出芽短梗霉菌JB16铅镉吸附特性的研究北大核心

【目的】本文对污染土壤中的耐重金属菌株进行分离鉴定,研究菌株在不同条件下对吸附铅镉的影响因素。【方法】通过生理生化特征及ITS序列分析确定菌株种属,采用平板划线法确定最大耐铅镉浓度并探究菌株吸附的最佳条件;通过准二级动力学、Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附的模型及红外光谱探究吸附过程。【结果】菌落形态和ITS序列分析鉴定表明,筛选分离的JB16为出芽短梗霉菌(Aureobasidium pullulans),最大耐铅浓度达1500 mg/L,最大耐镉浓度达750 mg/L,最大耐铅镉混合浓度达1500 mg/L和300 mg/L。通过单因素实验(温度、时间、菌龄、pH、湿菌体浓度和初始重金属浓度)得出结论,在温度30℃、时间2 h、菌龄72 h、pH 6、湿菌体浓度5 g/L和初始铅浓度150 mg/L的最佳条件下,菌体对铅的吸附率为88.5%;在温度30℃、时间1 h、菌龄96 h、pH 6、湿菌体浓度5 g/L和初始镉浓度20 mg/L的最佳条件下,菌体对镉的吸附率为59.4%。菌株吸附铅镉过程符合Langmuir吸附模型和准二级动力学模型,为表面单分子层吸附。扫描电镜和红外光谱分析表明,重金属离子对菌体造成影响,吸附前后形态发生变化,细胞表面的羟基、羧基、饱和C−H键和酰胺基等基团参与了吸附过程。【结论】菌株JB16具有一定的铅镉吸附效果,为修复重金属铅镉污染的水体和土壤提供宝贵的菌种资源和数据支持。     

一株耐铅镉真菌的分离鉴定及其吸附特性的研究

【目的】以扎龙湿地污染的土壤为材料,进行耐铅镉菌株的分离鉴定,研究不同条件对菌株吸附铅镉的影响。【方法】采用平板划线法,逐级驯化,筛选出一株耐铅镉菌株,通过生理生化特征及ITS序列分析对菌株进行鉴定,探究该菌吸附的最佳条件,并进行Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型拟合。【结果】本研究分离得到一株菌株JB15,最高耐受浓度为Pb~(2+)1200 mg/L、Cd~(2+)200 mg/L,经鉴定为球孢白僵菌,最佳吸附条件温度为30°C,pH为7.0,接菌量为8.0 g/L,吸附时间为60 min,铅镉吸附率分别为52.27%和62.38%;铅镉吸附量分别为19.60 mg/g和3.98 mg/g,符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。【结论】菌株JB15具有较好的吸附效果,可为微生物修复重金属土壤污染提供理论基础。     

耐性真菌HA吸附铅、锌的影响因素及吸附机理研

【目的】从铅锌矿区分离筛选出耐铅锌性菌株,并研究其吸附铅、锌的影响因素及吸附机理,为重金属污染微生物修复提供参考。【方法】以从铅锌矿区筛选出的耐铅锌真菌HA作为试验菌株,考察影响其对铅、锌去除能力的主要因素(初始浓度、pH、接种量),同时通过等温吸附模型、动力学分析及红外光谱分析探讨其相关的吸附机理。【结果】经鉴定,从矿区筛选的对Pb2+、Zn2+有较强耐性的菌株HA为米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae);在初始铅、锌浓度的实验范围内(100-800mg/L),HA对铅、锌离子的去除率随着其初始浓度增加而减小,25h后HA的生长进入平稳期,且对铅、锌离子的去除率趋于稳定。当铅、锌初始浓度为100mg/L、pH为5.0时,HA对铅、锌离子的去除率均达到最高,分别为97.8%、54.1%;当HA接种量为1mL时,其对铅、锌去除率的增长率达到最大。HA对铅、锌的吸附过程满足Langmuir吸附模型,其吸附以单层吸附为主。在动态吸附过程中,HA对Pb2+、Zn2+离子吸附性能与准二级动力学吸附方程的拟合程度更高,且对Pb2+的吸附效果明显高于Zn2+。红外光谱分析表明,HA细胞中羟基、烷基、酰胺基、羰基、磷酸基等参与了Pb2+、Zn2+的吸附过程。【结论】HA是一株对铅、锌有较强吸附能力的真菌,其吸附铅、锌影响因素及吸附机理研究结果将为重金属污染微生物修复提供指导。     

