预处理方式对微紫青霉菌吸附Cu2+的影响及其吸附机理

为有效提高青霉菌(Penicillium)对含Cu2+的水溶液中的Cu2+的吸附能力并了解其吸附机制, 研究了8种不同预处理方式对微紫青霉菌(Penicillium janthinellum)菌株GXCR的Cu2+吸附的影响。结果表明, 匀浆化、匀浆+碱化(NaOH) (简称匀浆碱化)、高温(80oC)、匀浆+盐化(NaCl)、匀浆+洗涤剂和匀浆+极化(二甲基亚砜)可显著提高菌体的吸附率, 但是匀浆化+酸化处理会导致菌体的Cu2+吸附能力显著下降。与早期其他研究相比, 本研究发现匀浆化碱化(NaOH)相结合的方式能够显著提高菌体的吸附能力。其中匀浆碱化(NaOH, 0.5 mol/L)处理后菌体的Cu2+的吸附率增加了47.95%; 匀浆碱化菌体吸附符合典型的Langmuir方程, 表明该菌对吸附Cu2+的吸附可能是以表面吸附为主。吸附-解吸循环4次后, 碱化菌体的Cu2+的吸附率仍可达到70.82%。红外光谱分析表明碱化处理主要影响菌体表面分子的-OH、C=O和COOH基团中的C=O, 其中与Cu2+结合的主要基团是-OH。GXCR的对Cu2+的吸附可能是主要基于Cu2+与菌体-OH基团结合的化学吸附为主。     

酵母菌Y17吸附Cu2+的影响因素及吸附机理研究

以高效吸附Cu2+的酵母菌Y17为材料, 对其吸附Cu2+过程中的主要影响因素, 包括溶液pH、Cu2+初始浓度、菌体添加量、吸附时间和温度以及吸附机理进行了探讨。结果表明, 对吸附过程影响较大的因素依次为吸附液pH值、Cu2+初始浓度、菌体添加量和吸附时间。正交试验得到最佳吸附条件为溶液pH5.0, 吸附时间40 min, 加菌量5.0 g湿菌/L时, 对初始浓度为8 mmol/L的Cu2+达到最佳吸附率为82.7%。通过对Y17菌体不同处理及解吸实验, 初步确定Y17吸附Cu2+的位点在细胞壁, 细胞壁表面的-NH2, -COOH基团在其吸附过程中起着重要作用。     

淡水小球藻清除Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+污染能力的研究

用接种密度(n/mL-1)为498 ×104的淡水小球藻对含Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+的水体分别处理,观察了藻细胞对上述3种离子的清除能力,并用金鱼存活检测了结果.结果表明(1)淡水小球藻对不同密度的Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+都有清除能力,Cu2+的密度在0.094～0.484 mol/L时,清除率为61%～84.5%;Cd2+的密度在0.053～0.32mol/L时,清除率为45.90%～78.20%;Zn2+的密度在0.077～0.466 mol/L时,清除率为61.80%～84.80%.(2)淡水小球藻Cu2+、Cd2+和Zn2+良好工作浓度分别为0.094～0.484 mol/L、0.053～0.32 mol/L和0.077～0.466mol/L.其中,Zn2+的清除能达到国家污染物排放的二级标准.     

镉对平菇菌丝生长及同工酶表达的影响

采用液体培养研究了不同浓度镉（Cd）处理7d对平菇（Pleurotus ostreotus）菌丝体生长及其同工酶表达的影响.结果表明,50 μmol/L Cd处理对平菇菌丝生长抑制率为55.6%,2000μmol/L Cd为菌丝生长致死浓度.同工酶活性电泳图谱显示,Cd处理不仅改变酯酶（EST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）同工酶带数,而且也影响各酶带的表达强度.50 μmol/L和100μmol/L Cd处理分别诱导出2条和3条新的POD同工酶带,而抑制一条分子量较大的POD酶带的表达,但明显增强总的POD活性.正常生长的平菇菌丝体LDH同工酶谱只出现2条酶带,50 μmol/L以下Cd处理不影响其同工酶的表达,100 μmol/L Cd处理组2条同工酶带均消失.50和100μmol/L Cd处理能够显著增强SOD活性,且诱导2条SOD同工酶表达.100μmol/L及其以下浓度Cd处理均能提高EST的活性,这可能具有加速细胞内酯类化合物水解而增加羧基的数量以螯合更多的游离Cd离子而解Cd毒的作用.Cd浓度在50μmol/L以下时,随着处理浓度的增加,对金属硫蛋白的诱导作用呈逐渐增强的趋势,而100 μmol/L Cd的诱导作用减弱.     

