抑癌基因p53与细胞自噬

细胞自噬(autophagy)是一种在进化上高度保守的代谢通路,它发生的分子机制和信号调控途径相当复杂,其中mTOR信号通路和Beclin1复合物发挥了最重要的调控作用,p53也是细胞自噬重要的调节因子。研究发现,p53可通过多种途径调节细胞自噬水平,这主要决定于它的亚细胞定位。在细胞核中,p53可通过多种方式上调细胞自噬;而在细胞质中,p53对细胞自噬具有负性调节作用,可抑制细胞自噬的发生。探究清楚p53与细胞自噬之间的调控关系将有助于人类正确认识由于细胞自噬功能异常所诱导的肿瘤的发生发展过程,从而最终攻克各种肿瘤性疾病。     

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白通路与细胞自噬

细胞自噬作为真核生物中最基本的生命现象,广泛参与机体的多种生理和病理过程,其发生的分子机制复杂且高度保守。哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR）通路和Beclin1及相关因子发挥了最直接的调控作用。mTOR可通过上游各信号因子的调节引起自身活性的变化,并通过调节下游复合物Atg1/ULK的生成诱导细胞自噬。弄清mTOR通路及其对自噬复合物的作用机制将有助于从分子水平上对各种肿瘤疾病进行分析和治疗。     

Pink1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬分子机制

线粒体自噬作为一种选择性清除受损线粒体的特异性自噬类型,是细胞内线粒体的质量控制体系,其活性受多种途径调控。近年来,关于线粒体自噬的调控及其对生理、病理方面的影响受到众多研究者的关注,并获得了显著的研究成果。研究表明,人PTEN诱导激酶1(PTEN induced putative kinase 1,Pink1)/Parkin通路调控线粒体动力学过程,并介导受损线粒体的自噬性清除。PINK1/PARK2基因缺失或突变是神经退行性疾病的重要发病机制之一,其功能异常也与多种肿瘤的发生有关。该综述主要介绍了Pink1/Parkin蛋白质的生化特性、介导线粒体自噬发生的分子机制及其对细胞生物学进程的影响。     

PINK1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬

线粒体自噬（mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy）指的是细胞通过自吞噬作用,降解与清除受损线粒体或者多余线粒体,其对整个线粒体网络的功能完整性和细胞存活具有重要作用。线粒体自噬过程受多种途径调控,PINK1/Parkin通路是其中的一条,其异常与多种疾病的发生密切相关,如心血管疾病、肿瘤和帕金森病等。在去极化线粒体中,磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)诱导的激酶1（PTEN-induced kinase 1,PINK1）作为受损线粒体的分子传感器,触发线粒体自噬的起始信号,并将Parkin募集至线粒体;Parkin作为线粒体自噬信号的“增强子”,通过对线粒体蛋白质进一步泛素化介导自噬信号的扩大;去泛素化酶和PTEN-long蛋白参与调控该过程,并对维持线粒体稳态具有重要作用。本文主要对PINK1与Parkin蛋白质的分子结构和其介导线粒体自噬发生的分子机制,以及参与调控该途径的关键蛋白质进行综述,为进一步研究以线粒体自噬缺陷为特征的疾病治疗提供理论基础。     

细胞自噬与肿瘤的关系研究进展

细胞自噬(autophagy)在肿瘤的发生发展过程中扮演着非常重要的角色。自噬作用是细胞的一种自我保护机制,是真核细胞用于清除细胞内聚物及受损细胞器,进而维持细胞内稳态的一种蛋白质降解途径。从细胞自噬的类型及其形成,细胞自噬的分子调控机制,自噬对肿瘤发生及发展、以及治疗耐药等恶性行为的影响,肿瘤中自噬与预后的关联,干预自噬对肿瘤治疗的影响和细胞自噬的研究方法等方面进行综述,以期为肿瘤的治疗提供新思路。     