耐镉马克思克鲁维酵母重金属镉吸附特性的研究

菌株YS-K1是从镉污染土壤中筛选获得的一株耐镉马克思克鲁维酵母Kluyveromyces marxianus YS-K1,对其镉吸附特性研究结果表明,该菌对镉具有良好的耐受性和吸附性,即使在镉浓度高达140mg/L的培养基中也能生长,当镉浓度在30mg/L以下时,24h后能吸附溶液中90%以上的镉,且最佳吸附条件为pH6.0,温度30℃。该菌所吸附的镉大部分集中在细胞壁上,占总吸附镉的76%,细胞膜上的占9%,细胞质中的占15%;能量抑制剂2,4-二硝基苯酚(DNP)和二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC),分别能降低菌株15%和22%的镉吸附量。在Kluyveromyces marxianus YS-K1细胞中,锌离子与镉离子有共用的结合位点,锌离子不仅会与镉离子竞争细胞表面的结合位点,减少其对镉的吸附量,而且也会与镉离子竞争进入细胞的通道位点,减少其对镉的积累量,同时能部分恢复镉离子对菌株生长的抑制作用。     

镉钝化剂与尿素配施对土壤镉钝化效果的影响

以生物炭(B)、海泡石(S)和磷矿粉(P)为重金属镉钝化材料,研究它们与尿素配施对土壤重金属镉(Cd)钝化效果的影响,为重金属钝化专用肥的研制提供理论依据。结果表明:3种钝化剂经盐酸改性后,表面积和比表面积显著提高,吸附能力增强;与未添加钝化剂的处理相比,3种钝化剂的单一和复合处理均显著降低土壤活性Cd的含量(P0.05),其中海泡石与磷矿粉复合处理(S+P)降低幅度最大,活性Cd含量降低了23%;与单施尿素比,尿素与钝化剂配施能有效降低活性Cd含量,其中S+P处理钝化效果最好,钝化剂的添加能缓解由于尿素态氮转化带来的土壤酸化的趋势,提高土壤pH,在一定程度上降低Cd的有效性。本研究表明,在未来重金属钝化专用肥的研制中,酸改性磷矿粉和海泡石可作为重点关注的钝化材料。     

降低水稻镉吸收原位钝化修复技术及其作用机理

重金属镉原位钝化修复是指向土壤中施加一些活性钝化修复材料, 通过改变镉在土壤中的赋存状态, 降低土壤中镉的生物有效性。该文对重金属镉污染土壤原位钝化修复中不同来源的钝化剂进行了分类, 概述了它们各自对重金属镉污染土壤的作用机理及其钝化修复效果。全面分析了目前该领域存在的主要问题, 并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

植物乳杆菌对重金属Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)和Cu~(2+)的耐受性与吸附作用相关性比较

从四川矿区泡菜样品中分离得到1株对重金属铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)和铜(Cu)具有较高耐受性的菌株,经16S rDNA初步鉴定为1株植物乳杆菌。研究重金属铅、铬和铜对该植物乳杆菌的最小抑制浓度(MIC)。比较不同初始pH、初始离子浓度、吸附时间和菌体加入量对植物乳杆菌吸附3种重金属的影响,探讨MIC与吸附作用相关性。使用MIC的方法测定重金属对该菌的最小抑制浓度,原子吸收法测定对重金属的吸附效果。研究表明,该菌对Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)和Cu~(2+)的耐受性分别为6.67、0.67和2.17 mmol/L;其吸附性最适初始pH分别为4、6和6;最优初始离子浓度分别为100、100和50 mg/L;最优加菌量分别为3、6和5 g/L;最佳吸附时间分别为12、2和8 h。在100 mg/L的初始离子浓度下对Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)和Cu~(2+)的吸附率最高分别可达96%、61%和49%。MIC与吸附作用没有明显相关性。结果表明该菌具有优良的吸附性能,为今后含有乳酸菌的食品或饲料制剂的开发提供了新的乳酸菌种。     

