融合位置特征与序列进化信息的磷酸化位点预测（英文）

磷酸化是蛋白质翻译后的主要修饰,可分为激酶特异性和非激酶特异性两种类型.以非激酶特异性磷酸化位点Dou数据集为基础,本文发展了一种基于位置的卡方差表特征χ~2-pos,融合伪氨基酸序列进化信息PsePSSM表征序列,构建正负样本均衡的支持向量机分类器,S,T,Y独立测试Matthew相关系数、ROC曲线下面积分及准确率分别达到了(0.59、0.87、79.74%),(0.55、0.85、77.68%)和(0.50、0.81、75.22%),明显优于文献报道结果.χ~2-pos、PsePSSM两种特征的融合在蛋白质磷酸化位点预测中有广泛应用前景.     

基于三类特征融合的O-糖基化位点预测

糖基化是蛋白质翻译后的主要修饰,O-糖基化的固定模式未知,高精度识别O-糖基化位点是机器学习面临的挑战性问题.以迄今最大的人O-糖基化位点Steentoft数据集为基础,本文首次提出了基于位置的卡方差表特征χ~2-pos,融合伪氨基酸序列进化信息Pse PSSM以及无方向的k间隔氨基酸对组分Undirected-CKSAAP表征序列,构建5个正负样本均衡的支持向量机分类器,经加权投票,独立测试准确率、Matthew相关系数及ROC曲线下面积,分别达到了89.62%、0.79、0.96,明显优于文献报道结果.χ~2-pos、Pse PSSM与Undirected-CKSAAP三种特征的融合在蛋白质糖基化、磷酸化等位点预测中有广泛应用前景.     

ARF——一种新的抑癌因子的研究进展

INK4a/ARF基因位于人染色体9p21,是人类肿瘤中最常见的基因失活位点之一.INK4a/ARF基因有两套各自独立的启动子,通过可变阅读框,能够编码两种蛋白质：p16^INK4a和p14^ARF（ARF在鼠细胞中为p19^ARF）.p16作为CDK4/6的抑制因子,能够阻断pRb磷酸化,将细胞周期阻断在G1期;而ARF可结合原癌蛋白MDM2,稳定p53,将细胞周期阻断在G1期和G2/M转换期,或诱导细胞凋亡.因此ARF蛋白和p16一样也是一种肿瘤抑制因子.     

基于Ti4+-IMAC富集的分枝菌酸小杆菌深度覆盖磷酸化蛋白质组研究

【目的】本研究以分枝菌酸小杆菌(Mycolicibacterium smegmatis)为研究对象,探索适于原核微生物理想的磷酸化富集方法。【方法】我们比较了二氧化钛(TiO₂)、Fe³⁺-NTA和Ti⁴⁺螯合在磷酸酯修饰的固相微球(Ti⁴⁺-IMAC) 3种不同富集方法磷酸化肽段的富集效率,并用不同分辨率的质谱仪评估富集稳定性。【结果】Ti⁴⁺-IMAC富集效率最高,磷酸化位点数是TiO₂或Fe³⁺-NTA方法的7倍以上;TiO₂和Fe³⁺-NTA方法富集到的磷酸化位点数相差不大,与已报道的用TiO₂方法富集的磷酸化位点数目接近。Ti⁴⁺-IMAC富集结果稳定性很好,高分辨率Lumos质谱仪鉴定到的磷酸化位点数是Velos的2.6倍。【结论】本研究较高效地实现了分枝菌酸小杆菌磷酸化事件的鉴定,共鉴定到2 280个磷酸化蛋白、10 880个磷酸化肽段及4 433个可信磷酸化位点,有望用于其他微生物的磷酸化蛋白质组学研究。     

