救护白鹤与野生白鹤迁徙路线和活动规律差异分析

受伤和体弱白鹤的救护及放归是白鹤保护的重要方式之一。2014—2016年间,先后对8只救护白鹤和2只野生白鹤进行环志并安装卫星跟踪器,根据所获得的卫星跟踪数据来分析比较救护白鹤与野生白鹤在秋季迁徙路线和在重要中途停歇地的最大日活动距离、活动区分布和面积、生境类型等方面的异同。结果显示,救护白鹤放归当年与放归次年以及救护白鹤放归当年与野生白鹤的秋季迁徙路线和活动规律之间存在明显差异,但救护白鹤放归次年与野生白鹤之间差异不明显。(1)放归当年,4只救护白鹤在农田和水塘停歇1个月左右,停歇时长明显高于野生白鹤和放归次年的救护白鹤。(2)救护白鹤放归当年在跨海方式、登陆地点、停歇地点以及登陆后的迁徙方向上表现出多样性和不确定性,其中部分个体在迁徙过程中有停顿徘徊、迷失迁徙方向的现象,且跨越渤海和大别山的距离大于放归次年的救护白鹤和野生白鹤。(3)救护白鹤放归后4天内每日最大活动距离小,而后高低分化明显,无明显规律,而救护白鹤放归次年的每日最大活动距离规律变化与野生白鹤较一致。(4)与救护白鹤放归次年以及野生白鹤的活动规律相比,救护白鹤放归当年的栖息地位点变化频繁,具体表现为生境类型选择的多样化,且无明显规律,同时活动区面积较小。探索救护白鹤放归野外后与野生白鹤迁徙路线和活动规律的差异,对救护白鹤的科学放归具有指导意义。

The difference of migration routes and movement patterns between the rescued and the wild Siberian Crane

The rescue and release of injured and weak Siberian Crane is an important way for the protection of Siberian Crane. From 2014 to 2016, eight rescued Siberian Cranes and two wild Siberian Cranes were installed metal bands, color bands and satellite trackers. The maximum movement distance per day, the home range distribution and area, habitat types at important stopover sites and migration routes of the rescued and the wild Siberian Cranes in autumn were analyzed comparatively using the satellite tracking data. The results showed that the differences in migration routes and movement patterns of the rescued Siberian Cranes between the first and second year of release and the difference between the rescued Siberian Crane in the first year of release and the wild Siberian Crane were significant, but the difference between the rescued Siberian Cranes in the second year of release and the wild Siberian Cranes was not significant. (1) Four rescued Siberian Cranes in the first year of release have been stopped for about one month in cropland and ponds. (2) The cross-sea mode, landing site, stopover site, and migration direction after landing of the rescued Siberian Cranes in the first year of release showed diversity and uncertainty. In the migration, the phenomenon of wandering and wrong migration direction was found between some rescued Siberian Cranes in the first year of release whose distances across the Bohai Sea and Dabie Mountain were greater than those of the rescued Siberian Cranes in the second year of release and the wild Siberian Cranes. (3) The maximum movement distance per day of the rescued Siberian Cranes was shortest within the first 4 days after release, and then longer or shorter without any regularity. The maximum movement distance per day of the rescued Siberian Cranes in the second year of release was similar to the wild Siberian Cranes. (4) Comparing with the movement patterns of the rescued Siberian Cranes in the second year of release and the wild Siberian Cranes, the habitat of the rescued Siberian Cranes in the first year of release changed frequently and showed diversity of habitat selection and small home range. Exploring the difference of migration routes and movement patterns between the rescued Siberian Cranes and the wild Siberian Cranes has practical significance for the scientific release of the rescued Siberian Cranes.