新型木霉氨基酸有机肥研制及其对番茄的促生效果

为提高贵州木霉NJAU4742固体发酵产孢能力,本研究拟用稻草秸秆和氨基酸水解液为原料进行固体发酵获得高分生孢子含量的固体菌种,将该固体菌种添加到含有不同比例氨基酸水解液的有机肥中进行二次发酵研制新型生物有机肥,并利用盆栽试验研究该生物有机肥对番茄的促生作用.结果表明: 在利用稀释30倍的氨基酸水解液浸泡秸秆过夜后调节秸秆为初始pH 3.5、75%含水量、30%玉米粉添加量的条件下,贵州木霉NJAU4742所产分生孢子数量高达2.40×10¹⁰ CFU·g^-1.接种2%固体木霉菌种于含有20%氨基酸水解液的腐熟有机肥后,该处理中木霉活菌数和吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量均达到最高,分别为6.40×10⁹ CFU·g^-1和38.66 mg·kg^-1,与对照相比分别增加了1142.30和1.42倍.盆栽试验表明,木霉氨基酸生物有机肥(AT)与氨基酸有机肥(AA)处理跟对照(CK)相比株高分别增加了98.8%和23.8%,茎粗分别增加了58.9%和10.3%,叶绿素、叶长、叶宽等指标也显著增加.利用稻草秸秆和氨基酸水解液进行浅盘固体发酵生产木霉分生孢子,克服了工厂化生产固体木霉菌种的瓶颈,以此制备的新型木霉氨基酸有机肥(AT)与等养分的氨基酸有机肥(AA)和对照(CK)处理相比,对番茄的促生效果显著,在集约化农业生产中具有良好的应用前景.     

耐热木霉菌株筛选及其对热作区香蕉促生效应的研究

【目的】为筛选安全、高效的耐热木霉功能菌株,有效促进热作区香蕉的生产,本研究从热作区土壤分离筛选适温范围较宽的木霉菌株,研制木霉生物有机肥,并研究其对香蕉枯萎病发病率、果实产量及品质的影响。【方法】通过稀释涂布法筛选出木霉菌株,根据菌株在不同温度下的生长情况、拮抗尖孢菌能力及酶活强弱进行菌株复筛;将复筛所得菌株试制成生物有机肥,在田间条件下,研究木霉生物有机肥的施用对香蕉发病率、产量及品质的影响;最后结合菌株ITS及tef1序列分析鉴定所选菌株的分类信息。【结果】从海南土壤中筛选出4株耐热木霉菌株,其在20–40°C能生长,其中菌株JS84在40°C高温下生长速度最快,对尖孢镰刀菌4号生理小种抑制率最高,产酶活力能力最强。田间试验结果表明:施用JS84木霉生物有机肥(JS84)显著降低了香蕉枯萎病发病率;有效改善了香蕉果实品质并提高了土壤养分;该处理产量显著高于不施肥对照、化肥处理、有机肥处理和商品木霉生物有机肥处理(NJAU4742),分别增产32%、18%、8%和6%。ITS结合tef1序列分析结果表明,JS84菌株为桔绿木霉菌(Trichoderma citrinoviride)。【结论】从热作区土壤中成功筛选到一株桔绿木霉JS84,其适宜生长温度宽,研制的木霉生物有机肥对热区香蕉具有显著的抗枯萎病及增产作用。     

产紫杉醇内生真菌枝状枝孢霉MD2的发酵条件优化

[目的]通过优化内生真菌枝状枝孢霉MD2的发酵条件,提高10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ (10-DAB)和紫杉醇(Taxol)的产量.[方法]采用单因素试验分析不同的培养基初始pH值、培养温度、摇床转速和培养时间对10-DAB和紫杉醇产量的影响,优化枝状枝孢霉MD2的培养条件;以YES为基本培养基,采用单因素试验和正交试验分析添加苯甲酸钠、苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸和甘氨酸4种前体物对10-DAB和紫杉醇产量的影响,优化枝状枝孢霉MD2的培养基组分.[结果]优化后发酵条件为:在初始pH为5.0的300 mL YES培养基中,添加15 mg/L苯甲酸钠、25 mg/L苯丙氨酸、5 mg/L丝氨酸、15 mg/L甘氨酸,接种1 mL枝状枝孢霉MD2的孢子悬液(107-10s个孢子/mL),28.0℃、220 r/min发酵培养12d.在此条件下,枝状枝孢霉MD2的生物量、10-DAB和紫杉醇的产量分别为15.5 g/L、471.5 μg/L和569.5 μg/L,与初始发酵条件相比,分别提高了1.3、3.6和3.4倍.[结论]首次获得了枝状枝孢霉MD2生产10-DAB和紫杉醇的较适摇瓶发酵条件,可为进一步放大发酵培养提供参考.     

