白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的羽化和产卵与寄主之间的关系

白蜡窄吉丁是危害白蜡属树木的一种重要蛀干害虫,因其幼虫期高度的隐蔽性生活而极难检测和防治.白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂是新发现外寄生于白蜡窄吉丁幼虫的优势天敌种,对寄主害虫的控制作用较强,具有良好的生物防治利用前景.研究调查了白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂及其寄主白蜡窄吉丁越冬代成虫羽化的时序差异、不同时期林间的寄生率、寄主密度与寄生率的关系以及寄主幼虫大小与茧蜂产卵量的关系.结果表明,越冬后白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的羽化时间比其寄主害虫白蜡窄吉丁的羽化要晚1个多月.2003年白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂越冬代成虫的羽化从6月中旬持续到8月中旬,羽化高峰期在7月份;寄主白蜡窄吉丁的羽化期在5月中下旬.2004年白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂越冬代成虫的羽化从5月下旬持续到7月下旬,羽化高峰期在6月下旬至7月上旬;寄主羽化期在4月中旬至5月中旬（室内）.越冬后天敌的羽化时间刚好适应最早寄主发育到可供寄生的龄期,这是二者长期协同进化的结果,也表明白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂很可能是一种专性寄生蜂.林间白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂对白蜡窄吉丁幼虫的自然寄生率随着时间的推移总体上是逐步上升的.自然条件下茧蜂决定是否产卵与寄主幼虫的大小即龄期有关,它仅在前胸宽和体宽1.5 mm、体长12 mm以上,即3～4龄的寄主幼虫体表产卵,但只要接受寄主并产卵,不同龄期寄主幼虫上的产卵量无显著的差异.     

恶性席瓢蜡蝉的生物学特性

恶性席瓢蜡蝉Sivaloka damnosusChouetLu是山东省最近发现的新害虫。首次记述了其幼期形态特征、生物学特性及其天敌种类,首次报道其寄生性天敌宽额螯蜂Dryinus latusOlmi。该虫在山东商河1年发生2代,以卵在寄主枝条内越冬。用吡虫啉和阿维菌素类制剂4 000~5 000倍液喷雾防治若虫,具有较好的防治效果。     

六盘山翠金小蜂生物学特性的研究

六盘山翠金小蜂Tritneptis sp.是华北落叶松人工林主要食叶害虫落叶松红腹叶蜂Pristiphora erichsonii Hartig茧期的体外复寄生性天敌。对该蜂的生物学特性研究表明,该蜂在宁夏六盘山1年2代,以幼虫在寄主茧内越冬,翌年4月中旬开始活动取食,5月中旬开始化蛹,成蜂从6月中旬开始羽化,每头虫茧平均出蜂6.14头,雌雄比1.79∶1,雌蜂6月下旬开始产卵,一只雌蜂一生可在12.2头寄主虫茧上产卵,第1代寄生蜂幼虫7月上旬开始孵化并吸食寄主营养发育,7月下旬开始化蛹,8月上旬开始羽化并交尾、产卵寄生。该蜂体型较大,对寄主跟随性强,无重寄生天敌,自然寄生率7.3%～33.6%,是一种优良天敌寄生蜂。     

桔绿绵蜡蚧生物学及其寄生性天敌

<正> 桔绿绵蜡蚧Chloropulvinaria aurantii(Cockerell)又名黄绿絮介壳虫,在上海发生普遍,是海桐重要害虫,亦为害夹竹桃、柿、杜仲、山茶、桂花等。成虫和若虫群集在枝条和叶片上为害。严重时可使枝叶枯死,并诱生煤烟病。 此虫在上海一年发生2代,以若虫在枝条上越冬。4月变为成虫,雄虫交配后死亡,5月雌虫从腹后分泌出一个蜡质卵囊,产卵于囊中,每头雌成虫产卵数百粒至2千余粒,产卵后干缩死去。5月下旬孵化为若虫,先群集在枝条上为害,后迁至叶片上,在叶片上沿主脉寄生。8月出现第2代成虫,8月下旬产卵,9月孵化为     