钙对中华猕猴桃果实采后乙烯释放和呼吸的影响

不同浓度(0.2 mol/L、0.5 mol/L 0.8 mol/L) CaCl₂溶液真空渗透处理对中华猕猴桃果实采后乙烯释放都有明显的抑制作用,其中0.5 mol/L Ca²⁺处理尤为显著,采后5天果实仍保持极低水平的内源乙烯,乙烯峰也延迟2~4天出现。不同品种间没有明显差异。试验结果还表明,Ca²⁺处理对果实采后呼吸不存在明显的抑制作用,但不同品种间有一定差异。     

用固定化弗劳地柠檬酸杆菌XP05从溶液中回收铂

比较了5种固定弗劳地柠檬酸杆菌XP05菌体的方法,其中明胶海藻酸钠包埋法为固定菌体的最佳方法。扫描电子显微镜观察表明,XP05菌体较均匀地分布于包埋基质中。固定化XP05菌体吸附Pt^4＋受吸附时间、固定化菌体浓度、溶液的pH值和Pt^4＋起始浓度的影响。吸附作用是一个快速的过程;吸附Pt^4＋的最适pH值为1.5;在50～250 mg P^4＋/L范围内,吸附量与Pt^4＋起始浓度成线性关系,吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型。在Pt^4＋起始浓度250 mg/L、固定化菌体2.0 g/L、pH 1.5和30℃条件下,振荡吸附60 min, 吸附量为35.3 mg/g。0.5 mol/L HCl能使吸附在固定化菌体上的Pt解吸98.7%。从废铂催化剂处理液回收铂的结果表明,在Pt^4＋起始浓度111.8 mg/L、固定化菌体4.0 g/L、pH 1.5和30℃条件下,振荡吸附60 min, 吸附量为20.9 mg/g。在填充床反应器中,在Pt^4＋起始浓度50 mg/L、流速1.2 ml/min、固定化菌体1.86 g的条件下,饱和吸附量达24.7 mg/g; 固定化XP05菌体经4次吸附解吸循环后吸附率仍达78％。     

生物含磷大分子与铀酰相互作用模拟计算研究

【目的】针对UO₂²⁺_主要在生物细胞表面生成微纳米片状磷酸氢铀酰矿化体这一前期研究基础。【方法】本文采用模拟计算的方法,探究了磷脂（生物共有）、脂多糖（革兰氏阴性菌特有）、磷壁酸（革兰氏阳性菌特有）、植酸（植物特有）4种生物壁膜及胞外含磷大分子（biological macromolecules with phosphorous,BCP）与UO₂²⁺_之间的相互作用力、作用能和间距等。【结果】蒙特卡罗分析结果表明：在弱酸性(UO₂²⁺₎、中性至弱碱性(UO₂²⁺_与CO32–共存)两种体系下,BCP对UO₂²⁺_的吸附均容易发生,吸附能分布在–109 kcal/mol至–114 kcal/mol之间。分子动力学结果显示,UO₂²⁺     

外源钙对镉胁迫下南美蟛蜞菊毛状根生长、抗氧化酶活性和镉吸收的缓解效应

为了探讨外源钙对重金属镉(Cd)缓解南美蟛蜞菊Wedelia trilobata毛状根毒害的生理机理,采用溶液培养法研究了重金属Cd单独及其与Ca组合对南美蟛蜞菊毛状根生长、抗氧化酶超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性及对Cd2+吸收的影响。结果表明,Cd≤50μmol/L时促进毛状根生长;高于100μmol/LCd则抑制其生长,使其侧根短小,根尖变褐或变黑。与对照相比,不同浓度Cd培养的毛状根POD活性、SOD活性和MDA含量都比对照明显提高,但高于100μmol/L Cd培养的毛状根可溶性蛋白含量均比对照降低。与仅添加200μmol/L或300μmol/L Cd的毛状根相比,Cd和10~30 mmol/L Ca组合培养可促进毛状根生长,使其主、侧根变粗;提高其可溶性蛋白含量;降低其MDA含量、POD活性及SOD活性。原子吸收分光光度法测定结果表明,南美蟛蜞菊毛状根能吸收和吸附重金属Cd2+,当Cd2+浓度为100μmol/L时毛状根对Cd2+的吸收量最大,而Cd2+浓度为300μmol/L时毛状根对Cd2+的吸附量最大。外源加入10~30 mmol/L Ca2+可显著减少毛状根对Cd2+的吸收和吸附,并可调节其抗氧化酶活性,降低其膜脂过氧化水平而解除重金属镉对毛状根生长的抑制或毒害。     