洞庭湖湿地木霉多样性及生防活性

【目的】了解湖南省洞庭湖湿地木霉种类及分布,丰富我国的木霉种质资源,为功能菌株筛选应用奠定基础。【方法】利用ITS序列比对分析结合形态学特征对分离到的木霉菌株进行种类鉴定,构建系统发育进化树分析其亲缘关系。通过菌丝生长速率法测定菌株的平板抑菌能力,根据水解带大小检测菌株的水解酶活性,利用灰色关联度分析筛选综合生防效果较好的木霉菌株。【结果】从52个土样和18个水样中分离得到114株木霉菌株,经鉴定分属16个木霉种类:哈茨木霉、绿木霉、刺孢木霉、土星孢木霉、钩状木霉、拟康宁木霉、短密木霉、深绿木霉、猥木霉、毛细木霉(中国新记录种)、长枝木霉、卵孢木霉、侧耳木霉、加纳木霉、厚木霉及一个疑似新种;哈茨木霉为洞庭湖湿地中的优势种,占总菌株数量的19.30%;16种木霉在系统发育树中归于7个进化支:Harzianum Clade、Virens Clade、Longibrachiatum Clade、Lutea Clade、Viride Clade、Hamatum Clade、Unknown Clade。灰色关联度分析表明,菌株TW21990、QT22040和QT22094的灰色关联度较高,分别为0.849 5、0.798 6和0.732 6,综合生防性状较好。【结论】洞庭湖湿地木霉具有种类多样性和分布多样性,发现了一个中国新记录种毛细木霉和一个疑似新种,哈茨木霉TW21990、长枝木霉QT22040和卵孢木霉QT22094是潜在的优良生防菌株。     

根霉12号固体发酵产生纤溶酶工艺条件的研究*

研究了根霉12号固体发酵产生纤溶酶的工艺条件。采用单因素试验、均匀设计方法对固体发酵培养基的碳源、氮源、碳氮比、初始pH、加水量、无机盐加量进行了优化;采用正交试验对发酵时间、接种量进行了研究。结果表明,实验范围内根霉12固体发酵产纤溶酶的适宜培养基组成为:麸皮∶豆粕=1∶2,初始pH5.0,加水量0.75ml/g物料, MnSO4H2O和 (NH4)2SO4加量分别为0.25%和 1.42%(对物料)。适宜培养条件为接种量107个孢子/g物料,培养时间72h。优化条件下的纤溶酶产量平均达791.81u/g物料。     

根霉12号固体发酵产生纤溶酶工艺条件的研究

研究了根霉12号固体发酵产生纤溶酶的工艺条件。采用单因素试验、均匀设计方法对固体发酵培养基的碳源、氮源、碳氮比、初始pH、加水量、无机盐加量进行了优化;采用正交试验对发酵时间、接种量进行了研究。结果表明,实验范围内根霉12固体发酵产纤溶酶的适宜培养基组成为：麸皮：豆粕=1:2,初始pH5.0,加水量0.75ml／g物料,MnSO4-H2O 和 (NH4)2SO4加量分别为0.25％和1.42％(对物料)。适宜培养条件为接种量10^7个孢子/g 物料,培养时间 72h。优化条件下的纤溶酶产量平均达 791.81u／g物料。     

响应面设计优化绿僵菌固体发酵条件

【目的】为了提高绿僵菌分生孢子产量及孢子质量,应用响应面设计对金龟子绿僵菌菌株CY-1(Metarhizium anisopliae)进行固体发酵培养基的优化。【方法】单因素试验基础上,采用响应面试验设计方法优化培养基组分。【结果】添加了碳、氮营养的最佳固体发酵培养基为玉米粉:稻壳=8:2,料水比1:0.8,葡萄糖0.8%,硫酸铵2.5%,磷酸二氢钾0.8%;在固体培养基上的理论产孢量为7.45×10~9个/g;验证后实际为6.94×10~9个/g。【结论】运用响应面法对绿僵菌固体发酵的培养基成分进行优化,得到了绿僵菌孢子粉,为孢子粉进行地下害虫防治和制剂加工的研究奠定了基础。     

