两株芽孢杆菌对花生幼苗生长及其根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

【背景】贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)和坚强芽孢杆菌(Bacillus firmus)对花生的促生作用及促生机制研究尚未见报道。【目的】从微生物群落结构和土壤氮磷钾有效养分两个方面综合解析两株芽孢杆菌(贝莱斯芽孢杆菌HP9和坚强芽孢杆菌HP10)对花生的促生机制。【方法】以两株芽孢杆菌为研究对象,通过单独灌根或混合灌根盆栽花生,测定其对花生生长及根际土壤氮磷钾有效养分的影响;利用高通量测序技术分析灌根组与对照组花生根际土壤的细菌和真菌群落结构及多样性。【结果】与对照组相比,3个灌根处理组均明显促进了花生幼苗茎部的伸长及鲜重的增加,根际土壤碱解氮含量显著提高,有效磷和速效钾含量有不同程度增加。芽孢杆菌对花生根际土壤的微生物多样性无显著影响,但影响了细菌和真菌的群落结构组成。灌根处理组根际土壤的拟杆菌门及Mortierellomycota等相对丰度显著增加,在属水平上,农杆菌属、节杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、伯克霍尔德氏菌属、黄杆菌属、Pedobacter、极地单胞菌属、假单胞菌属、鞘脂单胞菌属、寡养单胞菌属等属的相对丰度明显提高,而且无色杆菌属、短波单胞菌属、金黄色杆菌属、苍白杆菌属、鞘氨醇杆菌属和鞘氨醇盒菌属等6个细菌属仅见于3个灌根处理组中。主成分分析结果显示,与对照相比,3个灌根处理组之间的根际土壤微生物群落结构具有更高的相似性。【结论】贝莱斯芽孢杆菌HP9和坚强芽孢杆菌HP10菌株可以影响根际土壤的微生物群落结构组成,提高根际土壤功能微生物的相对丰度,从而改善土壤肥力,促进花生幼苗生长。     

小龙虾肠道产木聚糖酶细菌的分离与鉴定

【背景】小龙虾肠道微生物是小龙虾降解纤维素和半纤维素的主要驱动力。【目的】研究肠道内细菌的相对丰度,为揭示肠道微生物在小龙虾纤维素降解过程中的作用提供理论支撑。【方法】采用纯培养法从小龙虾肠道筛选产木聚糖酶细菌,并且对小龙虾肠道细菌进行16S高通量测序。【结果】形态学和16SrRNA基因分子鉴定表明,筛选到的4株产木聚糖酶细菌均属于芽孢杆菌科芽孢杆菌属;结合进一步的生理生化特征鉴定,结果为:菌株Z-3为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),菌株Z-4为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),菌株Z-29为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),菌株Z-30为高地芽孢杆菌(Bacillus altitudinis);16S rRNA基因高通量测序结果表明:在属水平上,小龙虾肠道细菌主要是Candidatus Bacilloplasma、拟杆菌属、弧菌属、不动杆菌属、Dysgonomonas、Tyzzerella3、气单胞菌属和希瓦氏菌属细菌。【结论】小龙虾肠道内细菌资源丰富,且芽孢杆菌属细菌在木质纤维素降解过程中发挥一定功能。     

噬菌体鸡尾酒联合生物有机肥防控番茄青枯病的效果研究

【背景】前期研究表明,可专性侵染青枯菌的噬菌体鸡尾酒(组合)可有效减少番茄青枯病的发生。生物有机肥虽然可降低青枯病发病率,但受田间环境影响,防控效果常不稳定。【目的】为了提高生物有机肥的防控效果,靶向抑制番茄青枯病,探究噬菌体鸡尾酒联合含有解淀粉芽孢杆菌的生物有机肥防控番茄青枯病的田间效果,以及该防控方法对番茄根际细菌群落结构的影响。【方法】将经解淀粉芽孢杆菌T-5二次发酵获得的生物有机肥(Bio-Organic Fertilizer,BOF)在春季作为基肥施入番茄大棚,开花期在番茄根部浇灌噬菌体鸡尾酒悬液,统计青枯病的发生情况和番茄根际青枯菌的数量,根据高通量测序结果分析番茄根际细菌群落的结构变化。【结果】与常规施肥相比,生物有机肥配合噬菌体鸡尾酒(BOF+P)可显著降低番茄青枯病的发病率,显著改变根际细菌群落的β多样性,提高拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的相对丰度,并降低芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)的相对丰度。【结论】噬菌体鸡尾酒可显著提升生物有机肥防控番茄青枯病的效果,具有良好的应用潜力。     

