生态旅游对大熊猫影响评价方法研究——以四川唐家河国家级自然保护区为例

旅游活动及伴随的人流、车流逐渐成为野生动物的主要干扰源,威胁着濒危物种的繁殖和生存。准确认识旅游活动对野生动物的影响是制定保护对策和提高保护成效的基础,但生态学领域有关旅游对野生动物影响的量化研究还比较少,可借鉴的评估方法仍较为缺乏。本研究比较唐家河国家级自然保护区旅游开发前(2000年)和开发后(2012年)大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)痕迹点距离路线的平均回避距离和最小回避距离,发现大熊猫对徒步路线表现出明显的回避效应,表明近年来的旅游活动对大熊猫确实产生了影响。通过最小回避距离和距离递增法确定旅游活动对大熊猫的影响等级和阈值距离。确定了距离徒步路线和自驾路线的第一等级距离阈值分别为0~57 m和0~460 m、第二等级为57~800 m和460~1 000 m、第三等级为800~1 400 m和大于1 000 m。基于距离徒步路线和自驾路线一定范围内的痕迹点分布数量,大熊猫对不同路线两侧每100 m的栖息地平均利用频率分别为1.9±0.23和0.8±0.15,通过Mann-Whitney U检验,发现二者间存在显著性差异(Z=﹣3.48,P=0.000)。通过对每100 m海拔区间内大熊猫痕迹距离自驾路线和徒步路线的距离分析,发现二者差异显著(t=3.76,P=0.003),对自驾路线,大熊猫在海拔2 000~2 100 m时回避距离最小,而对徒步路线,最小回避距离发生在2 100~2 200 m。基于本研究,为自然保护区内最小接触区或禁止旅游区的划分提供了依据,同时为其他保护区探索适合的生态旅游影响评价方法提供了示范和经验。     

秦岭地区大熊猫种群空间利用消长状态以及道路影响研究

研究大熊猫种群空间利用的消长动态及其干扰因素对识别大熊猫潜在生境、保护大熊猫种群可持续增长具有重要的现实意义。本文收集了第三次和第四次秦岭大熊猫种群及栖息地调查数据,借助地理信息系统空间分析工具,对比分析了大熊猫种群的空间利用变化格局,并探究了道路干扰对大熊猫种群空间利用格局的影响。结果显示：（1）2000-2012年间,佛坪、长青核心密集区大熊猫种群空间利用密度西北方向增加,东南方向减少,即黄柏塬保护区呈增加趋势,而佛坪、观音山和周至保护区交界处呈减少趋势。其中,局部高密度区面积减少,但整体空间利用面积增大,并呈向外围扩散趋势。种群空间利用密度最大增长达3.05痕迹点/ km²,最大减小密度达2.71痕迹点/km²。（2）距国道、省道和县道2000 m以内种群空间利用密度增幅上升,距乡村道路2000 m外种群空间利用密度变化减小,且距高速公路3500 m大熊猫种群空间利用密度由减转增。深入探讨大熊猫种群空间利用格局可为建设优良栖息地和潜在栖息地提供参考,其结论将有助于优化道路选址和保护区规划,缓解人为活动和野生动物之间的冲突。     

观音山自然保护区和佛坪自然保护区大熊猫种群的分布格局

2007年10月和2008年4月,对佛坪自然保护区和观音山自然保护区内大熊猫的活动痕迹进行了样线调查,研究了该区内大熊猫种群及其同域主要伴生动物的分布情况,并分析了影响大熊猫活动分布格局的环境因素.结果表明：观音山和佛坪自然保护区的大熊猫及同域主要伴生野生动物的分布格局基本一致,大熊猫在观音山自然保护区的活动痕迹密度、范围均小于佛坪自然保护区;研究区内2个大熊猫高密度等级的活动中心均分布在佛坪自然保护区内;观音山自然保护区内的大部分地区无大熊猫活动;羚牛、斑羚、野猪等大熊猫主要伴生动物在观音山自然保护区内的活动痕迹数量高于佛坪保护区;人类干扰可能对大熊猫种群活动的分布格局产生影响.     