里氏木霉FS10-C固体发酵基质筛选及发酵条件初探

筛选适宜里氏木霉FS10-C菌株固体发酵的基质,并优化其发酵基本条件,以期为将该菌株应用于土壤重金属污染修复中奠定基础。采用单因素试验对固体发酵基质进行筛选,在筛选结果的基础上,再运用正交试验设计初步确定适宜的发酵条件,并在50 L固体发酵罐中进行放大试验。结果表明,桔皮麦麸混合物为木霉FS10-C的最佳发酵基质,优化后的平皿固体发酵条件为:桔皮、麦麸按1∶1比例配伍,固水比为1∶1.2,接种量为5%,发酵温度为28℃,发酵14 d后产孢量可高达2.43×1010 CFU/g,且应用于固体发酵罐中发酵效果良好,产孢量达到1.44×1010 CFU/g。通过对固体发酵基质的筛选和发酵条件的优化,可实现木霉FS10-C的高密度培养,降低制剂成本,具有规模化生产的潜力。     

绿木霉Gv29-8丝氨酸蛋白酶S8/S53超家族基因特性及功能

【背景】丝氨酸蛋白酶在木霉菌生物防治过程中发挥重要作用。【目的】研究绿木霉丝氨酸蛋白酶S8/S53超家族基因信息及其生物学功能,进而为该蛋白酶生防制剂的开发及基因改造提供理论支持。【方法】通过生物信息学分析方法,从绿木霉Gv29-8基因组中鉴定出23个丝氨酸蛋白酶基因,以少孢节丛孢菌ATCC 24927基因组中鉴定的4个丝氨酸蛋白酶基因作为对照,对这27个丝氨酸蛋白酶基因的特性、蛋白结构、进化地位、功能等进行预测分析。【结果】27个基因结构差异较大,编码的蛋白具有典型的丝氨酸蛋白酶催化三联体结构,属于S8/S53超家族,分为6个亚家族,同一亚家族的蛋白酶保守区长度相近,相似性较高,催化残基附近序列比较保守。系统进化分析显示,同一亚家族丝氨酸蛋白酶聚为一类。【结论】绿木霉和少孢节丛孢菌的部分丝氨酸蛋白酶基因在结构和蛋白性质上相似性强,亲缘关系较近,均属于S8_PCSK9_ProteinaseK_like亚家族,推测绿木霉与少孢节丛孢菌该亚家族的丝氨酸蛋白酶具有相似的功能,可抑制植物病原真菌和降解线虫体壁。     

樟绒枝霉(Malbranchea cinnamomea)固体发酵产木聚糖酶的发酵条件优化

[目的] 研究樟绒枝霉(Malbranchea cinnamomea) CAU521利用农业废弃物固体发酵产木聚糖酶的发酵条件.[方法]采用单因素试验法优化影响菌株产酶的各个条件,包括碳源种类、氮源种类、初始pH、初始水分含量、培养温度及发酵时间共6个因素.[结果]获得的最佳产酶条件为:稻草为发酵碳源、2％(W/W)的酵母提取物为氮源、初始pH 7.0、初始水分含量80％和发酵温度45℃.在此条件下发酵6d后木聚糖酶的酶活力达到13 120 U/g干基碳源.[结论]樟绒枝霉固体发酵产木聚糖酶的产酶水平高,生产成本低,具有潜在的工业化应用前景.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

In vitro appraisal of the probiotic value of intestinal lactobacilli

Lactobacilli play a distinctive role in the microbial balance of the chicken gut. In experiments simulating the chicken crop, the antagonism of lactobacilli against Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella typhimurium was demonstrated and was attributed to lactic acid production. Moreover, adhesion to the crop epithelium was a common characteristic of intestinal lactobacilli. As opposed to salmonellas, lactobacilli were sensitive to deconjugated bile salts at 2.5mm. This sensitivity could lower their chance of proliferation in the small bowel of the chicken tract.The authors are at the Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, State University of Gent, Coupure L., 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.