固定化地衣芽孢杆菌R08吸附Pd2+的研究

比较了四种固定菌体的方法。结果以聚乙烯醇—海藻酸钠包埋地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)R08菌体,制成直径约2mm的颗粒,然后用磷酸缓冲液处理,5%戊二醛溶液交联,制得的固定化R08菌体(PIRB)对Pd²⁺的吸附率最高。PIRB吸附Pd²⁺的最适pH值为35。吸附作用是一种迅速的过程。在5℃～60℃范围内,吸附作用不受温度的影响。溶液中的PIRB含量和Pd²⁺起始浓度影响吸附作用,在05gPIRB/L、200mg Pd²⁺/L、pH35和30℃条件下,吸附60min,吸附量达94.7mg/g干重。吸附过程符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温式。Au³⁺等离子抑制PIRB对Pd²⁺的吸附。用lmol/L HCl洗脱PIRB所吸附的Pd²⁺,解吸率为83.6%。在填充床反应器中,在流速2mL/min、100mgPd²⁺/L、2.5g PIRB(干重)、pH3.5和30℃条件下,反复吸附-解吸附,最初5批的饱和吸附量、吸附率和解吸率分别平均为44.3mgPd2+/g干重、89.4%和82.5%。在与上述相同的条件下,PIRB对废钯催化剂处理液中的Pd2+的吸附量为41.3mg/g,吸附率为88.6%。     

细菌吸附Pd2+的研究

从不同来源的细菌菌株中筛选获得一株吸附Pd²⁺能力较强的菌株R08,经鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌(\%Bacillus licheniformis)\%R08。R08死菌体吸附Pd²⁺的最适pH值为3.5,其吸附作用是一种快速而非依赖温度的过程。吸附作用受菌体浓度和Pd²⁺浓度影响。在起始Pd²⁺浓度200mg/L\,菌浓度0.4g/L\,pH35和30℃条件下,吸附45min,吸附量为2248mg/g。透射电镜观察显示,R08死菌体能够还原Pd²⁺成Pd0颗粒。红外光谱分析表明,细胞壁上的COO－和ＨＰＯ４２－基团可能与Pd²⁺的生物吸附有关。     

固定化啤酒酵母废菌体吸附Pd2+的研究

用2％海藻酸钠与l％明胶混合为包埋剂固定啤酒酵母废菌体。SEM、X-射线能谱和TEN研究结果表明,该固定化啤酒酵母废菌体(ISCWB)颗粒中的菌体分布较均匀,ISCWB不仅能吸附Pd^2 ,而且能将Pd^2 还原成Pd^0。ISCWB吸附Pd^2 的最适pH值为3．5。在30℃～70℃范围内,吸附作用不受温度的影响。吸附作用是一个较快的过程,在最初的5min内吸附量可达最大吸附量的36％。吸附作用受ISCWB浓度、Pd^2 起始浓度和共存离子的影响。在起始Pd^2 浓度100mg/L,ISCWB浓度1．8g/L、pH3．5和30℃条件下振荡吸附90min,吸附量为40．6mg/g.以0．5mol／L盐酸作为解吸剂解吸率达98．7％。连续吸附与解吸附试验结果表明,ISCWB的最大饱和吸附量为46．3mg/g,解吸率为98％。     

固定化啤酒酵母废菌体吸附Pd2+的研究

用2％海藻酸钠与1％明胶混合为包理剂固定啤酒酵母废菌体。SEM、X-射线能谱和TEM研究结果表明,该固定化啤酒酵母废菌体(ISCWB)颗粒中的菌体分布较均匀,ISCWB不仅能吸附Pd²⁺,而且能将Pd²⁺还原成Pd0。ISCWB吸附Pd²⁺的最适pH值为3.5。在30℃～70℃范围内,吸附作用不受温度的影响。吸附作用是一个较快的过程,在最初的5min内吸附量可达最大吸附量的36％。吸附作用受ISCWB浓度、Pd²⁺起始     