外源脱落酸对小麦幼苗抗镉胁迫能力的影响

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为试材,采用水培法研究了100mg/L镉(Cd2+)胁迫条件下施用外源脱落酸(ABA)对小麦幼苗生长及某些生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)100mg/L Cd2+胁迫下,小麦叶片膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高,植株生长受到抑制;(2)外源ABA能够明显提高Cd2+胁迫小麦幼苗的根系活力,增加其叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性,促进其脯氨酸积累,降低MDA的含量,并以5.0μmol/L ABA的效果最明显;(3)1.0～5.0μmol/L外源ABA不同程度地缓解Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,且5.0μmol/L时效果最明显,其株高、根长、总干重分别比单一Cd2+胁迫处理显著提高6.73%、149%和10.52%,而10.0μmol/LABA反而加重了Cd2+对小麦幼苗生长的伤害。因此,适宜浓度的外源ABA能够通过增加体内保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量来缓解Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,增强小麦幼苗的抗Cd2+胁迫能力,并以5.0μmol/L ABA处理效果最好。     

酵母菌Y17吸附Cu2+的影响因素及吸附机理研究

以高效吸附Cu2 的酵母菌Y17为材料,对其吸附Cu2 过程中的主要影响因素,包括溶液Ph、Cu2 初始浓度、菌体添加量、吸附时间和温度以及吸附机理进行了探讨.结果表明,对吸附过程影响较大的因素依次为吸附液Ph值、Cu2 初始浓度、菌体添加量和吸附时间.正交试验得到最佳吸附条件为溶液Ph5.0,吸附时间40min,加菌量5.Og湿菌/L时,对初始浓度为8mmol/L的Cu2 达到最佳吸附率为82.7%.通过对Y17菌体不同处理及解吸实验,初步确定Y17吸附Cu2 的位点在细胞壁,细胞壁表面的-NH2,-COOH基团在其吸附过程中起着重要作用.     

Equilibrium and kinetics of biosorption of cadmium(II) and copper(II) ions by wheat straw

Biosorption equilibrium and kinetics of Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) ions on wheat straw, Triticum aestivum, in an aqueous system were investigated. Among the models tested, namely the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms, the biosorption equilibrium for both Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) was best described by the Langmuir model. The Langmuir biosorption capacity for Cd(2+) was about 27% higher than that for Cu(2+). It was also found that biosorption of Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) by wheat straw followed second-order kinetics. The equilibrium amount of metal ions adsorbed onto the wheat straw increased with increasing of pH from 4.0 to 7.0, and the effect was more pronounced for Cd(2+) than for Cu(2+). The equilibrium adsorbed amount also increased with the initial concentration of the metal ions, as expected. On the other hand, an increase of temperature from 25 to 30 degrees C only enhanced the biosorption of Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) slightly. The apparent temperature independence and the strong pH dependence of the amount of metal ions adsorbed along with moderate mean free energies of biosorption (between 8.0 and 12.9 kJ mol(-1)) altogether indicate that biosorption of Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) by wheat straw might follow a chemisorption mechanism.     

水稻糙米重金属Cd含量的QTL分析

镉(Cd²⁺)是一种分布较广泛、毒性较强的一种重金属, 文章利用韭菜青×IR26杂交衍生的一个重组自交系群体(Recombinant inbred lines, RIL)及构建的SSR分子遗传图谱, 对控制糙米中Cd²⁺含量的QTL进行分析, 为选育籽粒中Cd²⁺低吸收或低积累的水稻品种提供参考。结果表明, 在Cd²⁺胁迫(5 mg/kg)处理条件下, 共检测到2个与糙米Cd²⁺含量有关的QTLs, 分别位于水稻第11染色体上的标记RM6288-RM6544和RM167-RM5704之间, 其中qCCBR-11a对表型贡献率为11.17%, 加性效应0.089; qCCBR-11b对表型变异贡献率为7.66%, 加性效应0.075。相关分析显示, 糙米Cd²⁺含量与株高、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、结实率和千粒重等产量性状的相关性均不显著, 糙米中Cd²⁺含量是一个相对独立、由基因控制的遗传性状。     