基于双层BiGRU网络的哺乳动物组织m6A甲基化位点预测

目的 N⁶-甲基化腺苷（N⁶-methyladenosine，m⁶A）是RNA中最常见、最丰富的化学修饰，在很多生物过程中发挥着重要作用。目前已经发展了一些预测m⁶A甲基化位点的计算方法。然而，这些方法在针对不同物种或不同组织时，缺乏稳健性。为了提升对不同组织中m⁶A甲基化位点预测的稳健性，本文提出一种能结合序列反向信息来提取数据更高级特征的双层双向门控循环单元（bidirectional gated recurrent unit，BiGRU）网络模型。方法 本文选取具有代表性的哺乳动物组织m⁶A甲基化位点数据集作为训练数据，通过对模型网络、网络结构、层数和优化器等进行搭配，构建双层BiGRU网络。结果 将模型应用于人类、小鼠和大鼠共11个组织的m⁶A甲基化位点预测上，并与其他方法在这11个组织上的预测能力进行了全面的比较。结果表明，本文构建的模型平均预测接受者操作特征曲线下面积（area under the receiver operating characteristic curve，AUC）达到93.72%，与目前最好的预测方法持平，而预测准确率（accuracy，ACC）、敏感性（sensitivity，SN）、特异性（specificity，SP）和马修斯相关系数（Matthews correlation coefficient，MCC）分别为90.07%、90.30%、89.84%和80.17%，均高于目前的m⁶A甲基化位点预测方法。结论 和已有研究方法相比，本文方法对11个哺乳动物组织的m⁶A甲基化位点的预测准确性均达到最高，说明本文方法具有较好的泛化能力。     

转基因猪中外源基因拷贝数和整合位点的研究

主要采用了绝对定量PCR和热不均一交错PCR(thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR,TAIL-PCR),检测了体细胞核移植技术生产的绿色荧光蛋白转基因猪中外源基因拷贝数和整合位点,并利用旁侧PCR(Junction PCR)对整合位点进行确定,同时进一步分析了整合位点的纯合性．结果表明,绝对定量PCR可以准确有效地检测外源基因拷贝数,标准曲线为：log₂N (拷贝数) =-0.935 4ΔCt + 3.411 6 (R²=0.997 4,P < 0.001),两只转基因猪中外源基因拷贝数分别为30.85 ± 1.77和18.87 ± 1.34;TAIL-PCR能成功地克隆转基因猪中外源基因整合位点,得到25条特异性条带,经BLAST比对,共获得TgInS1 (1 440 bp)、TgInS2 (1 263 bp)和TgInS3 (1 861 bp) 3个整合位点．以整合位点侧翼序列特异性引物与外源基因特异性引物的组合引发Junction PCR,得到预计大小的特异性片段,确定了整合位点上、下游侧翼序列的准确性．采用整合位点5′上游和3′下游侧翼序列特异性引物与外源基因特异性引物的组合,进行Junction PCR,在两只转基因猪中都得到与野生型猪一致的侧翼序列特异性引物扩增片段,表明我们获得的转基因猪都为整合位点杂合子．初步建立了绝对定量PCR和TAIL-PCR对外源基因拷贝数和整合位点检测的体系,为今后研究外源基因在转基因猪中遗传和表达的稳定性打下了基础．     

基于烟草脆裂病毒构建同时表达2种外源蛋白的载体及其应用

目的 构建在整个寄主植物中能同时表达两个非融合蛋白的病毒载体。方法 以烟草脆裂病毒（tobacco rattle virus，TRV）基因组RNA2的农杆菌侵染性克隆pYL156为材料，缺失TRV RNA2的2b基因5"端279 bp并将其起始密码子ATG改变为AGG、同时引入豌豆早枯病毒（pea early-browning virus，PEBV）外壳蛋白（coat protein，cp）基因启动子，获得pTRV2e²载体；在pTRV2e²载体的2b和PEBV的cp启动子下游插入不同的外源基因，测定病毒TRVe²表达外源蛋白的能力、携带外源基因后重组病毒的稳定性以及分析蛋白质的生物学功能。结果 病毒TRVe²能快速同时表达2个非融合的外源蛋白，且至少能表达70 ku外源蛋白，且该病毒携带~2.0 kb外源基因能稳定存活于寄主植物中；病毒TRVe²可用于分析蛋白质的生物学功能以及2个蛋白质间的相互作用。结论 本文构建的重组病毒TRVe²为快速有效地表达2个外源蛋白以及分析2个蛋白质间的相互作用提供技术工具。     