一株耐铅、锌、铬菌株的分离鉴定及其吸附能力

【背景】采矿带来的土壤重金属污染问题对生态环境和人类健康产生了极大的危害,因此矿区重金属污染问题亟待解决。生物修复法成本低、资源广、没有二次污染,是修复土壤重金属污染的有效途径。【目的】以山东省曲阜市某煤矸石山周围土壤为材料,采用平板划线法分离筛选一株同时对铅、锌、铬有高耐性且吸附能力强的菌株。【方法】通过形态学特征、生理生化鉴定、分子生物学方法鉴定菌种;采用原子吸收分光光度计测量各重金属的浓度。【结果】鉴定菌株为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),命名为Bacillus cereus MZ-11。菌株MZ-11在pH为5.5?8.5、温度为15?45 °C、NaCl质量分数为2%?8%时可正常生长。菌株MZ-11最高耐铅、锌、铬浓度高达1 000、1 200、1 600 mg/L。在培养基中铅、锌、铬3种重金属浓度分别为初始浓度(含Pb2+、Zn2+、Cr6+浓度分别为50、60、80 mg/L)、初始浓度的5倍、10倍、20倍的条件下,MZ-11对Cr6+和Zn2+的吸附比例则随浓度的提高逐渐增大,吸附百分比均在98%?99%以上。对Pb2+的吸附比例有一个最高值,并且Pb2+的浓度为初始浓度的5倍时,MZ-11对Pb2+的吸附比例达最大值97.01%。【结论】菌株MZ-11对铅、锌、铬有高耐性和较好的吸附能力,为生物法修复矿区复合重金属污染和矿区生态环境提供了有力的理论支持。     

耐镉甲基营养芽胞杆菌吸附条件的优化及其抗逆性

【目的】对所筛选的1株耐镉甲基营养芽胞杆菌NTGB29进行了环境抗逆性的研究,及影响菌株吸附镉离子效率的条件优化。【方法】以发酵液活菌数为指标,研究其对不同NaCl浓度、酸碱度、镉离子浓度的耐受情况;进一步通过单因素实验和响应面法优化影响菌株镉离子吸附效率的发酵条件;以有效镉离子含量为指标,验证菌株在镉污染土壤中的吸附效果。【结果】结果表明,菌株NTGB29对NaCl浓度、酸碱度、Cd~(2+)浓度的最大耐受值分别为10%、pH11.0、50mg/L;菌株在发酵液初始Cd~(2+)浓度10 mg/L、起始pH 6.4、培养温度37°C、NaCl浓度4.2%、装液量50 mL/250 mL、培养时间24 h时,对Cd~(2+)的吸附率达到79.70%;菌株能有效降低镉污染土壤中的有效镉离子含量,吸附率为29.65%。【结论】菌株NTGB29在较高浓度Cd~(2+)浓度、NaCl浓度及强碱环境条件下仍然能够生长,具有良好的环境抗逆性及Cd~(2+)吸附能力,在镉污染土壤调理剂及微生物功能菌剂的研制方面能够提供有价值的菌种资源。     

重金属抗性菌HQ-1生物吸附镉与银的比较研究

从北京市远郊东三岔地区一处废弃的铅锌尾矿中筛选到一株对铅、锌、铜、钴、银、镉等重金属均有很好抗性的蜡状芽胞杆菌Bacillus cereus HQ-1。特别是对镉的抗性高达1200mg/L,具有很高的应用价值。比较研究了HQ-1菌株吸附重金属银和镉的情况与机理,发现该菌株对两种重金属离子都有较强的吸附能力。对镉的吸附行为符合Langmuir模型,对银的吸附行为符合Freundlich模型。通过红外光谱和X射线能谱对其吸附机理做了初步推断。并通过质粒消除试验证明该菌株的重金属抗性与抗性质粒存在有关。     

Factors affecting immobilization of heavy metals by purple nonsulfur bacteria isolated from contaminated shrimp ponds