夹竹桃天蛾的生物学特性

夹竹桃天蛾Daphnis nerii(Linnaeus)是夹竹桃上的重要害虫,具有间歇性爆发的特点。该虫在湖南省衡阳地区1年发生2～3代,以蛹在寄主附近的枯枝落叶层、表层松土及土壤缝穴中越冬。越冬代成虫于6月上旬出现,6月中下旬产卵。6月下旬第1代幼虫孵化;第1代成虫于7月中旬出现,7月下旬产卵。第2代幼虫8月上旬孵化,8月下旬至9月上旬幼虫危害最历害,9月中旬开始化蛹,化蛹持续到10月中旬。第2代蛹发生分化,一部分成为越冬蛹,另一部分则羽化为成虫。第2代成虫于10月上旬开始产下第3代卵。10月上旬第3代幼虫开始孵化,11月中旬第3代幼虫开始化蛹、越冬。     

跗粗角萤叶甲的生物学特性

跗粗角萤叶甲Diorhabda tarsalis Weise是甘草上的重要食叶害虫,成虫、幼虫危害甘草叶片及幼嫩组织。该虫在河北省保定1年发生3代,以成虫在土缝、洞穴或者枯枝落叶下面的疏松层中越冬。翌年4月下旬越冬成虫开始活动,4月下旬至5月上旬交配产卵,卵产于寄主根部10～15mm的疏松土层。第1代、第2代和第3代幼虫分别于5月中旬、7月上旬和8月上旬孵化,各代幼虫均能对寄主造成严重为害,幼虫3龄。记述该虫的寄主、生活年史、发育历期、生活习性,并提出防治建议。     

小菜蛾主要寄生性天敌——菜蛾绒茧蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂间的相互作用

在28℃下,以小菜蛾3龄幼虫作寄主,研究了菜蛾绒茧蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂间的相互关系．当寄主供2种蜂同时产卵寄生时,与只供1种蜂时相比。绒茧蜂的寄生率无显著变化,而啮小蜂的寄生率则显著下降;2种蜂的合计寄生率与任一种蜂单独存在时相比无显著差异．当寄主先供绒茧蜂寄生,再供啮小蜂寄生时,绒茧蜂的成功寄生率不受影响,而啮小蜂的寄生率仅为8％～13％;啮小蜂能寄生在寄主体内的绒茧蜂高龄幼虫．绒茧蜂能寄生已被啮小蜂寄生的寄主幼虫,其子代部分个体能正常发育至成虫羽化．当已被绒茧蜂寄生和未被寄生的寄主同时存在时,啮小蜂主要寄生未被寄生的寄主．表明绒茧蜂具有竞争优势。但这种优势可因啮小蜂的寄生而被削弱．     

枣园桃蛀果蛾寄生蜂种类及其与寄主的关系

桃蛀果蛾(Carposina sasakii Matsumura)是我国十分重要的果实性害虫,其中枣受害最严重,因其幼虫在果实内蛀食危害、高度隐蔽性的生活而较难防治。寻找有效天敌,开展生物防治成为必然。2009年与2010年研究调查了我国大枣部分产区陕西、山西、河南与宁夏枣园桃蛀果蛾寄生性天敌,共发现了3种寄生蜂,即中华齿腿姬蜂(Pristomerus chinensis Ashmead)、章氏小甲腹茧蜂(Chelonus(Microchelonus)zhangi Zhang)和金小蜂(Pteromalidae),3种寄生蜂均从桃蛀果蛾的茧中羽化而出,其中中华齿腿姬蜂和章氏小甲腹茧蜂为优势天敌,但它们表现出十分明显的地域性分布。同时,对中华齿腿姬蜂和章氏小甲腹茧蜂羽化、寄生率以及与寄主之间的关系进行了初步研究,结果表明,中华齿腿姬蜂越冬代成虫出蛰活动始于6月中旬,越冬代寄生率较低,第1代成虫羽化在8月下旬至9月上旬,这代寄生蜂具有较高的寄生率,可达25%;章氏小甲腹茧蜂第1代成虫羽化集中在8月中下旬和9月上旬,由于在2009年与2010年对样地进行不施用杀虫剂的管理,该天敌在2010年自然寄生率显著提高,最高时可达64.52%。因此,科学管理,合理保护与利用当地天敌成为实现该害虫生物防治的关键。     

