单株产量与遗传距离的相关程度普遍高于其超亲优势与遗传距离的相关程度。     

三种手术入路显露男性后尿道的比较（英文）

目的：评价经耻骨上、耻骨下及会阴三种手术入路暴露尿道膜部的优劣。方法：对35具成年男性尸体标本解剖,测量并比较耻骨上缘中点（A）、耻骨下缘中点（B）及会阴部两坐骨结节连线中点（c）分男11到尿道球膜部连接处（D）、前列腺尖（E）及膀胱颈（F）的距离及相关角度;对另20具成年男性尸体标本分别经3种手术入路显露后尿道,标记可能损伤的组织器官并评分。结果：AD=（6．5±0．5）cm,BD=（2．2±0．5）cm,CD=（3．4±0．6）cm,其中BD〈CD〈AD（P〈0．05,SNK法）;AE=（6．6±0．5）cm,BE=（3．0±0．5）cm,CE=（4．4±0．7）cm,其中BE〈CE〈AE（P〈0．05,SNK法）;AF=（5．7±0．6）cm,BF=（4．5±0．5）cm,CF=（6．5±0．6）cm,其中BF〈AF〈CF（P〈0．05,SNK法）。各点连线所成角度中,ZEAD（仅。）=（9．3±2．0）。∠EBD（α2）=（17．4±3．8）°,ZECD（α3）=（9．2±1．6）°,其中α1与α2有显著性差异（P〈0．05,t=11．1）,α3与α2有显著性差异（P〈0．05,t=-12．1）,α1与α3无显著性差异（P〉O．05,t=-0．13）;∠FAE（β1）=（22．7±2．6）°,∠FBE（β2）=（32．9±6．4）°,∠FCE（β3）=（15．0±3．2）°,其中β2〉β1〉β3（P〈0．05,SNK法）。经耻骨上入路损伤评分为13分,经耻骨下为18分,经会阴为15分。结论：暴露从优到劣依次为经耻骨下、经耻骨上、经会阴;损伤从大到小依次为经耻骨下、经会阴、经耻骨上部分。     

不同脂肪源对管角螺生长和体成分的影响

在基础配合饲料中添加（4％）不同脂肪源[鱼油、猪油、豆油、花生油、混合油I（鱼油：豆油=1：1）、混合油Ⅱ（鱼油：猪油：豆油：花生油=1：1：1：1）]配制成6组实验饲料,对体重（2．23±0．05）g的管角螺幼螺进行60d的饲养试验。结果表明,鱼油组摄食率（34．10g／d·ind·10^3）、增重率（64．33％）和特定生长率（0．79％）最高,与混合油I组没有显著差异（P〉0．05）,并显著高于其他各组（P〈0．05）,最低的为猪油组;肝体比没有显著差异（P〉0．05）,猪油组最高（1．33）,混合油I组最低（1．22）;饲料转化率和存活率没有显著差异（P〉0．05）;鱼油组粗蛋白含量（肌肉：18．35％;肝脏：17．55％）显著高于猪油组、豆油组、花生油组和混合油Ⅱ组,猪油组（2．96％）和鱼油组（2．86％）肝脏粗脂肪含量显著高于其他各组（P〈0．05）,水分和灰分没有显著差异（P〉0．05）;鱼油组EPA（肌肉：4．44％;肝脏：5．89％）和DHA（肌肉：4．53％;肝脏：5．65％）含量,n-3／n-6（肌肉：1．57;肝脏：1．69）均最高．与混合油I组没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。从人体健康和生产角度来说,以混合油I作为管角螺脂肪源不但可以得到较好的生长效果,还可以节约饲料成本。     