In order to remove heavy metals (HMs) from contaminated shrimp pond at the highest concentrations found of; 0.75 mg/l Cd²⁺, 62.63 mg/l Pb²⁺, 34.60 mg/l Cu²⁺ and 58.50 mg/l Zn²⁺, two strains of purple nonsulfur bacteria isolated from shrimp ponds (NW16 and KMS24) were investigated for their ability to immobilize HMs in 3% NaCl in both microaerobic-light and aerobic-dark conditions. Based on metabolic inhibition and metabolic-dependent studies, it was concluded that both strains removed HMs using biosorption and also bioaccumulation. The efficiency of removal by both strains with both incubating conditions tested was in the order of lead (Pb) > copper (Cu) > zinc (Zn) > cadmium (Cd). Optimal conditions for removal of HMs by strain NW16 were; cells in the log phase at 4.5 mg DCW/ml, pH 6.0, and 30°C for 30 min. With microaerobic-light conditions, the relative percent removal of HMs was: Pb, 83; Cu, 59; Zn, 39; Cd, 23 and slightly more with the aerobic-dark conditions (Pb, 90; Cu, 69; Zn, 46; Cd, 28). Cells in the log phase at 5.0 mg DCW/ml, pH 5.5, and 35°C for 45 min were optimal conditions for strain KMS24 and there were no significant differences for the removal percentages of HMs with either incubating conditions (averages: Pb, 96; Cu, 75; Zn, 46; Cd, 30). The presence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ significantly decreased the removal capacity of HMs for both strains.     

Cadmium biosorption by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic"> circulans</Emphasis> strain EB1

Summary A heavy metal resistant bacterium, Bacillus circulans strain EB1 showed a high cadmium biosorption capacity coupled with a high tolerance to this metal when grown in its presence. Bacillus circulans EB1 cells grown in the presence of 28.1 mg cadmium/l were capable of removing cadmium with a specific biosorption capacity of 5.8 mg Cd/g dry wt biomass in the first 8 h. When the cells were pre-conditioned with low concentrations of cadmium in pre-grown medium, the uptake was increased to 6.7 mg Cd/g dry wt biomass. The maximum uptake of␣cadmium was during mid-logarithmic phase of growth. The resting cells (both wet and dry) of EB1 were also able to biosorb cadmium. Specific biosorption capacities of wet and dry biomass were 9.8 and 26.5 mg Cd/g dry wt biomass, respectively. Maximum cadmium removals by both wet and dry cells were at pH 7.0. The results showed that the cadmium removal capacity of resting cells was markedly higher than that of growing cells. Since both growing and resting cells had a high biosorption capacity for cadmium, EB1 cells could serve as an excellent biosorbent for removal of cadmium from natural environments.     

Biosorption of cadmium and lead ions by ethanol treated waste baker's yeast biomass

The biosorption of cadmium and lead ions from artificial aqueous solutions using waste baker's yeast biomass was investigated. The yeast cells were treated with caustic, ethanol and heat for increasing their biosorption capacity and the highest metal uptake values (15.63 and 17.49 mg g(-1) for Cd(2+) and Pb(2+), respectively) were obtained by ethanol treated yeast cells. The effect of initial metal concentration and pH on biosorption by ethanol treated yeast was studied. The Langmuir model and Freundlich equation were applied to the experimental data and the Langmuir model was found to be in better correlation with the experimental data. The maximum metal uptake values (qmax, mg g(-1)) were found as 31.75 and 60.24 for Cd(2+) and Pb(2+), respectively. Competitive biosorption experiments were performed with Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) together with Cu(2+) and the competitive biosorption capacities of the yeast biomass for all metal ions were found to be lower than in non-competitive conditions.     

Biosorption of lead, cadmium, and zinc by Citrobacter strain MCM B-181: characterization studies