固定化地衣芽孢杆菌R08吸附Pd^2＋的研究

比较了四种固定菌体的方法。结果以聚乙烯醇一海藻酸钠包埋地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)R08菌体,制成直径约2mm的颗粒,然后用磷酸缓冲液处理,5％戊二醛溶液交联,制得的固定化R08菌体(PIRB)对Pd^2 的吸附率最高。PIRB吸附Pd^2 的最适pH值为3．5。吸附作用是一种迅速的过程。在5℃—60℃范围内,吸附作用不受温度的影响。溶液中的PIRB含量和Pd^2 起始浓度影响吸附作用,在0．5gPIRB/L、200mg Pd^2 /L、pH3．5和30℃条件下,吸附60min,吸附量达94．7mg／g干重。吸附过程符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温式。Au^3 等离子抑制PIRB对Pd^2 的吸附。用1mol/L HCl洗脱PIRB所吸附的Pd^2 ,解吸率为83．6％。在填充床反应器中,在流速2mL/min、100mgPd^2 /L、2．5g PIRB(干重)、pH3．5和30℃条件下,反复吸附—解吸附,最初5批的饱和吸附量、吸附率和解吸率分别平均为44．3mgPd^2 /g干重、89．4％和82．5％。在与上述相同的条件下,PIRB对废钯催化剂处理液中的Pd^2 的吸附量为41．3mg／g,吸附率为88．6％。     

金属螯合载体定向固定化木瓜蛋白酶的研究

以磁性金属螯合琼脂糖微球为载体,利用金属螯合配体（IDACu²⁺）与蛋白质表面供电子氨基酸相互作用的原理,定向固定了木瓜蛋白酶。固定化最适条件为Cu²⁺1.5×10^-2mol/g载体、固定化时间4h、固定化pH7.0、给酶量30mg/g载体。固定化酶的最适反应温度70℃、最适反应pH8.0,固定化酶的热稳定性明显高于溶液酶,固定化酶活力回收为68.4％,且有较好的操作稳定性,载体重复使用5次后固定化酶酶活为首次固定化酶79.71%。     

两种大型真菌子实体对Cd2+的生物吸附特性

对两种多孔菌科大型真菌槐栓菌(Trametes robiniophila)和木蹄层孔菌(Fomes fomentarius)子实体生物吸附Cd²⁺的影响因素(包括吸附剂用量、初始pH、吸附时间、初始Cd²⁺浓度)和吸附特性进行分析。结果表明,槐栓菌和木蹄层孔菌对低浓度的Cd²⁺(10 mg/L)吸附的最适pH为6;Cd²⁺的去除率随吸附剂用量和吸附时间的增加而增大,槐栓菌和木蹄层孔菌均在吸附剂用量为2g/L时达到吸附平衡,槐栓菌在吸附时间为30 min时达到吸附平衡,而木蹄层孔菌在吸附时间为60 min时达到吸附平衡;槐栓菌和木蹄层孔菌对10 mg/L Cd²⁺的最大去除率分别为98%和94%。Langmuir等温吸附平衡模型比Freundlich等温吸附平衡模型能更好的拟合两种大型真菌对Cd²⁺的吸附过程;槐栓菌和木蹄层孔菌对10 mg/L Cd²⁺的最大吸附量分别为17.40 mg/g和8.91 mg/g。对实验数据进行动力学模型拟合可知,两种大型真菌对Cd²⁺的生物吸附过程均符合准二阶动力学模型。槐栓菌和木蹄层孔菌生物吸附低浓度Cd²⁺的化学反应机理可能为离子交换。     

巨大芽孢杆菌D01吸附金(Au3+)的研究

巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)D01菌体吸附Au3+的最适pH值为30,其生物吸附作用是一种快速的过程,最初5min的吸附量可达到最大吸附量的95%,温度不影响该吸附作用。在pH3.0和30℃、起始金离子浓度与菌体浓度之比为305mg/g的条件下,吸附30min,吸附率达99.1%,吸附量为302.0mg/g干菌体。D01菌体能将溶液中的Au3+还原成Au0,在细胞表面和溶液中的Au0能形成不同形状的金晶体。浸渍在SiO2和αFe2O.3的Au3+能被D01菌体还原成Au0。从电化学反应表明,D01菌体对Au3+的还原具有较好的选择性。     

壳聚糖固定化半纤维素酶的研究

从青霉菌m8提取出半纤维素酶,将其固定在用戊二醛交联的壳聚糖载体上.0.5 g壳聚糖与4%的戊二醛结合固定2.5 mg蛋白质,酶活回收率为45.6%. 原酶的最适pH为4.6,固定化酶为pH 3.6.原酶的最适温度为55℃,固定化酶在60～75℃都具有较高活性.固定化酶的耐热性优于原酶. 以半纤维素为底物,固定化酶的表观K_m值略低于原酶,前者为5.0×10^－2 g/L,后者为3.58×10^－2 g/L.     

