基于NF-κB信号通路的 益生菌治疗溃疡性结肠炎的研究进展

溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种肠道非特异性炎症性疾病,迁延不愈,严重影响患者的生活质量。目前认为,肠道菌群的改变是诱发和维持结肠炎症的主要原因。临床上应用益生菌制剂作为UC患者的辅助治疗,可平衡患者肠道菌群,减轻炎症反应。UC患者免疫调节功能紊乱,TLR4及其信号传导通路是UC发病的重要环节。易感人群肠道中的菌群突破肠上皮屏障,免疫系统被各种微生物抗原激活,炎症细胞活化从而导致结肠黏膜组织产生炎症反应,该过程可由TLR4-NF-κB信号传导通路介导。本研究就益生菌基于TLR4-NF-κB信号通路对溃疡性结肠炎的治疗进行综述。     

肝脏固有免疫系统对肠源性感染的免疫应答与免疫耐受机制

肝特殊的解剖结构及生理特征使其成为暴露肠源性抗原的主要器官。由于肝具有独特的固有免疫系统,在正常情况下,肝分布多种致耐受的抗原提呈细胞,对持续性表达或递呈于肝的肠源性抗原物质,诱发针对该抗原的系统性免疫耐受,避免肝受到不必要的免疫损伤。当炎症发生及肝脏固有免疫系统活化时,则通过免疫效应细胞及免疫效应因子对肠源性病原体发挥强烈地免疫应答以控制感染。该过程形成机制的研究对肝功能的理解及肝性疾病的预防与治疗至关重要。本文就肝固有免疫系统对肠源性感染的免疫应答与免疫耐受形成机制作一综述。     

T细胞抗原受体的结构与功能研究进展

T细胞抗原受体(T ceIl receptor,TCR)是T细胞表面关键的受体分子。TCR特异性地识别各种多肽抗原并通过胞内区ITAM磷酸化传递抗原刺激信号,进而引发T细胞的免疫效应。TCR的活性异常将会导致自身免疫病和免疫缺陷病的发生。对于TCR结构和功能的深入研究有助于我们更好地理解免疫反应的分子机理,从而为相关免疫疾病的预防和治疗提供重要的理论依据。该文对TCR的分类、基因重排机制、受体组装方式及其结构基础、TCR对抗原的识别以及活化机制等方面的研究成果进行了总结,综述了近几年来的最新研究进展。     

免疫检查点分子在慢性HBV感染中对T细胞功能影响的研究进展

阻断免疫检查点分子的信号通路可以增强免疫系统功能,这在肿瘤治疗中获得了显著效果。乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)慢性感染的原因之一为HBV在体内通过一系列方式来减弱、抑制免疫系统的功能,从而逃避免疫识别和杀伤。HBV可以通过上调病毒特异性T细胞表面的抑制性受体来抑制T细胞活化、增殖和效应。本文总结了HBV导致的人体内T细胞上免疫检查点程序性死亡受体1(Programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)、细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4,CTLA-4)、T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白3(T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule-3,Tim-3)、淋巴细胞活化基因3(Lymphocyte-activation gene 3,LAG-3)、T细胞免疫球蛋白和免疫受体酪氨酸抑制基序(T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain,TIGIT)的异常表达以及它们影响T细胞功能的机制,揭示了免疫检查点在治疗慢性乙肝中的良好应用前景。     

白术多糖对小鼠免疫功能调节的研究

目的将白术多糖作为抗原刺激小鼠免疫系统,探讨其对免疫功能调节作用,为多糖在免疫调节功能方面的应用开发及在药物鉴定方面的应用提供科学依据。方法分别给予小鼠自术多糖、可溶性淀粉多糖、伤寒多糖抗原刺激,检测小鼠血清中的相应抗体及交叉抗体,探讨补益类水溶性多糖对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用。结果多糖抗原均能刺激机体产生特异性IgG类抗体（P〈0.05）;也能在一定程度上激发非特异性IgG类抗体即交叉抗体的产生;但不激发病理性抗体产生（RF阴性）。结论补益类水溶性多糖能激发免疫反应与其他多糖可能有共同的途径和机制。     