The biosorption process for removal of lead, cadmium, and zinc by Citrobacter strain MCM B-181, a laboratory isolate, was characterized. Effects of environmental factors and growth conditions on metal uptake capacity were studied. Pretreatment of biomass with chemical agents increased cadmium sorption efficiency; however, there was no significant enhancement in lead and zinc sorption capacity. Metal sorption by Citrobacter strain MCM B-181 was found to be influenced by the pH of the solution, initial metal concentration, biomass concentration, and type of growth medium. The metal sorption process was not affected by the age of the culture or change in temperature. Equilibrium metal sorption was found to fit the Langmuir adsorption model. Kinetic studies showed that metal uptake by Citrobacter strain MCM B-181 was a fast process, requiring <20 min to achieve >90% adsorption efficiency. The presence of cations reduced lead, zinc, and cadmium sorption to the extent of 11. 8%, 84.3%, and 33.4%, respectively. When biomass was exposed to multimetal solutions, metals were adsorbed in the order Co2+ < Ni2+ < Cd2+ < Cu2+ < Zn2+ < Pb2+. Among various anions tested, only phosphate and citrate were found to hamper metal sorption capacity of cells. Biosorbent beads prepared by immobilizing the Citrobacter biomass in polysulfone matrix exhibited high metal loading capacities. A new mathematical model used for batch kinetic studies was found to be highly useful in prediction of experimentally obtained metal concentration profiles as a function of time. Metal desorption studies indicated that Citrobacter beads could, in principle, be regenerated and reused in adsorption-desorption cycles. In an expanded scale trial, biosorbent beads were found to be useful in removal/recovery of metals such as lead from industrial wastewaters.     

Biosorption of Cadmium and Manganese Using Free Cells of Klebsiella sp. Isolated from Waste Water

In the present study, we evaluated a bacterium that was isolated from waste water for its ability to take up cadmium and manganese. The strain, identified both biochemically and by its 16S rRNA gene sequence as Klebsiella, was named Yangling I2 and was found to be highly resistant to heavy metals. Surface characterization of the bacterium via SEM revealed gross morphological changes, with cells appearing as biconcave discs after metal exposure rather than their typical rod shape. The effects of pH, temperature, heavy metal concentration, agitation and biomass concentration on the uptake of Cd(II) and Mn(II) was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that the biosorption was most affected by pH and incubation temperature, being maximized at pH 5.0 and 30°C, with absorption capacities of 170.4 and 114.1 mg/g for Cd(II) and Mn(II), respectively. Two models were investigated to compare the cells’ capacity for the biosorption of Cd and Mn, and the Langmuir model based on fuzzy linear regression was found to be close to the observed absorption curves and yield binding constants of 0.98 and 0.86 for Cd and Mn, respectively. This strain of Klebsiella has approximately ten times the absorption capacity reported for other strains and is promising for the removal of heavy metals from waste water.     

Hyperaccumulator Oilcake Manure as an Alternative for Chelate-Induced Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals Contaminated Alluvial Soils

The ability of hyperaccumulator oilcake manure as compared to chelates was investigated by growing Calendula officinalis L for phytoremediation of cadmium and lead contaminated alluvial soil. The combinatorial treatment T₆ [2.5 g kg^?1oilcake manure + 5 mmol kg^?1 EDDS] caused maximum cadmium accumulation in root, shoot and flower up to 5.46, 4.74 and 1.37 mg kg^?1and lead accumulation up to 16.11, 13.44 and 3.17 mg kg^?1, respectively at Naini dump site, Allahabad (S₃). The treatment showed maximum remediation efficiency for Cd (RR = 0.676%) and Pb (RR = 0.202%) at Mumfordganj contaminated site (S₂). However, the above parameters were also observed at par with the treatment T₅ [2.5 g kg^?1oilcake manure +2 g kg^?1 humic acid]. Applied EDDS altered chlorophyll–a, chlorophyll–b, and carotene contents of plants while application of oilcake manure enhanced their contents in plant by 3.73–8.65%, 5.81–17.65%, and 7.04–17.19%, respectively. The authors conclude that Calendula officinalis L has potential to be safely grown in moderately Cd and Pb-contaminated soils and application of hyperaccumulator oilcake manure boosts the photosynthetic pigments of the plant, leading to enhanced clean-up of the cadmium and lead-contaminated soils. Hence, the hyperaccumulator oilcake manure should be preferred over chelates for sustainable phytoremediation through soil-plant rhizospheric process.     