缺氧环境下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡相关蛋白和mRNA的表达

目的探讨大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）在缺氧环境下凋亡相关蛋白和mRNA的表达。方法将接种的P3细胞置于94％N2、1％O2和5％CO2缺氧箱中37℃孵育,分别于0．5h、1h、2h、4h、6h、8h和12h取出分别应用Annexin V／PI双染法进行流式细胞仪（FCM）分析MSCs凋亡率（Apoptotic Rate,AR）,并同步用免疫细胞化学、western blotting和Rt-PCR等方法检测Bax／Bcl-2,Fas／FasL和Caspase-3蛋白和mRNA的表达。结果1．缺氧前,免疫细胞化学法未检测到Bcl-2、Bax、Fas、FasL和Caspase-3蛋白表达,缺氧0．5h后均可较强表达;2．各缺氧时间点Bcl-2、Bax、Fas、FasL、Caspase-3蛋白和mRNA表达较缺氧前均显著性增高（P均〈0．05）;随缺氧时间延伸,Bcl-2蛋白和mRNA表达不显著增加（P〉0．05）,而Bax、Fas、FasL、Caspase-3蛋白和mRNA表达均显著增加（P均〈0．05）,但缺氧6-12h时间点之间表达均没有统计学意义（P均〉0．05）;3．AR和Bcl-2／Bax蛋白（r1=0．417,P=0．043）及mRNA（r2=-0．435,P=0．040）呈显著负相关,而和Fas（r1=0．639,P=0．025;r2=0．711,P=0．018）、Fas-L（r1=0．581,P=0．022;r2=0．605,P=0．037）、Caspase-3（r1=0．704,P=O．014;r2=0．657,P=0．026）蛋白及mRNA均呈显著正相关。结论在缺氧促进MSCs凋亡的过程中,Bcl-2蛋白和mRNA可能起着保护作用,而Bax、Fas-L、Fas、Caspase-3蛋白和mRNA可能在MsCs凋亡的进程中起着促进作用。     

GRP94和CD8在宫颈病变组织中的表达及意义

目的：探讨葡萄糖调节蛋白94（glucose—regulated protein94,GRP94）和CD8在宫颈病变组织中的表达及与HPV感染的关系。方法：采用免疫组化S—P法检测32例原发宫颈癌、27例宫颈上皮内瘤变（cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, CIN）及40例慢性宫颈炎组织中GRP94和CD8的表达及定位;采用western blot技术检测6例宫颈癌及6例正常宫颈组织中GRP94和CD8的表达。结果：①在宫颈癌、CIN2／3、CIN1及慢性宫颈炎组织中,GRP94的阳性表达率分别为87．5％、82．4％、40％和22．5％;CD8的阳性表达率分别为28．1％、64．7％、90％和97．5％;GRP94在宫颈癌和CIN2／3中的表达均显著高于慢性宫颈炎和CIN1组织（P均〈0．05）;CD8在宫颈癌组的表达显著低于慢性宫颈炎组、CIN1组及CIN2／3组（P均〈0．05）。②Western blot结果示GRP94在宫颈癌组织中的表达显著高于正常宫颈组织（P〈0．01）;CD8在宫颈癌组织中的表达显著低于正常宫颈组织（P〈0．01）。③GRP94的表达与宫颈癌分化程度、有无脉管侵袭有关（P〈0．05）,而与年龄、病理类型、临床分期及有无淋巴结转移无关（P〉0．05）;CD8的表达与有无脉管侵袭有关（P〈0．05）,而与年龄、病理类型、临床分期、分化程度及有无淋巴结转移无关（P〉0．05）。④宫颈病变组织中,GRP94的表达与HPV感染呈正相关（rs=0．377,P=0．000）;cD8的表达与HPV感染呈负相关（rs=-0．395,P=0．000）;GRP94与CD8的表达呈负相关（rs=-0．608,P=0．000）。结论：GRP94表达可能是宫颈CIN进展及宫颈癌预后判断的重要预测指标。     

Habitat-use patterns of the coypuMyocastor coypus in an urban wetland of its original distribution

The coypuMyocastor coypus Molina, 1782 is a semi-aquatic rodent native to Southern South America. In Argentina, it is an important fur resource for rural communities, and there is no evidence of its behaviour as a pest. Between October 2003 and February 2004, studies of habitat use at macro and micro scales were carried out on 6 ponds in a golf course, an artificial urban wetland free from hunting pressure and located within the coypu’s original distribution area. Coypus feed and build their burrows in the ponds but in the absence of hydrophilic vegetation, coypus sought food away from the ponds, covering distances up to 108 m and a feeding area as large as 19 m2. At the macrohabitat scale, the lower the herbaceous vegetation availability at the shore, the greater was the effective usage area. At the microhabitat level, coypus appeared to build their burrows in rather steep slopes (median = 75 cm) or high up on shores rising above the water level (mean = 61.2 cm) selecting ponds with mean values close to the aforementioned figures. The absence of hydrophilous vegetation, natural predators and human activity during the highest activity hours, in addition to suitable food resources around the year are considered to favour the coypu’s behaviour as a pest in these environments.     