耐铅镉菌株的分离鉴定及其吸附能力

堆肥中添加生物钝化剂是当前降低粪便中重金属生物毒性最为有效的方式之一,为了进一步提高其钝化重金属的能力,文中获得了复合重金属高耐性的钝化剂菌株,并探究其生物学特性和吸附特征。采集猪粪堆肥样品并在改良的牛肉膏培养基中分离和筛选耐铅又耐镉的高耐性菌株,通过形态结合分子生物学鉴定该菌株。该菌株分别在不同pH、温度和盐浓度条件下培养获得其最适的生长条件,进而在该条件下分析其对铅镉吸附的特性。结果获得一株耐铅浓度为600 mg/L、镉浓度为120 mg/L的铅镉复合耐性菌株SC19,该菌株为西地西菌属,其最适生长环境为pH值7.0、温度37℃、盐浓度0.5%。培养36 h的稳定期SC19菌株在吸附时间30min时铅的去除率最高,对铅的最大去除率和吸附量分别为60.7%和329.13mg/g;培养8h的对数期在吸附时间30min时镉的去除率最高,对镉的最大去除率和吸附量分别为51.0%和126.19 mg/g。红外光谱分析显示,SC19菌株对铅镉离子的吸附主要是细胞表面的多种活性基团与金属离子发生络合作用。该研究揭示了SC19菌株有较好的二价态铅镉离子吸附能力,可为生物钝化重金属提供重要的微生物种质资源。     

Experimental and theoretical approaches for Cd(II) biosorption from aqueous solution using Oryza sativa biomass

Biomass of Oryza sativa (OS) was tested for the removal of Cd(II) ions from synthetic and real wastewater samples. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of operating parameters on Cd(II) biosorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy were used to examine the surface characteristics of the Cd(II)-loaded biomass. The maximum removal efficiency of Cd(II) was 89.4% at optimum pH 6.0, biosorbent dose 10.0 g L^?1, initial Cd(II) 50 mg L^?1, and biosorbent particle size 0.5 mm. The applicability of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms to the sorbent system implied the existence of both monolayer and heterogeneous surface conditions. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process of Cd(II) followed the pseudo-second-order model (r2: 0.99). On the theoretical side, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was applied to select the operating parameter that mostly influences the Cd(II) biosorption process. Results from ANFIS indicated that pH was the most influential parameter affecting Cd(II) removal efficiency, indicating that the biomass of OS was strongly pH sensitive. Finally, the biomass was confirmed to adsorb Cd(II) from real wastewater samples with removal efficiency close to 100%. However, feasibility studies of such systems on a large-scale application remain to be investigated.     

Biosorption behavior and mechanism of heavy metals by the fruiting body of jelly fungus (Auricularia polytricha) from aqueous solutions

The aim of this study was to investigate the biosorption characteristics of Cd(2+), Cu(2+), and Pb(2+) by the fruiting body of jelly fungus Auricularia polytricha. Batch experiments were conducted to characterize the kinetics, equilibrium, and mechanisms of the biosorption process. Optimum values of pH?5, biomass dosage 4?g?L(-1), and contact time 60?min provided maximum biosorption capacities of A. polytricha for Cd(2+), Cu(2+), and Pb(2+) of 63.3, 73.7, and 221?mg?g(-1), respectively. The maximum desorption was achieved using 0.05?mol?L(-1) HNO(3) as an elute. The fruiting body was reusable at least for six cycles of operations. The pseudo-second-order model was the best to describe the biosorption processes among the three kinetic models tested. Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models fitted the equilibrium data well, indicating a heterogeneous biosorbent surface and the favorable chemisorption nature of the biosorption process. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that carboxyl, amine/hydroxyl, amino, phosphoryl, and C-N-C were the main functional groups to affect the biosorption process. Synergistic ion exchange and surface complexation were the dominant mechanisms in the biosorption process. The present work revealed the potential of jelly fungus (fruiting body of A. polytricha) to remove toxic heavy metals from contaminated water.     

土生鳞伞对Cd2+的吸附特性

以土生鳞伞（Pholiota terrestris Overh.）子实体为生物吸附剂吸附水溶液中的Cd2+,分析吸附剂用量、初始pH值、初始重金属浓度、反应时间这4个因素对吸附的影响,并采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型及准一级、准二级动力学模型拟合土生鳞伞的生物吸附特性.结果表明:水溶液中Cd2+...     