利用固定化重组大肠杆菌细胞生产D-塔格糖

利用经海藻酸钙包埋的重组大肠杆菌细胞催化D-半乳糖生产D-塔格糖,考察了细胞包埋量、反应条件对固定化细胞催化效率以及对D-塔格糖生产稳定性的影响。确定的最优转化条件为:温度65℃,pH 6.5,添加终浓度为1 mmol/L Mn²⁺,底物(D-半乳糖)浓度100 g/L,重组大肠杆菌细胞用量40 g/L。固定化小球在0.3%戊二醛溶液中交联30 min可以显著提高其在高温下的机械强度。考察了异构化反应体系中硼酸与底物间的摩尔比对产率的影响。研究结果表明,添加适量的硼酸可以改变原有的化学反应平衡,实现D-塔格糖的高产。利用D-半乳糖为底物在最优的反应条件下催化24 h,固定化细胞对D-半乳糖的转化率最高,可达65.8%,连续转化8批次的平均转化率为60.6%,为工业化生产D-塔格糖奠定了基础。     

Biosorption of cadmium and chromium in duckweed Wolffia globosa

The biosorption of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) by using dried Wolffia globosa biomass were investigated using batch technique. The effects of concentration and pH solution on the adsorption isotherm were measured by determining the adsorption isotherm at initial metal concentrations from 10 to 400 mg/L and pH 4 to 7 for Cd, and pH 1.5 to 6 for Cr. The adsorption equilibria were found to follow Langmuir models. The maximum adsorption capacity (Xm) at pH 7 in W. globosa-Cd system was estimated to be 80.7 mg/g, while the maximum removal achieved at pH 4, pH 5, and pH 6 were 35.1, 48.8, and 65.4 mg/g, respectively. The Xm at pH 1.5 in W. globosa--Cr system was estimated to be 73.5 mg/g, while the maximum removal achieved at pH 3, pH 5, and pH 6 were 47.4, 33.1, and 12.9 mg/g, respectively. The effects of contact times on Cd and Cr sorption indicated that they were absorbed rapidly and more efficiently at lower concentrations.     

Removal of cadmium(II) ion from aqueous system by dry biomass, immobilized live and heat-inactivated Oscillatoria sp. H1 isolated from freshwater (Mogan Lake)

Oscillatoria sp. H1 (Cyanobacteria, microalgae) isolated from Mogan Lake was used for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions as its dry biomass, alive and heat-inactivated immobilized form on Ca-alginate. Particularly, the effect of physicochemical parameters like pH, initial concentration and contact time were investigated. The sorption of Cd(II) ions on the sorbent used was examined for the cadmium concentrations within the range of 25-250 mg/L. The biosorption of Cd(II) increased as the initial concentration of Cd(II) ions increased in the medium up to 100 mg/L. Maximum biosorption capacities for plain alginate beads, dry biomass, immobilized live Oscillatoria sp. H1 and immobilized heat-inactivated Oscillatoria sp. H1 were 21.2, 30.1, 32.2 and 27.5 mg/g, respectively. Biosorption equilibrium was established in about 1 h for the biosorption processes. The biosorption was well described by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Maximum adsorption was observed at pH 6.0. The alginate-algae beads could be regenerated using 50 mL of 0.1 mol/L HCl solution with about 85% recovery.     

Cunninghamella echinulata a new biosorbent of metal ions from polluted water in Egypt

Thirty-two fungal species were isolated from a polluted watercourse near the Talkha fertilizer plant, Mansoura Province, Egypt. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Cunninghamella echinulata and Trichoderma koningii were isolated frequently. On the basis of its frequency, Cunninghamella echinulata was chosen for biosorption studies. Free and immobilized biomass of C. echinulata sequestered ions in this decreasing sequence is: Pb >Cu >Zn. The effects of biomass concentration, pH and time of contact were investigated. The level of ion uptake rose with increasing biomass. The maximum uptake for lead (45 mg/g), copper (20 mg/g) and zinc (18.8 mg/g) occurred at 200 mg/L biomass. The uptake rose with increasing pH up to 4 in the case of Pb and 5 in the case of Cu and Zn. Maximum uptake for all metals was achieved after 15 min. Ion uptake followed the Langmuir adsorption model, permitting the calculation of maximum uptake and affinity coefficients. Treatment of C. echinulata biomass with NaOH improved biosorbent capacity, as did immobilization with alginate. Immobilized biomass could be regenerated readily by treatment with dilute HCl. The biomass-alginate complex efficiently removed Pb, Zn and Cu from polluted water samples. Therefore,Cunninghamella echinulata could be employed either in free or immobilized form as a biosorbent of metal ions in waste water.     