Home ranges, movements, and activity of wolves (Canis lupus) in the Dalmatian part of Dinarids, Croatia

Home-range sizes, movements, and daily activity of wolves (Canis lupus L. 1758) were studied in Dalmatia, Croatia in 1998–2001. The total home ranges (100% MCP) of two packs were 160 km² and 141 km², mean=150.5 km². Core areas (50% kernel) were 26.2 km² and 3.3 km², respectively. Differences in core area sizes were influenced by human activity—hunting and sheep grazing. Compared with random locations, wolf locations were closer to the nearest water source (mean=937 m) and farther from houses (mean=653 m). Wolves were significantly more active during the night than during the day (activity indexes were 0.53 vs. 0.35), and night activity was higher during summer (0.58), and lower during winter (0.48). A correlation was found between distances traveled and activity index (r=0.58, p=0.003). Home range, seasonal variations in home-range size, habitat use, and activity of wolves in Dalmatia were oriented to make the compromise from danger of proximity to humans and also to benefit from human-related food sources.     

Activity patterns, feeding and burrowing behaviour of the crab Ucides cordatus (Ucididae) in a high intertidal mangrove forest in North Brazil

Activity patterns, feeding and burrowing behaviour of the economically important semi-terrestrial mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Ucididae, L. 1763) was studied in a high intertidal Rhizophora mangle forest stand in Bragança, North Brazil. Video observations in the rainy and dry season were conducted over 24 h cycles at different lunar phases to investigate the behaviour of these litter-feeding crabs outside their burrows. During the rainy season, crabs stayed inside their burrows for 79% and 92% of the time during day and night, respectively. Time spent for feeding, burrowing and other activities outside their burrows was significantly longer during the day with 9.9% (night: 1.7%) and at waning and waxing moon with 9% (full and new moon: 0.9%). At neap tides (no tidal inundation) foraging and feeding activities outside burrows were clearly light-dependent, increasing at dawn and decreasing at dusk. Highest activities during daytime relate to the visual localisation of food. During the dry season, crabs spent less time inside burrows at neap tides than during the rainy season (80% and 91%, respectively). However, time spent for feeding activities was similar during both seasons. During almost all observation periods crabs collected leaf litter, but rarely fed on it outside burrows. At neap tides nearly all available litter was collected, suggesting that the U. cordatus population is litter-limited during these times. At spring tides (regular tidal inundation) the surface activity of U. cordatus was tide-dependent. Crabs closed their burrow entrances 2-3 h before flooding and re-emerged as soon as the tide retreated. During the day, burrow maintenance was the second most frequent behaviour after feeding. Agonistic interactions were regularly observed and were mainly related to burrow defence. The mean foraging radius of the crabs was only 19 cm (max: 1 m) underneath high Rhizophora mangle trees where crab densities were high. The results point to a high competition for burrows and show that U. cordatus is territorial. It is concluded that several exogenous factors, in particular light, leaf litter availability, flooding of burrows and the presence of conspecifics are important in controlling the crabs' activity patterns.     