我国常见的四种悬茧蜂

<正> 悬茧蜂属~(**) Meteorus Haliday隶属茧蜂科优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae,是最常见的一类寄生蜂。全世界均有分布,已知近230种(Shenefelt,1969),而我国目前仅记录11种。实际上此蜂在我国分布普遍,种类甚多,有待进一步采集和研究整理。 悬茧蜂主要寄生于鳞翅目幼虫,极少数种寄生于鞘翅目幼虫。对某些鳞翅目幼虫的发生有一定控制作用,如伏虎茧蜂在我国一些地区对于地老虎幼虫时有较高的寄生率,曾引起当地重视。该蜂为内寄生,产卵于寄主体内,蜂幼虫孵化后即在寄主幼虫体内生活,至老熟时钻出奇主结茧。单寄生或多寄主,以单寄生种类为多。 悬茧蜂成虫体长多为3.5—5.5毫米,但亦     

烟蚜茧蜂生物学及其应用研究

本文系1975—78年在云南玉溪烟区进行的研究结果。烟蚜茧蜂在玉溪终年可以找到寄主产卵寄生,没有越冬滞育现象。发育周期长短与温度有明显关系,25—27℃,一代厉期为9—13天,其中卵期1—2天,幼虫期4—5天,预蛹期1—2天,蛹期3—4天。成虫饲喂糖液,寿命7,8天,最长11天。冬季温低(15℃),寿命较长,平均13.6天,最长40天。雌蜂羽化后可立即交配产卵寄生,产卵1,2天后进入高峰期,产卵高峰期一般3—4天。产卵期较长,在整个成虫期均可产卵寄生。每雌蜂在供给过量寄主时(每日50头成蚜),一生平均产卵量为189.4粒,日平均为24.7粒。寄生蚜虫数为127.6头,每蜂平均在每头寄主蚜虫体内产卵1.5粒。 利用简易薄膜温室饲养蚜虫繁蜂,简便易行。田间散放防治示范试验结果表明,在烤烟生长期,连续释放烟蚜茧蜂可有效地控制烟蚜的发生在防治水平以下。其效果比喷施45％乐果乳剂1000倍液优越。     

茄子叶片绒毛与侧多食跗线螨抗性的关系

研究了27 个茄子品种叶片绒毛对侧多食跗线螨(Polyphagotarsonemus latus)的田间种群密度、叶片为害指数、种群增长倍数的影响.结果表明：不同品种茄子叶片绒毛密度和长度存在一定差异;同一品种叶片正面绒毛密度小于背面,正面绒毛长度大于背面;7个抗性较强品种叶片背面平均绒毛密度显著高于6个抗性较弱品种的平均绒毛密度.茄子叶片背面绒毛密度越高,螨的田间种群密度、叶片为害指数越低,茄子的抗性越强.     

Some aspects of the reproductive biology of Acanthopagrus spp. (Family: Sparidae)

Changes in the seasonal development of the gonads in Acanthopagrus latus and A. cuvieri over an annual reproductive cycle are described. There is one major spawning period from January to March. Hermaphrodite A. latus and A. cuvieri constituted 5.8% and 5.7% of the total sample respectively. The histological changes in the ovary, testis and ovo-testis in both species are described. Fecundity estimates for A. latus , 27.5–31.8 cm, ranged from 1 362 137 to 2 152 993, and estimates for A. cuvieri , 47.1–63.5 cm, ranged from 308 273 to 1 693 365.     