汶川地震后野生动物及栖息地的调查——以龙溪虹口和千佛山自然保护区为例

为了解汶川地震对野生动物及其栖息地的影响,2008年10月中旬,选择在龙溪虹口和千佛山两个自然保护区进行野外实地调查。在调查的20条样线中,发现次生地质灾害体100处,平均面积为（12±2．5）hm^2。地质灾害体按基质成分所占比例由大到小依次为土壤、裸岩、流石滩、地被残留物,其中部分灾害体上已经长出草本植物。地质灾害点发生比例与坡度之间呈显著正相关,地质灾害体的面积和影响范围也呈显著正相关。野外调查中共发现动物活动痕迹点52处,没有发现因地震直接导致伤亡的动物个体,约60％的动物活动痕迹位于距地质灾害体100m的范围内,表明地震后动物的活动区域并未远离崩塌、滑坡等次生地质灾害体;与震前相比,在旅游景区发现更多野生动物的活动痕迹,表明人类活动停止后,野生动物重新利用这些栖息地。     

道路及道路施工对若尔盖高寒湿地小型兽类及鸟类生境利用的影响

为考察道路和道路施工对若尔盖高寒泥炭湿地野生动物的影响,我们在穿过若尔盖湿地的2条道路两侧,对距道路不同距离的小型兽类和鸟类分布进行了调查,其中小型兽类调查深度距离公路800m,鸟类调查深度距离公路400m。施工中的国道213线路两侧黑唇鼠兔(Ochotonacurzoniae)洞穴高密度区域离道路更远,在道路两侧400m处达到峰值,极显著高于距离道路10m处的密度;而在正常运营中的省道209线两侧,其洞穴密度在200m处达到最高值,与其他距离的洞穴密度没有显著性差异。无论在国道213线还是省道209线,道路对高原鼢鼠(Myospalaxbaileyi)洞穴分布的影响均未达到显著性水平。在正常运营的省道209线两侧,高原鼢鼠土堆密度最高区域为距离道路100m处;而施工的道路两侧高原鼢鼠土堆密度最高区域则出现在距离道路10m处,第二高峰出现在距离道路400m处。雀形目和隼形目鸟类的分布均呈现距离道路越远密度越高的趋势,但是只有距离道路400m处雀形目鸟类的密度显著高于50m与200m处;距离道路不同距离的样线中隼形目鸟类密度和物种丰富度没有显著性差异。由此可以看出,施工中的道路对黑唇鼠兔的影响区域比正常运营的道路更宽,其公路效应域达到400m,400m的调查深度对鸟类尤其是隼形目鸟类来说可能还略有不足。但是,根据此深度的调查可以确定施工中的国道213线雀形目和隼形目鸟类的公路效应域宽度大于400m。     

甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区林缘社区饲养犬只对大熊猫时空节律的影响

人类对于野生动物的影响复杂多样, 其中家养动物所产生的干扰往往被忽视, 例如保护区林缘社区饲养的家犬。半散放的家犬(Canis familiaris)进入野生动物栖息地, 对保护区内以大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)为代表的野生动物可能产生重要影响。为明确家犬进入林区活动范围对大熊猫的影响, 本研究采用红外相机技术和GPS项圈无线追踪技术对甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区内家犬对大熊猫潜在栖息地范围和时间节律的影响进行研究, 利用MaxEnt模型对家犬活动范围及大熊猫潜在栖息地进行预测。结果表明: 甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区内大熊猫潜在栖息地面积为885.8 km², 约占保护区总面积的48.2%; 家犬活动面积为861.2 km², 约占保护区总面积的47.6%。家犬活动范围与大熊猫潜在栖息地重叠的面积约占保护区面积的28.2%, 且多集中在低海拔的常绿阔叶林。大熊猫在有家犬出现的位点和没有家犬出现的位点日活动节律具有显著差异。本研究揭示了家犬进入林区对大熊猫栖息地潜在影响的空间范围, 为保护区开展生物多样性管理提供了关键信息, 对于其他保护区具有借鉴意义。     