长链非编码RNA调控自噬的研究进展

长链非编码RNA (lncRNA)是转录本长度超过200个核苷酸的RNA分子,不具备蛋白质编码功能。细胞自噬是真核生物的一种高度保守、用来降解和循环再利用细胞内生物大分子或受损细胞器的过程,有助于维持机体内环境稳态。自噬研究是当下生命科学研究的热点,前期研究发现,lncRNA在细胞自噬调控中发挥着重要作用,深入探索lncRNA调控自噬的分子机制及其与疾病发生的关系对预防和治疗多种人类重大疾病具有重要意义。该文就目前为止报道过的部分lncRNA参与自噬调控的最新进展进行归纳总结,以期为lncRNA调控自噬的相关研究及其在肿瘤等疾病治疗中的作用提供参考。     

受体相互作用蛋白3（RIP3）调控细胞自噬的研究进展

受体相互作用蛋白3(receptor-interacting protein 3,RIP3)是一种丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶，因其参与细胞自噬的调控而受到广泛关注。本文就RIP3在细胞自噬的发展和调控机制中的作用进行了总结。RIP3可参与mTOR信号通路的调节，同时与多种自噬所必须的蛋白发生相互作用，包括GNAI3/RGSI9、P62和TFEB等，从而其在自噬启动、自噬体形成和自噬溶酶体成熟等多个阶段发挥正向或负向调控作用，为进一步探究RIP3对细胞程序性死亡的调控机制及相关疾病治疗的潜在分子靶标筛选提供参考。     

自噬在肿瘤发生发展中的调控作用以及通过靶向自噬抑制肿瘤的研究进展

细胞自噬(autophagy)是一种依赖于溶酶体清除并回收折叠错误、受损、变性或衰老的蛋白质或细胞器的机制。正常细胞可通过自噬过程来维持物质代谢、内环境稳态及基因组完整性。细胞自噬功能的紊乱与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关。近年来,大量研究表明,人类多种肿瘤细胞中存在着异常的自噬机制,并且自噬在肿瘤的发生发展中扮演着重要的角色。在不同类型的肿瘤细胞或肿瘤的不同阶段中,自噬所产生的作用是不同,甚至是相反的。现主要探讨自噬在不同的肿瘤发生发展阶段中的调控作用,讨论自噬与肿瘤细胞代谢及耐药性的关系,并总结近年来通过靶向自噬来治疗肿瘤的研究进展。     

自噬的调控通路和肿瘤

自噬是指胞浆内大分子物质和细胞器在膜包囊泡中大量降解的生物学过程,其具有独特的分子机制、形态改变和特有的调控通路,作为各种调控通路交汇点——mTOR复合体和Beclin1复合体发挥了至关重要的作用。对于人体而言,自噬具有维持细胞自我稳态,促进细胞生存的作用,然而,过度自噬则可以引起细胞死亡即＂自噬性细胞死亡＂。相关研究表明,自噬的这种特点与肿瘤的发生密切相关。对于肿瘤,自噬作用好似一把双刃剑,既促进其发生又抑制其形成。     

运动训练调控细胞自噬相关机体功能的分子机制研究进展

细胞自噬是真核细胞中广泛存在的一种自我保护机制,是细胞在应激情况下通过溶酶体或液泡高度保守的降解途径将细胞内异常蛋白和细胞器降解为生物大分子,重新被细胞利用的过程。适度的运动锻炼可以诱导机体多种组织细胞自噬的激活,增强机体的活力,延缓机体的衰老。运动训练可以刺激骨骼肌细胞自噬水平上调,延缓骨骼肌衰老;运动训练作为一种机械性刺激可以通过调节心肌细胞的自噬激活调控长寿命或错误折叠心肌蛋白和受损细胞器的代谢,延缓心肌衰老;此外,细胞自噬与糖尿病、肿瘤、脑血管疾病、衰老及心脏病等密切相关,运动训练可以预防动脉粥样硬化等血管类疾病的发生,也可以通过调控细胞自噬来预防与治疗心脏病、中风、糖尿病等疾病。现主要论述细胞自噬的涵义与分类,细胞自噬不同阶段的分子机制,以及运动训练通过调控细胞自噬相关基因调控骨骼肌、心肌和自噬相关疾病的分子机制,为使用科学的运动训练方式来提高机体功能及预防和治疗疾病提供了理论依据。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.