Using micropylar ultrastructure for species identification and phylogenetic inference among four species of Sparidae

Among Sparus sarba, Acanthopagrus latus, A. schlegeli and Pagrus major, P. major had the largest egg size, with the biggest micropyle funnel and the most numerous accessory openings. The reinforcement in the micropyle canals was species specific with eight spiral clockwise, five two-spiral clockwise, seven two-spiral clockwise, and 10 triangular ridges in S. sarba, A. latus, A. schlegeli , and P. major , respectively. A key to identify these four species based on micropyle characters is proposed for future applications. Cladistic analysis by using different parsimonious methods on the morphological character of the micropyle suggested that the generic interrelationship between Sparus and Acanthopagrus was closer than to the genus Pagrus . Furthermore, the congeneric species of A. latus and A. schlegeli were the most closely related, with S. sarba the second, and P. major the last. This result agreed with conclusions obtained from other character suites including morphological, biochemical and molecular data.     

Potential of fungi as biocontrol agents of polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae)

Infection of broad mites, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, by conidia of Beauveria bassiana, Hirsutella thompsonii, and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus conidia was investigated in the laboratory under controlled temperature and moisture conditions. Infection of P. latus by the fungus (LC₅₀) was related positively to the 1.16 × 10⁶ B. bassiana conidia per ml, 2.39 × 10³ H. thompsonii conidia per ml, and 1.29 × 10⁵ P. fumosoroseus conidia per ml. Mortality caused by B. bassiana occurred the fastest among densities fluctuating between 65 and 125 mites per leaf. The pathogens B. bassiana and P. fumosoroseus, adjuvants (oil and molasses), and the acaricide ABG6364, a microbial insecticide containing the Beta-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis were evaluated for efficacy against P. latus in a greenhouse test. The B. bassiana treated plants had the greatest and most persistent effect on percentage mortality of total broad mites present per leaf (88 %) followed by the acaricide ABG6364. Use of adjuvants (oil and molasses) did not increase infection of P. latus.     

Stable minihairpin structures forming at minisatellite DNA isolated from yellow fin sea bream Acanthopagrus latus

The lengths of simple repeat sequences are generally unstable or polymorphic (highly variable with respect to the numbers of tandem repeats). Previously we have isolated a family of minisatellite DNA (GenBank accession AF422186) that appears specifically and abundantly in the genome of yellow fin sea bream Acanthopagrus latus but not in closely-related red sea bream Pagrus major, and found that the numbers of tandem arrays in the homologous loci are polymorphic. This means that the minisatellite sequence has appeared and propagated in A. latus genome after speciation. In order to understand what makes the minisatellite widespread within the A. latus genome and what causes the polymorphic nature of the number of tandem repeats, the structural features of single-stranded polynucleotides were analyzed by electrophoresis, chemical modification, circular dichroism (CD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron microscopy. The results suggest that a portion of the repeat unit forms a stable minihairpin structure, and it can cause polymerase pausing within the minisatellite DNA.     

槐树三刺角蝉生物学特性及防治

槐树三刺角蝉 Tricentrussophorae Yuan et Yan是国槐上发现的新害虫 ,在山东商河 1年发生 2代 ,以卵在国槐枝条内越冬。本文报道了该虫的生活史、生活习性、活动规律及发生与环境的关系。用 10 %高效氯氰菊酯 2 0 0 0 ,30 0 0倍稀释液和甲基 16 0 5的 10 0 0倍稀释液喷雾防治 ,若虫死亡率达 10 0 %。     

Molecular and immunological comparison of membrane-bound, H2-oxidizing hydrogenases of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes latus, and Azotobacter vinelandii.