洋太公路对秦岭大熊猫栖息地景观格局的影响

洋县至太白县省级公路(洋太公路)穿越了秦岭大熊猫栖息地,可能对该地区大熊猫种群交流产生影响.以北京一号卫星遥感图像为数据源,采用分层提取法对道路建设前大熊猫栖息地景观类型进行分类,随后在GIS软件ArcMap的支持下对分类结果进行更新,模拟得到道路建设后的大熊猫栖息地景观格局,利用Fragstats软件从斑块和景观2个层次上计算了洋太公路修建前后大熊猫栖息地景观指数.结果表明:洋太公路穿越了9.4 km的林地斑块,公路建设使沿线两侧500 m范围6.9%的土地面积转化为建设用地,其中林地面积减少0.9%,各斑块类型的破碎度增加;公路建设后,Shannon多样性指数和CONTAG指数在离公路两侧300 m处变化最大,随着距离公路长度的增加逐渐趋于相同,表明公路建设对景观格局的影响随着空间尺度的增大而减弱.最后,提出了该地区大熊猫栖息地保护与管理建议.     

道路两边不同距离内哺乳动物丰富度的差异

为更好地保护和管理部分哺乳类动物及其栖息地,自2001年6月至2002年3月在韩国白头大干山脉8个被道路切割的林区内调查了道路两边一定距离内所见哺乳动物随距离增加而变化的丰富度。我们共调查了10种哺乳类(野猪、狍、獐、黄鼬、貉、豹猫、华南兔、松鼠、花鼠、鼹)的各种痕迹(粪便、足迹、食痕、卧迹及休息处),发现距道路近处两边的丰富度确有较大下降。这说明道路建设的确影响哺乳类的生境选择及其利用方式。所以今后在道路设计、管理及扩充等方面均需充分考虑和满足所有野生动物整个生命过程所需的空间要求。     

卧龙自然保护区大熊猫空间利用格局动态变化特征

野生动物在长期的栖息地选择过程中,能判断其生境质量,而趋向于选择既能降低能量消耗,又能获得营养价值和能量净收益较高的有利生境。以往的研究多是从统计学方法或宏观尺度对大熊猫生境进行评价,很少考虑到野生动物自身生物学特性及生境选择过程中的空间利用特征。本研究结合家域模型与景观格局分析技术定量分析大熊猫实际空间利用格局的动态变化特征及其破碎化程度,进而反映不同时期大熊猫生境选择模式及栖息地生境适宜性的动态变化。结果表明：卧龙自然保护区大熊猫在对栖息地的实际利用过程中向更适宜的区域集中,使得高适宜等级区域面积有所增大;而边缘生境区域更容易受到自然灾害和人为因素的干扰,破碎化加剧,需要在保护工作中引起足够的重视。从大熊猫行为模式特征出发,在不同时空尺度上,评估大熊猫对生境选择的空间格局变化特征,丰富了野生动物栖息地适宜性评价的时空尺度选择,为更准确地制定保护区管理政策提供了有效的工具。     

道路影响下野生动物廊道的选址——以大熊猫保护廊道为例

沿道路设置供野生动物迁徙、扩散和连接栖息地的廊道是应对道路干扰最有效的措施,科学选址则是野生动物廊道建设的前提,也是廊道研究的薄弱领域。以大熊猫廊道为例对野生动物廊道选址指标体系、方法和程序进行了探索,将栖息地特征、地形因素、植被可转化性、工程成本作为大熊猫廊道选址指标,基于Arcgis和栖息地格局、海拔、坡度、植被数据,为四川306省道椅子垭口段确定了两处大熊猫廊道位置,并用监测数据证明了所选位置具有较大的可行性和准确性。研究表明栖息地格局是廊道选址的重要基础,应侧重对地形因素的研究。研究为廊道选址方法和流程进行了示范,还对选址指标体系优化、提高选址的科学性进行了探讨,有助于推动野生动物廊道研究从理论探索走向实际应用。     

Impact of livestock on giant pandas and their habitat

Livestock production is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide. However, impacts of livestock on endangered species have been understudied, particularly across the livestock–wildlife interface in forested protected areas. We investigated the impact of an emerging livestock sector in China's renowned Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas. We integrated empirical data from field surveys, remotely sensed imagery, and GPS collar tracking to analyze (1) the spatial distribution of horses in giant panda habitat, (2) space use and habitat selection patterns of horses and pandas, and (3) the impact of horses on pandas and bamboo (panda's main food source). We discovered that the horse distribution overlapped with suitable giant panda habitat. Horses had smaller home ranges than pandas but both species showed similarities in habitat selection. Horses consumed considerable amounts of bamboo, and may have resulted in a decline in panda habitat use. Our study highlights the need to formulate policies to address this emerging threat to the endangered giant panda. It also has implications for understanding livestock impacts in other protected areas across the globe.     

卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境评价

生物的生境是指生物生活繁衍的场所,由生物与非生物环境构成。近几个世纪以来,物种绝灭的速度加快,生物多样性丧失最重要的原因是生物生境的人为破坏。对保持生物的生境评价,是分析这些物种种群减少,濒危原因的重要手段,还能为制定合理的保护对策提供依据。根据大熊猫生境分布特点提出了大熊猫生境结构理论模型,将影响卧龙大熊猫生境质量的因素分为物理环境因素、生物环境因素和人类活动因素,探讨了生境评价的程序与卧龙大熊猫生境评价准则,运用地理信息系统技术与空间模拟方法分析了卧龙大熊猫生境质量。在人类活动影响下,卧龙自然保护区内适宜大熊猫生存的生境面积有57597.3hm^2,其中最适生境面积为6256.1hm^2,主要分布在海拔2300－2800m的平缓山坡与台地。     

Off-Highway Vehicle Trail Impacts on Breeding Songbirds in Northeastern California

Abstract: Rapid growth in off-highway vehicle (OHV) use in North America leads to concerns about potential impacts on wildlife populations. We studied the relationship between distance to active OHV trail and songbird nesting success and abundance in northeastern California, USA, from 2002 to 2004. We found evidence of greater nest desertion and abandonment and reduced predation on shrub nests <100 m from OHV trails than at nests >100 m from OHV trails. Two of 18 species studied were less abundant at sites on trails than at sites 250 m from trails, and no species were more abundant on trails. Management of OHV trail development should consider possible negative impacts on nesting success and abundance of breeding birds.     

汶川地震对都江堰地区大熊猫生境的影响

为了明确汶川地震破坏区的空间分布特征及其对大熊猫生境的影响,选择在都江堰地区采用遥感数据解译和GIS模型分析相结合的方法进行了此项研究。研究结果表明：汶川地震及其产生的滑坡、泥石流等次生灾害造成的植被破坏区面积为12862hm^2,其中78．64％的破坏区位于龙溪虹口自然保护区内部。地震破坏区在空间上主要分布在海拔1400—2400m,坡度20～55&#176;之间的山坡上。地震造成都江堰地区21．63％的大熊猫生境丧失,其中海拔2200～3000m之间的大熊猫生境丧失比例较大。大熊猫生境破碎化程度严重,震后的生境斑块数量是震前的7．7倍。龙溪虹口自然保护区的大熊猫生境丧失更为严重,其丧失比例为32．15％,而保护区外部的大熊猫生境丧失较轻,其丧失比例为9．83％。地震造成该地区大熊猫生境丧失严重,生境破碎化加剧,为了增加大熊猫可利用的生境,在震后恢复重建中应当避免在大熊猫生境中开展旅游。     

Impact of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on biodiversity and giant panda habitat in Wolong Nature Reserve,China

Natural disasters such as earthquakes have profound effects on the earth’s biodiversity. However, studies on immediate earthquake impacts are rarely conducted at fine scales due to logistical constraints. We conducted the first post-earthquake field survey in Wolong Nature Reserve, Wenchuan, China, less than 1 year after it was hit by a magnitude 8.0 earthquake in 2008. Since Wolong harbors approximately 10% of the endangered wild giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) population, the impact of the earthquake on the giant panda and its habitat is of particular concern. We established 15 transects in three focus areas within the Reserve where we classified occurrences of earthquake damage according to vegetation and geophysical characteristics. In the 11.2 km² area sampled, we recorded 156 occurrences of earthquake damage consisting of landslides and mudflows, which comprised a total area of 0.88 km². Of all earthquake damage occurrences sampled, only 36% of occurences (73% of surface area) corresponded to damaged areas previously detected through broad-scale remote sensing. The remaining damaged areas mainly consisted of occurrences too small to be detected without field observation. Although there were significant losses to tree and shrub species diversity and richness in earthquake-damaged areas, remnant vegetation was found in the majority (80%) of damaged areas, suggesting the potential for forest recovery. Most earthquake-damaged areas were too steep to be classified as suitable giant panda habitat (79%). In addition, a sizable number of signs of giant panda (67) and other wildlife (148) were observed near the earthquake-damaged areas, and there appeared to be avoidance of earthquake damage only at short-range distances. This study has implications for understanding the impact of natural disasters on biodiversity and highlights the importance of fine scale on-the-ground assessments of disaster impacts on wildlife and their habitats.     