内皮细胞的免疫学功能

血管内皮细胞（Endothelial cell,EC)通过表达多种免疫相关分子与或影响免疫过程,能以MHC－II类分子限制性方式提呈抗原,同时可通过B7／CD28,CD40／CD40L,CD58／CD2等途径向T细胞提供活化所必需的共刺激信号,EC表达的粘附分子介导EC与不同白细胞亚群间相互作用,对白细胞粘附穿过EC进入组织间隙参与炎症反应,淋巴细胞归巢或再循环等过程有重要意义,EC可表达补体调节因子调节补体系统活化,EC受多种因素激活后所表达的免疫相关分子表达上调,并产生多种细胞因子,参与机体的炎症反应及免疫应答,是重要的免疫调节细胞,本文将对EC免疫学方面的功能作简要综述。     

神经肽的免疫调节作用

机体自我免疫耐受的降低或者破坏会导致免疫系统的失衡,并加重炎症反应过程,从而引发多种自身免疫性疾病.所以诱导免疫耐受并终止炎症反应对恢复机体健康具有十分重要的意义.最近研究发现机体在炎症反应过程中会释放一类神经肽,如VIP,urocortin,ghrelin等.这些神经肽可下调固有免疫应答,抑制抗原特异性Th1细胞分化,诱导调节性T细胞的产生,维持免疫耐受,并终止炎症反应.神经肽的这种抑炎作用主要是通过激活cAMP-PKA通路以及调节与免疫炎症因子表达相关的信号通路来实现的.神经肽有可能成为治疗炎症性疾病的一类新药物.     

干扰素-γ研究进展

干扰素-γ(interferon-gamma,IFN-γ)是一种具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤和免疫调节作用的细胞因子,主要由活化的T细胞和NK细胞产生。IFN-γ对机体免疫系统具有强大的调节作用,是机体发挥免疫功能、清除体内病原体不可缺少的成分。因此,IFN-γ在疾病的诊断、治疗和疫苗免疫效果检测等方面起着重大作用,是现代分子生物学、免疫学和临床医学研究的热点之一。对干扰素-γ产生、分子结构、生物学活性及作用机制等方面做以下简要综述。     

DC-SIGN与免疫调节

树突状细胞(DC)是目前所知体内功能最强大的专职抗原递呈细胞,它既能启动初始免疫应答,也能负向调控免疫反应,具有独特的免疫调节功能。DC-SIGN属于DC表面C型凝集素受体超家族成员,它既是DC病原体模式识别和黏附受体,又作为DC特征性多功能免疫分子,参与DC免疫调节作用。DC-SIGN在调节DC黏附迁移及炎症反应,激活初始T细胞及启动免疫应答,以及病原体与肿瘤的免疫逃逸等诸多方面发挥重要作用,已日益受到人们的关注。而对DC-SIGN在天然免疫和获得性免疫中调节作用及其相关机制的更深入研究,可为临床相关疾病机制探讨与防治进一步提供新的有力依据和干预途径。     

靶向M细胞的抗原递送¾¾增强黏膜免疫应答的关键策略

黏膜是阻止病原入侵的第一道防线,黏膜免疫系统在抵抗感染方面起着至关重要的作用。通过黏膜途径接种疫苗可以同时诱导黏膜和全身免疫反应,因此,理论上针对黏膜的免疫策略是最合理和有效的。但黏膜免疫系统的复杂性和屏障作用造成抗原诱导的免疫应答水平低下,制约了黏膜疫苗的发展。M细胞(Microfoldcells)是黏膜免疫系统所独有的,其具有捕获腔内抗原和启动抗原特异性免疫应答的功能。M细胞摄取抗原的多少直接关系到黏膜疫苗的免疫效力,而利用M细胞配体可将抗原靶向递呈给M细胞,从而实现高效的黏膜免疫应答。靶向M细胞的抗原递送策略及其应用可以提高黏膜免疫应答水平,促进黏膜疫苗的研制。尽管如此,要成功研制安全高效的黏膜疫苗,今后依然有漫长的路要走,这可能有赖于进一步探究M细胞的特性和功能及黏膜免疫机制。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细