小桐子植物特异性酪蛋白激酶PS-CK1-5基因的克隆及原核表达分析

酪蛋白激酶(casein kinase, CK)作为一类普遍存在的Ser/Thr蛋白激酶，通过调节靶标蛋白的活性与稳定性，在植物整个生理过程及信号转导途径中发挥重要作用。基于同源序列比对，该研究对小桐子(Jatropha curcas)酪蛋白激酶基因家族进行鉴定与表达分析。结果表明，小桐子基因组中共鉴定到7个酪蛋白激酶1基因(CK1)、5个植物特异性酪蛋白激酶1基因(PS-CK1)、3个酪蛋白激酶2α亚基基因(CK2-α)、2个酪蛋白激酶2β亚基基因(CK2-β)，4个亚家族成员在氨基酸长度、等电点及外显子数目等都有其家族特异性。蛋白的氨基酸序列比对表明，小桐子酪蛋白激酶1都包含N端保守激酶结构域，同时其内部都鉴定到典型的激酶活性环基序、ATP结合核心基序、核定位信号肽。qRT-PCR表达分析表明，小桐子JcPS-CK1-5基因在叶片与根中都属于低温诱导基因，可能参与小桐子抗冷性过程。构建其原核表达载体pET-32a-JcPS-CK1-5，并在BL21(DE3)中诱导表达，得到81.6 kD的条带，与理论融合蛋白的分子量一致。这可为小桐子CK基因的功能鉴定及逆境信号转导机制研究提供参考。     

专家门诊亚专科化及专病门诊优化的效果分析

目的 探讨专家门诊亚专科化及专病门诊优化对学科发展及患者就诊的影响。方法 2011年及2014年分别对老年医学科及普通外科专家门诊实行亚专科化并在2013年至2014年对专病门诊进行优化,比较调整前后门诊相关指标的变化。结果 亚专科化后,两个专科的专家门诊量分别增长了63.0%和5.6%,均高于医院同期平均水平（经χ²检验,P=0.000）。普通外科4级手术率达34.9%,高于2013年同期（经χ²检验,P=0.000）,挂号错误率也明显下降（经χ²检验, P=0.000）。2014年底专病门诊增至38个,其中联合专病门诊7个,门诊量增长了36.5%,高于同期专病门诊数量及医院门诊量的增长率（经χ²检验,P=0.000）。结论 专家门诊的亚专科化及充分发挥专病门诊的作用是促进学科建设、提升医院影响力、方便患者就诊的有效措施之一。     

紫色红曲霉Mp-21 MpMcrA基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

McrA为最近在构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)中发现的全局调控因子，具有调控丝状真菌生长发育和次级代谢的作用，利用生物信息学分析方法找到并克隆紫色红曲霉（Monascus purpureus）中mcrA基因，将其命名为MpMcrA。分析MpMcrA蛋白质理化性质、亲疏水性、亚细胞定位、信号肽、跨膜区域及磷酸化位点、转录因子结合位点以及蛋白质二级结构。利用ProtParam、ProtScale、PSORTII、SignalP4.1等生物信息学软件对MpMcrA进行系统分析。 结果表明，MpMcrA基因长1 356 bp，其中含有3个外显子，2个内含子，编码410个氨基酸，与构巢曲霉序列比对蛋白相似性高达64％。预测结果显示，MpMcrA属于亲水蛋白，位于细胞核可能性大，不存在跨膜区域，不属于膜蛋白；不存在剪切位点，不属于分泌蛋白；基因含有54个潜在的磷酸化位点；可能存在5个转录因子结合位点；蛋白结构大部分为无规则卷曲，整体结构较松散。对MpMcrA基因进行了生物信息学分析，得到了基因特征和分析结果。初步确定MpMcrA基因为构巢曲霉同源mcrA基因，在红曲霉中未见有报道。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.