四川梅花鹿的昼夜活动节律与时间分配

1987 年2 月至2000 年9 月, 用直接观察法在四川省铁布自然保护区中先后对287 只四川梅花鹿的昼夜活动节律和时间分配进行了2 934 h 的观察。四川梅花鹿的昼夜活动具有明显的活动与休息相间出现的节律, 晨昏和午夜是其活动的高峰期, 白昼活动强度较低以休息反刍为主。不同季节其昼夜活动节律有较大的变化。春、夏、秋、冬4 季每天单位时间的平均活动频率分别为: 55.29 ±32.97 %、46.42 ±37.24 %、48.21 ±35.80 %、47.75±32.21 % , 季节差异不明显( F = 0.32 < F_o.o1 ) 。昼夜年平均每天约有52.07 %的时间在活动, 其中白昼活动仅占5.28 % , 而晨昏和夜晚的活动占46.79 %。影响时间分配比例的因素为: 鹿的年龄、性别、繁殖状态、食物资源、天气状况、人为干扰等。     

四川梅花鹿春季昼夜活动节律与时间分配

1997年4月,在四川铁布自然保护区用直接观察法对220头次四川梅花鹿群的昼夜活动节律和时间分配进行了观察。结果表明,鹿群春季昼夜活动的规律性较强。白昼,鹿群活动呈现明显的双峰型,2个高峰时段为08：30和19：30前后,活动频率分别为71．9％和94．13％,其他时间多处于休息状态;鹿群夜间活动强于昼间,活动频率均在6l％以上,仅在半夜01：30前后有一个相对不活跃期。同时发现,春季活动高峰期约90％的活动时间被四川梅花鹿用于采食和移动。这可能与光照、食物及人类活动的影响有关。     

Day-to-day variation in nitrogenase activity of Alnus incana explained by weather variables: a multivariate time series analysis

A modelling system is described that indicates the extent to which day-to-day variations in nitrogenase activity in young Alnus incana (L.) Moench, grown in defined conditions in the field, may be affected by weather conditions both during and prior to the day of measurement. Nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction activity, ARA) was measured weekly on intact field-grown grey alder (A. incana) plants, 0.15–0.42 m tall at planting, nodulated with Frankia. The measurements were done at noon on two groups of plants in 1987 and on two other groups in 1988. Each group was made up of five or six plants. Seven weather variables: daily sunshine hours, daily mean, maximum and minimum air temperature, daily mean and 1300 h relative humidity, and daily rainfall were used. The relation between log(ARA/leaf area) and the weather variables were analysed using a PLS model (partial least squares projection to latent structures). The advantage of PLS is that it can handle x-variables that are correlated. Data from 1987 were chosen as a training set. Multivariate PLS time series analysis was made by adding, in a stepwise manner, the weather data up to 5 d before the day of measurement. This procedure gave six models with n * 7 x-variables (n= 1–6). With the models from the time series analysis of 1987 data, true predictions of ARA per leaf area were made from weather data 1988 (test set 1) and from ‘early-season’ weather data from 1987 and 1988 (test set 2). The variation in ARA/leaf area could be predicted from the weather conditions. The predictions of the two test sets improved when the weather conditions one and two days before the day of measurements were added to the model. The further addition of weather data from 3 to 5 d before the day of measurement did not improve the model. The good predictions of ARA/leaf area show that the alders responded to the variable weather conditions in the same way in 1988 as in 1987, despite the ten-fold difference in size (leaf area) at the end of the growing season. Among the weather variables, air temperature and the daily sunshine hours were positively correlated to ARA, while relative air humidity and rainfall were negatively correlated to ARA. The daily minimum temperature and rainfall appeared to have least impact on ARA. By use of PLS, we could extract information out of a data set containing highly correlated x-variables, information that is non-accessible with conventional statistical tools such as multiple regression. When making measurements of nitrogenase activities under field conditions, we propose that attention should be paid to the weather conditions on the days preceding the day of measurement. The day-to-day variation in nitrogenase activity is discussed with reference to known effects of stress factors under controlled conditions.     

大沙鼠洞道利用机制及地面行为时间分配特征

2010年5—11月,在古尔班通古特沙漠南部采用焦点动物取样法研究了大沙鼠(Rhombomys opimus)的昼间洞道利用机制(地面活动强度、进洞频率)以及地面行为时间分配。结果表明:大沙鼠在春夏秋三季地面活动时间占总观察时间的77.62%、66.13%和80.93%,进洞频率分别为0.50、0.31和0.19次.min-1,地面活动强度和进洞频率均具有明显的季节性变化;在其地面行为中,摄食是大沙鼠任一季节最主要的行为,不同季节摄食比例均超过50%;储食是大沙鼠春季两秋两季次重要的行为,其时间比例分别达到了17.19%和25.46%;夏季大沙鼠修饰行为比例明显升高(27.78%),而储食行为比例明显下降(7.1%)。本研究结果说明,食物因子是促使大沙鼠进行地面活动的重要因素之一;另外,温度、生理周期、捕食风险可影响大沙鼠地面活动强度、进洞频率以及地面行为时间分配。     

