利用栽培稻C_0t-1 DNA和基因组DNA比较分析宽叶野生稻基因组

利用AA染色体组栽培稻的中高度重复序列C0t-1 DNA和基因组DNA作为探针,通过荧光原位杂交技术对宽叶野生稻(Oryza latifolia)(CCDD染色体组)进行了比较基因组分析。结果显示,在宽叶野生稻染色体上,C0t-1 DNA的杂交信号没有基因组DNA的杂交信号明显;杂交信号主要分布在着丝粒、近着丝粒及端粒区域;随着洗脱严谨度的不同,杂交信号呈现出较高的种特异性。本研究以不同洗脱严谨度下的荧光原位杂交结果为依据,对宽叶野生稻进行的核型分析,可进一步提高稻属染色体识别的准确性。     

利用栽培稻C0t-1 DNA和基因组DNA比较分析宽叶野生稻基因组

利用AA染色体组栽培稻的中高度重复序列C0t-1 DNA和基因组DNA作为探针,通过荧光原位杂交技术对宽叶野生稻（Oryza latifolia）（CCDD染色体组）进行了比较基因组分析。结果显示,在宽叶野生稻染色体上,C0t-1 DNA的杂交信号没有基因组DNA的杂交信号明显;杂交信号主要分布在着丝粒、近着丝粒及端粒区域;随着洗脱严谨度的不同,杂交信号呈现出较高的种特异性。本研究以不同洗脱严谨度下的荧光原位杂交结果为依据,对宽叶野生稻进行的核型分析,可进一步提高稻属染色体识别的准确性。     

自身基因组原位杂交揭示植物基因组重复DNA沿染色体的分布

重复DNA沿染色体的分布是认识植物基因组的组织和进化的要素之一。本研究采用一种改良的基因组原位杂交程序,对基因组大小和重复DNA数量不同的6种植物进行了自身基因组原位杂交(self-genomic in situ hybridization,self-GISH)。在所有供试物种的染色体都观察到荧光标记探针DNA的不均匀分布。杂交信号图型在物种间有明显的差异,并与基因组的大小相关。小基因组拟南芥的染色体几乎只有近着丝粒区和核仁组织区被标记。基因组相对较小的水稻、高粱、甘蓝的杂交信号分散分布在染色体的全长,但在近着丝粒区或近端区以及某些异染色质臂的分布明显占优势。大基因组的玉米和大麦的所有染色体都被密集地标记,并在染色体全长显示出强标记区与弱标记或不标记区的交替排列。此外,甘蓝染色体的所有近着丝粒区和核仁组织区、大麦染色体的所有近着丝粒区和某些臂中间区还显示了增强的信号带。大麦增强的信号带带型与其N-带带型一致。水稻自身基因组原位杂交图型与水稻Cot-1DNA在水稻染色体上的荧光原位杂交图型基本一致。研究结果表明,自身基因组原位杂交信号实际上反映了基因组重复DNA序列对染色体的杂交,因而自身基因组原位杂交技术是显示植物基因组中重复DNA聚集区在染色体上的分布以及与重复DNA相关联的染色质分化的有效方法。     

利用荧光原位杂交技术检测导入普通小麦的大赖草染色质

利用以大赖草基因组ＤＮＡ为探针的荧光原位杂交技术对导入普通小麦的大赖草染色质进行检测。结果：９１）根尖体中花粉母细胞时期均可用于检测大赖草染色质。间期核中杂交信号点数与所含大赖草染色体数目之间的对应关系依染色体显强Ｃ－带末端数不同而不同;（２）利用荧光原位杂交,从普通小麦－大赖草单体异附加系的减数分裂前植株＾６０Ｃｏ－γ射线辐射后代中检测到一批大赖草端着丝粒染色体和小麦－大赖草染色体易位等结构变异     

拟南芥DNA探针的比较基因组原位杂交揭示的拟南芥与远缘植物基因组间的同源性

采用生物素标记的拟南芥基因组DNA探针在75%杂交严谨度下对双子叶植物番茄、蚕豆和单子叶植物水稻、玉米、大麦的染色体进行了比较基因组荧光原位杂交（comparative genomic in situ hybridization,cGISH）分析,以揭示拟南芥与远缘植物基因组间的同源性.cGISH信号代表了拟南芥基因组DNA中的重复DNA与靶物种染色体上同源序列的杂交.探针DNA在所有靶物种的全部染色体上都产生了杂交信号.杂交信号为散在分布,并呈现随基因组增大,杂交信号增多,且分布更加分散的趋势.所有靶物种的核仁组织区（NOR）都显示了明显强于其他区域的杂交信号,表明拟南芥基因组DNA探针可用于植物NOR的物理定位.在所有的靶物种中,信号主要分布在染色体的臂中间区和末端,着丝粒或近着丝粒区有少数信号分布.大麦染色体显示了与C-和N-带不同的独特的cGISH信号带型,表明此探针可用于不同植物染色体的识别.这些结果表明,拟南芥基因组与远缘植物基因组之间,除rDNA和端粒重复序列外,还存在其它同源的重复DNA;一些重复DNA序列在被子植物分歧进化为单子叶和双子叶植物之前就已存在,虽经历了长期的进化过程,至今在远缘物种之间仍保持了较高的同源性.结果还提示,大基因组中古老而保守的重复DNA在进化过程中发生了明显的扩增.     