Utilization of an exopolysaccharide produced by Chryseomonas luteola TEM05 in alginate beads for adsorption of cadmium and cobalt ions

Cadmium and cobalt adsorption from aqueous solution onto calcium alginate, sodium alginate with an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced by the activated sludge bacterium Chryseomonas luteola TEM05 and immobilized C. luteola TEM05 was studied. In addition, solutions containing both of these ions were prepared and partial competitive adsorption of these mixtures was investigated. Metal adsorption onto gel beads was carried out at pH 6.0 and 25 degrees C. The maximum adsorption capacities determined by fitting Langmuir isotherms to the data for calcium alginate, calcium alginate+EPS, calcium alginate + C. luteola TEM05 and calcium alginate + EPS + C. luteola TEM05 were 45.87, 55.25, 49.26, 51.81 mg g(-1) for Co(II) and 52.91, 64.10, 62.5, 61.73 mg g(-1) for Cd(II), respectively. The biosorption capacity of the carrier for both metal ions together in competition was lower than those obtained when each was present alone.     

改性沸石粉吸附去除微污染水中Ni(Ⅱ)的试验研究

用壳聚糖改性天然沸石粉,制备了改性沸石粉吸附材料,对微污染水源水中微量镍(Ⅱ)的吸附去除进行了研究。考察了吸附时间、沸石粉投加量、镍(Ⅱ)初始浓度以及原水pH 值等因素对镍(Ⅱ)去除效果的影响。结果表明,改性沸石粉对镍(Ⅱ)的去除效果明显优于天然沸石粉;当镍(Ⅱ)初始浓度低于0.2 mg/L 时, 投加1.5 g/L 壳聚糖改性沸石粉,经20 min 吸附后,水中镍(Ⅱ)的剩余浓度低于 0.02 mg/L,可满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)中的要求;提高水的pH 值有利于两种沸石粉对镍(Ⅱ)的去除。另外,两种沸石粉对镍(Ⅱ)的吸附过程均符合Freudlich 等温吸附模型,且改性沸石粉的吸附指数更小,其吸附能力更强。     

Biosorption of reactive dye by waste biomass of Nostoc linckia

Potential of spent biomass of a cyanobacterium, Nostoc linckia HA 46, from a hydrogen bioreactor was studied for biosorption of a textile dye, reactive red 198. The waste biomass was immobilized in calcium alginate and used for biosorption of the dye from aqueous solution using response surface methodology (RSM). Kinetics of the dye in aqueous solution was studied in batch mode. Interactive effects of initial dye concentration (100-500 mg/L), pH (2-6) and temperature (25-45 °C) on dye removal were examined using Box-Behnken design. Maximum adsorption capacity of the immobilized biomass was 93.5 mg/g at pH 2.0, initial concentration of 100 mg/L and 35 °C temperature, when 94% of the dye was removed. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) studies revealed that biosorption was mainly mediated by functional groups like hydroxyl, amide, carboxylate, methyl and methylene groups present on the cell surface.     

Process optimization studies of lead (Pb(II)) biosorption onto immobilized cells of Pycnoporus sanguineus using response surface methodology

A central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the biosorption of Pb(II) ions onto immobilized cells of Pycnoporus sanguineus. The independent variables were initial Pb(II) concentration, pH and biomass loading. The combined effects of these variables were analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM) using quadratic model for predicting the optimum point. Under these conditions the model predicted a maximum of 97.7% of Pb(II) ions removal at pH 4, 200mg/L of initial Pb(II) concentration with 10g/L of biosorbent. The experimental values are in good agreement with predicted values within +0.10 to +0.81% error.     

Biotreatment of p-nitrophenol and nitrobenzene in mixed wastewater through selective bioaugmentation

This work combined selective adsorption and bioaugmentation to treat mixed wastewater of nitrobenzene and p-nitrophenol. The mixed wastewater of nitrobenzene (217 mg/L) and p-nitrophenol (500 mg/L) was adjusted its pH to 8 and then passed through the adsorption column at 100 mL/h. In effluent the nitrobenzene concentration was less than 4 mg/L. Without the toxic inhibition of nitrobenzene, p-nitrophenol in effluent could be degraded within 60 h through bioaugmentation. About 23 mg/g of nitrobenzene adsorbed the dry resin HU-05 could be desorbed and degraded through bioaugmentation. During this process the adsorption capacity of the resin HU-05 was recovered partly. The recovered extent was limited by nitrobenzene bioavailability. The performance of the resin HU-05 kept stably in the recycle experiments of 60 days.     