The membrane-bound hydrogenases of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes latus, and Azotobacter vinelandii were purified extensively and compared. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of each hydrogenase revealed two prominent protein bands, one near 60 kilodaltons and the other near 30 kilodaltons. The migration distances during nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were similar for all except A. vinelandii hydrogenase, which migrated further than the other three. The amino acid composition of each hydrogenase was determined, revealing substantial similarity among these enzymes. This was confirmed by calculation of S delta Q values, which ranged from 8.0 to 26.7 S delta Q units. S delta Q is defined as sigma j(Xi,j-Xk,j)2, where i and k identify the proteins compared and Xj is the content (residues per 100) of a given amino acid of type j. The hydrogenases of this study were also compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody raised against B. japonicum hydrogenase cross-reacted with all four hydrogenases, but to various degrees and in the order B. japonicum greater than A. latus greater than A. eutrophus greater than A. vinelandii. Antibody raised against A. eutrophus hydrogenase also cross-reacted with all four hydrogenases, following the pattern of cross-reaction A. eutrophus greater than A. latus = B. japonicum greater than A. vinelandii. Antibody raised against B. japonicum hydrogenase inhibited B. japonicum hydrogenase activity to a greater extent than the A. eutrophus and A. latus activities; no inhibition of A. vinelandii hydrogenase activity was detected. The results of these experiments indicated remarkable homology of the hydrogenases from these four microorganisms.     

Micro-evolution in the weevil genus Larinus: the formation of host biotypes and speciation

Data are presented on allozyme variation between 15 populations of the stenophagous capitulum weevil, Larinus cynarae , and three populations of its congener, L. latus , that had been collected throughout the northern mediterranean range of these species. A phenetic analysis of these data revealed no direct relationship between genetic variation and host-plant association within L. cynarae , but there was a strong geographical structuring of allozyme patterns. Most of the genetic variation was due to differences between geographical regions and variation within these was small. Wright's F _ST values showed that Italian and Greek populations of L. cynarae were most distinct from L. latus , with southern Iberian, northern Spanish and French populations increasingly less so. This pattern was associated with a cline in the frequencies of certain alleles along this geographical arc from France to Greece. A phenogram of Nei's genetic distances indicated the close genetic relationship between the two species of Larinus and separated the populations of L. cynarae into three allopatric groups. These groups have different host-plant spectra - dominated by Cynara cardunculus in Italy and Greece, Cynara humilis/Onopordum in southern Iberia and Onopordum spp. in France/Northern Spain - and can be considered to be host biotypes of L. cynarae. L. latus , which occurs in Greece and further east is also an Onopordum specialist. An analysis of the phylogeny of this group of Larinus indicates a primary separation into eastern ( L. latus ) and western ( L. cynarae ) taxa, with further branching of the L. cynarae lineage into the putative host-biotypes. An hypothesis for the evolution of these taxa is given, based on the evolutionary history of host-plant taxa and geographical constraints.     

Production of poly-(beta-hydroxybutyric-co-beta-hydroxyvaleric) acids.

Alcaligenes latus, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas pseudoflava, Pseudomonas cepacia, and Micrococcus halodenitrificans were found to accumulate poly-(beta-hydroxybutyric-co-beta-hydroxyvaleric) acid [P(HB-co-HV)] copolymer when supplied with glucose (or sucrose in the case of A. latus) and propionic acid under nitrogen-limited conditions. A fed-batch culture of A. eutrophus produced 24 g of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) liter-1 under ammonium limitation conditions. When the glucose feed was replaced with glucose and propionic acid during the polymer accumulation phase, 17 g of P(HB-co-HV) liter-1 was produced. The P(HB-co-HV) contained 5.0 mol% beta-hydroxyvaleric acid (HV). Varying the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio at a dilution rate of 0.15 h-1 in a chemostat culture of A. eutrophus resulted in a maximum value of 33% (wt/wt) PHB in the biomass. In comparison, A. latus accumulated about 40% (wt/wt) PHB in chemostat culture under nitrogen-limited conditions at the same dilution rate. When propionic acid was added to the first stage of a two-stage chemostat, A. latus produced 43% (wt/wt) P(HB-co-HV) containing 18.5 mol% HV. In the second stage, the P(HB-co-HV) increased to 58% (wt/wt) with an HV content of 11 mol% without further addition of carbon substrate. The HV composition in P(HB-co-HV) was controlled by regulating the concentration of propionic acid in the feed. Poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates containing a higher percentage of HV were produced when pentanoic acid replaced propionic acid.