三叶鬼针草内生细菌群体多样性及重金属耐受和吲哚乙酸产生潜力

【背景】定殖于植物的多样内生细菌与宿主生长和抗逆能力密切相关。三叶鬼针草(Bidenspilosa L.)极具入侵性且抗逆性强,但目前该植物内生细菌相关研究报道极少。【目的】探究三叶鬼针草内生细菌群体多样性,筛选获得兼具重金属耐受性及吲哚乙酸(Indoleacetic acid,IAA)产生潜力的内生细菌菌株。【方法】采用MiSeq高通量方法分析三叶鬼针草内生细菌群体多样性,可培养方法测定内生细菌菌株对重金属Pb、Cd、Ni、Hg的耐受能力及产生IAA的潜力。【结果】从三叶鬼针草内生细菌群体中共测得4 031个操作分类单元(OTU),可归属于25个门51个纲76个目182个科及536个属。属级水平上,三叶鬼针草根、茎、叶和种子中分别以肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)及假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)丰度最高,伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)、甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)、假单胞菌属、泛菌属(Pantoea)次之;从三叶鬼针草分离得到34株内生细菌,所有菌株均至少对1种测试的重金属具有耐受性。其中,GF-1、GF-8、YF-1、YF-2、JF-1、GF-2和JF-8这7个菌株能够产生IAA,其产率为57.48-312.22μg/mL;基于16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定菌株GF-1、GF-8、YF-1、YF-2、JF-1为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.),菌株GF-2为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.),菌株JF-8为伯克氏菌(Burkholderia sp.)。【结论】三叶鬼针草内生细菌群体具有丰富的种群多样性。三叶鬼针草内生细菌菌株GF-1、GF-8、YF-1、YF-2、JF-1、GF-2和JF-8兼具多重金属耐受性及高产IAA潜力,是重金属复合污染土壤生物修复的优良候选菌株。     

芽胞杆菌浸种对水稻内生细菌群落结构的影响

水稻内生细菌群落是反映植株内环境是否健康稳定的重要生物学指标,芽胞杆菌是防治水稻病害的重要生防微生物。为揭示芽胞杆菌浸种处理对水稻内生细菌群落结构的影响,采用Illumina MiSeq测序的方法对水稻内生细菌的16S rRNA基因进行测序,剖析了芽胞杆菌浸种处理对不同水稻组织内生细菌的微生态调控作用。结果表明,3种芽胞杆菌浸种处理可以提高水稻根和茎部内生细菌群落的丰富度和均匀度,降低叶部内生细菌群落的丰富度和均匀度,显著增加根部内生细菌群落多样性。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是水稻根部和茎部共有优势菌门,厚壁菌门和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)是叶部共有优势菌门和属。芽胞杆菌浸种处理显著提高了叶部内生厚壁菌门和芽胞杆菌属的相对丰度,增加了根系和茎部组织内生细菌的分类单元OTU(Operational Taxonomic Units)数量,对叶部组织影响不明显;降低了茎部和叶部中参与各种代谢通路的内生细菌丰度,显著增加了根部参与代谢通路的内生细菌丰度。因此,3种芽胞杆菌浸种处理可以显著改变水稻根部、茎部和叶部内生细菌群落结构,改善水稻生长的微生态环境。     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡可培养石生细菌多样性及抗紫外辐射能力

【背景】珠穆朗玛峰地区具有寒冷低温、强辐射等极端环境条件,珠穆朗玛峰北坡石生微生物研究未见报道。【目的】针对珠穆朗玛峰北坡石生微生物开展研究,阐明珠穆朗玛峰北坡石生生境中可培养细菌多样性,开发珠穆朗玛峰北坡抗紫外辐射菌株资源。【方法】通过可培养法、16S rRNA基因序列分析方法以及紫外辐射筛选对珠穆朗玛峰北坡可培养石生细菌多样性以及抗紫外辐射能力进行研究。【结果】从珠穆朗玛峰北坡石生生境中共分离获得52株石生细菌,归类为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其中放线菌门和变形菌门为优势菌门,鞘脂单胞菌属、节杆菌属、链霉菌属为优势菌属,有2株菌为潜在新种。从已分离鉴定菌株中筛选出了2株抗紫外辐射能力较高的菌株,分别是芽孢杆菌属菌株ZFBP4009和链霉菌属菌株ZFBP1009。【结论】珠穆朗玛峰北坡石生环境蕴含多样性丰富的石生细菌,所分离菌株抗紫外辐射能力突出,为揭示相关极端环境下微生物的分布特征及极端环境微生物资源开发提供了数据支持及菌株资源。     