Entrapment of white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor in Ca-alginate beads: preparation and biosorption kinetic analysis for cadmium removal from an aqueous solution

The biosorption of cadmium ions onto entrapped Trametes versicolor mycelia has been studied in a batch system. The maximum experimental biosorption capacities for entrapped live and dead fungal mycelia of T. versicolor were found as 102.3 +/- 3.2 mg Cd(II) g(-1) and 120.6 +/- 3.8 mg Cd(II) g(-1), respectively. Biosorption equilibrium was established in about 1 h and biosorption was well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich biosorption isotherms. The change in the biosorption capacity with time was found to fit the pseudo-second-order equation. Since the biosorption capacities were relatively high for both entrapped live and dead forms, those fungal forms could be considered as suitable biosorbents for the removal of cadmium in wastewater-treatment systems. The biosorbents were reused in three consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles without a significant loss in the biosorption capacity.     

Cadmium biosorption by Sphingomonas paucimobilis biomass

Among microorganisms isolated in Bangkok, the gram-negative bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis exhibited the greatest cadmium tolerance. It was able to survive in the medium containing cadmium as high as 200 mg/l. However, concentrations of cadmium at 25-200 mg/l inhibited its growth. The biosorption properties for cadmium of this bacterial biomass and the effects of environmental factors (i.e., biosorbent type, initial pH and biosorbent concentration) on the cadmium biosorption were explored. The results showed that the cadmium removal capacity of living cells was markedly higher than that of nonliving cells. Cadmium biosorption by S. paucimobilis biomass was also affected by the initial pH and biosorbent concentration.     

Improvement of heavy metal biosorption by mycelial dead biomasses (Rhizopus arrhizus, Mucor miehei and Penicillium chrysogenum): pH control and cationic activation

Abstract: Fungal mycelial by-products from fermentation industries present a considerable affinity for soluble metal ions (e.g. Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, Ag) and could be used in biosorption processes for purification of contaminated effluents. In this work the influence of pH on sorption parameters is characterized by measuring the isotherms of five heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Cd, Ag and Pb) with Rhizopus arrhizus biomass under pH-controlled conditions. The maximum sorption capacity for lead was observed at pH 7.0 (200 mg g^-l), while silver uptake was weakly affected. The stability of metal-biosorbent complexes is regularly enhanced by pH neutralization, except for lead. A transition in sorption mechanism was observed above pH 6.0. In addition, comparison of various industrial fungal biomasses ( R. arrhizus, Mucor miehei and Penicillium chrysogenum indicated important variations in zinc-binding and buffering properties (0.24, 0.08 and 0.05 mmol g^−l, respectively). Without control, the equilibrium pH (5.8, 3.9 and 4.0) is shown to be related to the initial calcium content of the biosorbent, pH neutralization during metal adsorption increases zinc sorption in all fungi (0.57, 0.52 and 0.33 mmol g-l) but an improvement was also obtained (0.34, 0.33 and 0.10 mmol g⁻¹) by calcium saturation of the biomass before heavy metal accumulation. Breakthrough curves of fixed bed biosorbent columns demonstrated the capacity of the biosorbent process to purify zinc and lead solutions in continuous-flow systems, and confirmed the necessity for cationic activation of the biosorbent before contact with the heavy-metal solution.     

黏着箭菌JB19对菊苣幼苗铅镉抗性及黄酮生物合成的影响

【目的】探讨耐重金属细菌对铅(lead, Pb)和镉(cadmium, Cd)胁迫下菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)幼苗Pb、Cd抗性和黄酮生物合成的调控作用。【方法】在不同浓度Pb和Cd [(200+20) mg/kg、(400+40) mg/kg、(800+80) mg/kg]处理下,接种菌株JB19并测定菊苣幼苗生长指标、Pb和Cd含量、抗氧化酶活性、总黄酮含量和黄酮生物合成相关基因表达量。【结果】菌株JB19可显著提高不同浓度Pb和Cd处理下菊苣的生物量和叶绿素含量;减少氧化损伤,地上部和根部Pb、Cd含量均降低,其中在(Pb200+Cd20) mg/kg处理下H₂O₂和丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量分别比对照降低了25.7%和26.1%,地上部Pb、Cd含量降低的幅度最大,分别降低了53.2%和54.1%;加强了菊苣幼苗的抗氧化酶防御系统,黄酮生物合成相关基因均显著上调,其中在(Pb400+Cd40) mg/kg处理下黄酮类化合物的含量增加了105.2%,查尔酮异构酶基因上调最显著,达458....