Biosorption and desorption studies of chromium (III) by free and immobilized Rhizobium (BJVr 12) cell biomass

Experiments with free cell biomass (cells + exopolysaccharides) ofRhizobium BJVr 12 (mungbean isolate) showed that amount ofCr³⁺ ion sorbed is influenced by the amount of biomass toCr³⁺ concentration ratio and time of contact. A ratio of 0.5 gfresh biomass to 10.0 ml 5.03 ppm Cr³⁺ sorbed 0.0275 mg Crequivalent to an uptake of 2.86 mg Cr g-¹ dry biomass and 1.0g: 10.0 ml sorbed 0.0366 mg Cr equivalent to an uptake of 1.9 mg Crg-¹ biomass. Immobilized cell biomass in ceramic beads and inaquacel (a porous cellulose carrier with a charged surface) were moreefficient than free cell biomass in adsorbing Cr(III). A reduction of49.7percnt; of Cr(III) for free cells, 95.6% for cells immobilized inceramic beads and 94.6% for cells in aquacel was achieved after 48hours under shaken conditions. Sorption capacities of immobilized cellbiomass in ceramic beads and aquacel ranged from 5.01 to 5.06 mg Crg^-1 dry cell biomass. The biosorption of Cr³⁺follows generally the Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption at lowCr³⁺ concentrations. The Langmuir constant for immobilizedcells in ceramic beads are: Q₀, 0.065 mmol Crg^-1 biomass; b (affinity constant), - 694 lmmol^-1 Cr and for cells in aquacel Q, 0.07 mmol Crg^-1 biomass; b, - 694 l mmol Cr g^-1 Cr. TheFreundlich constants are: K, 0.071 mmol Cr g^-1 biomass; n,0.13 g^-1 biomass l^-1 and for aquacel: K, 0.074mmol g^-1 biomass; n, 0.13 g^-1 biomass. Biotrapsmade up of immobilized cells in ceramic beads and aquacel were tested foradsorbing Cr(III) using two different flow rates: 0.5 ml/min and 1.5 ml/min.A significantly higher amount of Cr(III) was adsorbed at the lower flow rateof 0.5 ml/min. Biosorption of Cr³⁺ is competitive. Thetreatment of a waste water sample containing 6.03 ppm Cr³⁺ andother cations with the biomass reduced the Cr³⁺ concentrationto that much lower than for the test solution containing only Cr. Recoveryof biosorbed Cr(III) was by treatment at a different pH using dilute HClsolution. Recovery was higher for cells imbibed in ceramic beads thanaquacel. Percentage recoveries for cells in aquacel are 46.4% at pH1.0, 33.0% at pH 3.0 and 6.6% at pH 6.0–7.0. For cellsin ceramic beads, percentage recoveries are: 93.1% at pH 1.0,75.6% at pH 3.0 and 16.4% at pH 6.0–7.0. Biosorption ofCr³⁺ by cells immobilized in ceramic beads is reversible butonly partially for cells in aquacel.     

The mechanism of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by nonmetabolizing free and immobilized live biomass of Rhizopus oligosporus

A preliminary study on the removal of cadmium by nonmetabolizing live biomass of Rhizopus oligosporus from aqueous solution is presented. The equilibrium of the process was in all cases well described by the Langmuir sorption isotherm, suggesting that the process was a chemical, equilibrated and saturable mechanism which reflected the predominantly site-specific mechanism on the cell surface. A curve of Scatchard transformation plots reflected the covalent nature of Cd²⁺ adsorption by the cells. The maximum cadmium uptake capacities were 34.25 mg/g for immobilized cells and 17.09 mg/g for free cells. Some factorial experiments in shake flasks were performed in order to investigate the effect of different initial cadmium concentrations and biomass concentrations on the equilibrium. Experimental results showed a reverse trend of the influence of the immobilized and free biomass concentration on the cadmium specific uptake capacity. The immobilized cells had a higher specific cadmium uptake capacity with increasing biomass concentrations compared to free cells. In a bioreactor, the cadmium uptake capacity of immobilized cells (q_max = 30.1–37.5 mg/g) was similar to that observed in shake flask experiments (q_max = 34.25 mg/g) whereas with free cells the bioreactor q_max of 4.8–13.0 mg/g; was much lower than in shake flasks (q_max = 17.09 mg/g), suggesting that cadmium biosorption by immobilized cells of R. oligosporus might be further improved in bigger reactors. EDAX and transmission electron microscopic experiments on the fungal biomass indicated that the presence of Cd²⁺ sequestrated to the cell wall was due to bioadsorption.