Exploring the Cadmium Tolerance and Removal Capability of a Filamentous Fungus Fusarium solani

Abstract

Cadmium is one of the most toxic contaminant causing many problems to human health and the environment. These days the world is moving toward ecofriendly and efficient techniques to remove the pollutant from the wastewater. The present study aims to investigate the tolerance of Fusarium solani toward cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). Maximum tolerance was observed with Cd. Cadmium removal ability of F. solani was examined from contaminated PDB medium. pH, initial concentration and time optimization for maximum removal of Cd by F. solani was also studied. The maximum removal (92.4%) was recorded at initial concentration of 50?mg/L after 144?h of incubation. Cadmium exposure increased the level of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) contents and the activity of catalase (CAT) in F. solani. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated the involvement of the different surface functional group in biosorption of Cd while Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis revealed the presence of Cd on the surface of fungal cell. The changes observed in compositions of S, P, and Cd using EDS analysis on biomass surface indicated the precipitation of Cd as CdS and Cd₃(PO₄)₂. The XRD analysis revealed the presence of Cd₃(PO₄)₂ on mycelia surface of F. solani.     

Cd~（2＋）胁迫诱导烟草悬浮细胞脯氨酸积累的生化途径及外源脯氨酸对Cd~（2＋）胁迫下H_2O_2产生的抑制作用

Cd~（2＋）可提高烟草悬浮细胞脯氨酸的含量,顺序上调脯氨酸合成关键酶鸟氨酸转氨酶（OAT）、精氨酸酶、△~1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶（P5CS）和谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）的活性,降低脯氨酸降解关键酶脯氨酸脱氢酶（ProDH）的活性,表明Cd~（2＋）胁迫诱导烟草细胞脯氨酸的积累是脯氨酸合成的鸟氨酸途径和谷氨酸途径顺序激活、而脯氨酸降解途径显著抑制的综合结果。此外,Cd~（2＋）能导致烟草细胞H_2O_2的快速产生及H_2O_2产生相关酶（质膜NADPH氧化酶、细胞壁多胺氧化酶及共价结合与离子结合细胞壁过氧化物酶）活性升高和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）增加,导致烟草细胞的氧化胁迫。外源脯氨酸预处理显著抑制了Cd~（2＋）诱导的烟草细胞H_2O_2的产生与MDA的增加,减轻了Cd~（2＋）诱导的氧化胁迫。而脯氨酸抑制Cd~（2＋）诱导的H_2O_2产生可能是由于脯氨酸抑制了H_2O_2产生相关酶的活性所致。     

Cd2+胁迫条件下椭圆小球藻的生理应答

研究了一株高重金属抗性的椭圆小球藻在Cd2+胁迫下的生理变化,结果显示,在10-240μmol/L浓度的Cd2+胁迫下,随着金属离子浓度提高,叶绿素的总量减少,光合放氧受到抑制.Cd2+离子浓度的提高,导致了氧自由基的大大增加,同时脯氨酸、SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)以及POD(过氧化物酶)水平均大大提高.结果提示这些与消除自由基有关的代谢产物的积累,有利于细胞减少胁迫造成的损伤.CAT(过氧化氢酶)对Cd2+离子是敏感的,其活性与胁迫浓度呈负相关.       

Cadmium-Resistance Plasmid Affected Cd+2 Uptake More Than Cd+2 Adsorption in Klebsiella oxytoca

A bacterial strain was isolated from Petra City Wastewater Treatment Plant. This isolate was identified as Klebsiella oxytoca based on 16S rDNA analysis. A single plasmid (> 23 kb) was detected in this strain and transformed into Esherichia coli JM83. The transformed E. coli cells exhibited elevated resistance to cadmium as compared to parental plasmid-free cells. The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-treated cells showed higher efficiency in plasmid curing than the ethidium bromide–treated cells. The ethidium bromide–cured cells grew only in a 10 μ g/ml Cd^{+ 2} minimal tolerable concentration, whereas the SDS-treated cells had no growth in any of the Cd concentrations tested (2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm). Contrary to the Freundlich model, the Langmuir model gave a good fit to the Cd biosorption data by K. oxytoca cells. Plasmid curing caused 80%, 82%, and 70% inhibition in the Cd biosorption, adsorption, and uptake, respectively. Furthermore, the absence of lysine decarboxylase (LDC) activity in the cured strain strongly implies that the structural gene-encoding LDC in this bacterium is plasmid encoded. After curing of the plasmid, 100% of the antibiotic-resistant loci were observed as chromosomal encoded. All of the results shown above indicated that the Cd resistance is plasmid mediated.