Preparation and Evaluation of Gallate Ester Derivatives Used as Promising Antioxidant and Antibacterial Inhibitors

Many gallate esters have been applied as food additives due to their good biological properties. Herein, nine novel gallate ester derivatives were synthesized by a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction and characterized by melting point (m.p.), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H- and ¹³C-NMR) spectra, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). Their antioxidant and antibacterial activities were measured using a series of classical assays. Studies found that the products showed favorable antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH ^⋅ ) scavenging effect IC₅₀ values were less than 5.00 μg mL⁻¹ and their reducing power was not less than that of vitamin C (Vc). Furthermore, the antibacterial results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the products were not greater than 8.00 μg mL⁻¹, and their antibacterial rates were over 95 % at 300 μg mL⁻¹. The above data add valuable and novel information that gallate ester derivatives can be considered potential food additives to address food safety issues because of their high biological activity and health benefits.     

Activity budgets, habitat use and body size in two coexisting species of sand wasps (Microbembex: Sphecidae, Hymenoptera)

ABSTRACT. 1. Two superficially similar species of Microbembex, M.monodonta (Say) and M.cubana Bohart (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Nyssoninae), occur syntopically on Staniel Cay, a small Bahamian island (15 km²).
2. Nesting (female) and territorial (male) aggregations of M.cubana were smaller and more numerous than those of M.monodonta in the study site and on the island as a whole.
3. Both species had regular patterns of daily activities that required them to use a variety of microhabitats in the study area.
4. Males of both species defended territories from c. 09.00 to 12.00 hours EST (in May) and the left to feed on nectar until they retired to sleeping burrows, typically from 13.00 to 15.00 hours. Male M.monodonta were active longer each day and intermixed feeding and territorial defence more than did male M.cubana.
5. Females of both species were active for longer each day, from c. 08.30 to 15.30 hours, and intermixed their respective activities – hunting for provisions, feeding, and nest digging and maintenance – during each day more than did males. Female M.monodonta were active longer each day, rising earlier and retiring later, than female M.cubana.
6. In M.monodonta , females were larger (length, X =11.00 mm) than males (10.5 mm). In M.cubana , males were larger (11.1 mm) than females (10.4 mm). Although mean differences were small, they were highly significant ( F =22.42; P <10⁻⁴) for the species-sex interaction.
7. Differences in activity budgets, habitat use, and sexual size dimorphism appear to be related. A combination of factors, particularly thermal constraints, possible competition, and different mating systems, could explain these patterns.     

Model of burrow selection predicts pattern of burrow switching by Leach's Storm‐Petrels

Patterns of nest site selection exhibited at the scale of a population should result from initial preferences of individuals occupying nest sites as well as preferences exhibited by individuals moving between nest sites. We tested whether nest‐site preferences measured at the population scale were predictive of patterns of burrow switching by Leach's Storm‐Petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), a long‐lived seabird that nests in underground burrows. Breeding pairs generally choose from the pool of available existing burrows rather than constructing new burrows, and a portion of the burrows in a colony remains unused in any breeding season. We quantified burrow preference at a colony on Kent Island, New Brunswick, over four breeding seasons. We used a classification and regression tree analysis to build a predictive model of nest‐site selection. Preferentially occupied burrows were drier, longer, had larger nest chambers, and were in areas of higher burrow density. To measure preferences during burrow switching, we tracked individuals that switched burrows, comparing characteristics of the burrows in which these birds were originally found to those they inhabited at the end of the study period. Characteristics preferred by switching individuals were a subset of those observed at the scale of the population; individuals moved to burrows that were drier, longer, and had larger nest chambers. Our results show how preferences of individuals that move between nest sites contribute to nest site preferences exhibited at the population scales commonly tested.