基于野生动物栖息地成本和GIS技术的道路选线——以大熊猫栖息地内四川306省道椅子垭口段为例

根据道路选线工程成本思路提出了道路选线的"栖息地成本"的概念,以此量化道路对所穿越野生动物栖息地造成的影响。以椅子垭口大熊猫栖息地内的道路选线为例,基于保护生物学的栖息地评价结果计算出栖息地成本值;用地形因素代表道路工程成本,将栖息地成本与工程成本以不同权重组合代表环境因素在道路选线中的重要性、生成道路选线的综合成本,通过Arcgis的distance模块计算出9条穿越椅子垭口综合成本最小的路径,提出了道路优化的方案,供道路建设选线参考。通过野生动物栖息地对基于环境因素的道路选线方法进行了探索,使道路建设的环境保护需求在选线阶段就得到充分的考虑,对提高我国道路选线水平、道路建设和野生动物保护成效具有现实意义。     

Impact of livestock grazing on biodiversity and giant panda habitat

Livestock grazing occurs in many protected areas for wildlife and has become a threat to wildlife worldwide. Livestock grazing within protected areas causes negative effects to rare wildlife (e.g., giant panda [Ailuropoda melanoleuca]) and their habitat. We used the 2,000-km² Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, southwestern China, to document the effects of livestock on the giant panda and its habitat. We monitored arrow bamboo (Bashania fangiana), wildlife sign (i.e., feces and tracks), and characteristics of plant communities in intact habitat (IH; limited livestock grazing) and disturbed habitat (DH; with grazing disturbance) to assess the effects of livestock grazing and the responses of giant pandas and sympatric species across spatial and temporal scales. Bamboo coverage and the height and basal diameter of bamboo in IH were greater than those in DH, whereas the number of herbaceous species and herbaceous coverage in IH were lower than those in DH. Wildlife signs in IH were greater than those in DH; specifically, giant panda and red panda (Ailurus fulgens) signs were greater, whereas signs of sambar (Rusa unicolor) and tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) in IH were similar to those in DH. Livestock grazing reduced bamboo, which may threaten the long-term survival of the giant panda. Our results have implications for understanding and management of livestock grazing in the Wolong National Nature Reserve and elsewhere. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.     

Synergistic effects of anthropogenic disturbances on giant pandas

Livestock grazing and the collection of bamboo shoots are the main threats to giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitat in the Liangshan Mountains in China. It is important to clarify the effect of these disturbances to the giant panda to formulate targeted management policies. Based on species distribution models and daily activity models, we investigated the effects of livestock grazing and bamboo shoot collection on giant pandas from May 2021 to July 2022. Our results indicated the giant panda's suitable habitat in the reserve covered 51.83 km² (15.02% of the reserve area). Grazing and bamboo shoot collection led to losses of 19.08 km² and 7.68 km² of suitable habitat, respectively. Together, the 2 activities resulted in a loss of 28.35 km² of suitable habitat, which was more than half of the area of panda habitat. The areas of suitable habitat for giant pandas significantly overlapped with the areas affected by both disturbances. Giant pandas did not show significant differences in daily activity rhythms under a single disturbance, but the daily activity rhythms of giant pandas differed when we compared the area combining the 2 disturbances with the undisturbed area. Our study reveals that the anthropogenic disturbances in the reserve have varying effects on the suitable habitat range and daily activity rhythm of giant pandas and evidence of a synergistic effect. Therefore, when formulating relevant conservation policies, it is important to fully evaluate the extent and characteristics of anthropogenic disturbances in shaping the population distribution and habitat preferences of the giant panda and other wildlife to enhance the efficacy of conservation management practices.