泥浸汁对太湖沉积物中的好氧可培养细菌多样性的影响

【目的】研究添加泥浸汁与否对太湖沉积物中可培养细菌的影响。【方法】采用R2A培养基和添加泥浸汁R2A培养基对沉积物中细菌进行分离培养,16S r RNA基因系统发育分析比较种群结构。【结果】培养基中添加泥浸汁,可使可培养细菌的种类数量增加到1.6倍。16S r RNA基因序列分析表明,培养的优势细菌类群存在明显差别。R2A培养基上生长的细菌主要为厚壁菌门(52%)、放线菌门(24%)、变形菌门(20%)和拟杆菌门(4%),其中大部分细菌与芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、节杆菌属等关系密切;而添加泥浸汁的R2A培养基上生长的细菌则主要为变形菌门(40%)、放线菌门(35%)、厚壁菌门(22.5%)和拟杆菌门(2.5%),与鞘脂单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、副球菌属、节杆菌属等关系密切。【结论】添加泥浸汁原始营养因子可提高沉积物中可培养细菌的多样性,提高菌种可培养效率。     

对叶榕榕果内生细菌分离鉴定及抑菌活性的研究

【目的】为植物-内生细菌的生态关系研究, 以及植物内生细菌资源的利用提供一定的依据。【方法】采用微生物学传统分离培养的方法从对叶榕果实中分离到内生细菌54株, 通过限制性酶切分析(ARDRA)共有16个操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic units, OTUs), 对16株代表菌株16S rDNA序列系统发育分析。【结果】16个菌株都找到了与其相似性最高的菌株, 相似性达到95%?100%。其中6株为芽孢杆菌Bacillus属, 为对叶榕果实内生细菌优势菌属; 3株为Staphylococcus属, 2株为Pseudomonas属, 1株为Serrata属, 1株为非培养细菌的同源菌, 1株为Kocuria属, 1株为Delftia属, 还有1株为Acinetobacter属。【结论】这16株内生菌在系统发育树中明显聚为两大支; 在参与抑菌试验的14株内生菌中, 有13株对受试菌有不同程度的拮抗作用。尤其是其中的芽孢菌属的Swx15和不动杆菌属的Swx25菌株, 抑菌作用较强, 且有较广的抑菌谱性。     

醉马草内生菌的分离、鉴定及杀虫效果

【目的】探明醉马草内生菌的种类,筛选对农作物虫害有毒杀作用的菌株。【方法】采用研磨法从健康醉马草植物的根、茎、叶和种子中进行菌种分离;通过对其形态、培养特征、生理生化及其他生物学特性的研究;16SrDNA及ITS序列的系统发育学分析进行鉴定;用玻片浸渍法和喷雾法筛选产杀虫活性物质菌株。【结果】获得细菌89株,分别属于枯草芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、叶杆菌属(Phyllobacterium)、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonnas)、类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)8个属;真菌2株,分别属于麦角菌属(Claviceps)和毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)。经初筛及复筛,内生菌娄彻氏链霉菌Streptomyces rochei(GA)和黑麦麦角菌Claviceps purpurea(PF-2)发酵液粗提物对棉蚜虫(Aphis gossypii)致死率达85%以上。【结论】醉马草内生菌株PF-2和GA的粗提代谢物对棉蚜虫有明显的毒杀作用,为开发新的生物源农药提供了生物源物质。     

柑橘黄龙病寄主长春花内生细菌的分离及功能鉴定

【目的】感柑橘黄龙病长春花植株与健康长春花植株不同部位内生细菌菌群结构及功能对柑橘黄龙病菌与长春花内生细菌的相关性研究提供理论基础。【方法】利用兼性厌氧可培养技术以及植物内生菌功能特性分析相结合的方法。【结果】分别从感病和健康长春花叶、茎、根的组织中分离获得67株内生细菌,与GenBank中29种细菌的相似性达到97%-100%。其中短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium sp.)、欧文氏菌属(Erwinia sp.)、蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)为感病长春花内生细菌的优势菌群,鞘胺醇单胞菌属(Brevundimonas sp.)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)为健康长春花内生细菌的优势菌群;马胃葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus equorum)为两者的共同优势菌群。29种内生细菌进行功能分析,其中6株内生细菌至少具有4种功能特性,分属于马胃葡萄球菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、短小杆菌属、摩氏摩根菌(Morganella morganii)及溶杆菌属(Lysobacter sp.)5个属。【结论】感病与健康长春花植株中均含有丰富的内生细菌且差异较大,黄龙病菌的存在改变了长春花原有内生细菌的菌群结构。通过分析菌群的差异,有望找到与柑橘黄龙病菌生长相关的菌种。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

In vitro appraisal of the probiotic value of intestinal lactobacilli

Lactobacilli play a distinctive role in the microbial balance of the chicken gut. In experiments simulating the chicken crop, the antagonism of lactobacilli against Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella typhimurium was demonstrated and was attributed to lactic acid production. Moreover, adhesion to the crop epithelium was a common characteristic of intestinal lactobacilli. As opposed to salmonellas, lactobacilli were sensitive to deconjugated bile salts at 2.5mm. This sensitivity could lower their chance of proliferation in the small bowel of the chicken tract.The authors are at the Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, State University of Gent, Coupure L., 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.