利用栽培稻C0t-1DNA和基因组DNA比较分析斑点野生稻和短药野生稻基因组

通过荧光原位杂交(FISH)利用来源于A基因组栽培稻的中高度重复序列C0t-1DNA和基因组DNA作为探针,对栽培稻、斑点野生稻和短药野生稻进行了比较基因组分析。结果发现C0t-1DNA杂交信号主要分布在这3种染色体的着丝粒、近着丝粒和端粒区域,在斑点野生稻染色体上的信号多于短药野生稻,与gDNA作为探针FISH的结果相一致,说明A和B基因组间的亲缘关系明显近于A和F基因组。确定了含有中高度重复序列的C0t-1DNA用于属内种间关系研究的可行性,并根据C0t-1DNA的FISH结果进行了染色体核型分析。     

稻属不同染色体组着丝粒BAC克隆的分离和鉴定

着丝粒在真核生物有丝分裂和减数分裂染色体正常的分离和传递中起着重要的作用。通过构建5个稻属二倍体野生种的基因组BAC文库, 采用菌落杂交和FISH技术, 筛选和鉴定了各染色体组着丝粒克隆, 并且分析了这些克隆在不同基因组间的共杂交情况, 结果表明: (1) C染色体组的野生种O. officinalis 和F染色体组的野生种O. brachyantha具有各自着丝粒特异的卫星DNA序列, 并且O. brachyantha着丝粒还具有特异的逆转座子序列; (2) A、B和E染色体组的野生稻O. glaberrima、O. punctata和O. australiensis着丝粒区域都含有与栽培稻着丝粒重复序列CentO和CRR同源的序列; (3) C染色体组野生稻O. officinalis的2条体细胞染色体着丝粒具有CentO的同源序列, 同时也发现其所有着丝粒区域都包含栽培稻CRR的同源序列。这些结果对克隆稻属不同染色体组的着丝粒序列、研究不同染色体组间着丝粒的进化关系和稻属不同着丝粒DNA序列与功能之间的关系均具有重要意义。     

水稻Xa21基因在水稻和玉米中的比较物理定位

比较基因组分析证明,禾本科不同种基因组间存在广泛的同线性和共线性。对水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）这一模式植物与其它禾本科植物基因的原位杂交比较定位可以揭示禾本科植物基因组结构的共同特点和进化规律。利用含Ｘａ２１基因的ｐＢ８２２作探针筛选水稻的细菌人工染色体（ＢＡＣ）文库,建立了一个包含３个ＢＡＣ克隆的重叠群。用生物素标记其中一个ＢＡＣ克隆,对水稻“广陆矮４号”和玉米自交系黄早四进行了染色体荧光原位杂交。同时,用ｐＢ８２２也作了原位杂交检测。在水稻第１１染色体长臂中间检出了杂交信号,信号与着丝粒的百分距离约为２４。在玉米的第１、３和第８染色体长臂观察到杂交信号,表明玉米基因组中具有三个Ｘａ２１的同源序列座位。ＢＡＣＦＩＳＨ的信号检出率达在４０％以上,大大高于质粒探针ｐＢ８２２的检出率（１５％）,而且可在同源染色体和姊妹染色单体上同时检出杂交信号的比例较高,证明了利用ＢＡＣ克隆荧光原位杂交进行比较物理定位的可行性和优越性。在ＢＡＣＦＩＳＨ中必须用相应基因组的ＣｏｔⅠＤＮＡ封阻,以排除重复序列的干扰。     

玉米(Zea mays L.)中凋亡相关基因c-myc同源序列的检出及其染色体原位杂交定位

原癌基因c-myc是普遍存在于动物组织中的一个高度保守的细胞凋亡相关基因,决定着多种动物细胞的凋亡。我们首次以人c-myc的基因组DNA为探针,用生物素标记的原位杂交和酶联级联放大检测系统在玉米中检出了c-myc基因的同源序列,并对其进行了染色体物理定位。在第5染色体长臂近末端、第4染色体长臂近着丝粒及第1染色体短臂近着丝粒处检测到杂交信号,信号与着丝粒的百分距离分别为96.21±4.46、24.11±0.47和10.02±1.04,本结果为寻找和研究植物细胞凋亡基因提供了重要线索。     

大赖草总DNA转化小麦的分子证据

用来自大麦组的４个高度重复序列克隆了ｐＨｖ７１６１,ｐＨｖ７１７８９,ｐＨｖ７１９１、ｐＨｖ７２９３,经地高辛和同位素２种方法标记后作为探针,对新疆大赖草（供体）、春麦７６１（受体）以及用大赖草总ＤＮＡ通过花粉管通道转化成功的大穗转化株基因组在高度严谨条件下进行了分子杂交。结果表明,这４个探针可以探查出基因内一种具有主串产重复单位的散在重复序列。比较受共体和转化体的杂交图谱,发现在转化株中出现了     

Variations in abundance of 2 repetitive sequences in Leymus and Psathyrostachys species.

The Ns genome of the genus Psathyrostachys is a component of the polyploid genome in the genus Leymus. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the occurrence and abundance of 2 tandem repetitive sequences from Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev, pLrTaiI-1 (TaiI family) and pLrPstI-1 (1 class of 350-bp family), were assayed in 4 species of the genera Psathyrostachys and Leymus. The pLrPstI-1 sequence was absent in all 4 Psathyrostachys species. While P. fragilis and P. huashanica did not have the pLrTaiI-1 sequence, 15 accessions of P. juncea and 2 accessions of P. lanuginosa had pLrTaiI-1 sites ranging in number from 7 to 16 and from 2 to 21, respectively. The numbers of pLrTaiI-1 and pLrPstI-1 sites were 1-24 and 0-30, respectively, in L. ramosus; 2-31 and 5-36 in L. racemosus; 0-4 and 0 in L. mollis; 2-9 and 24-27 in L. secalinus. The FISH assay on pLrTaiI-1 was successfully converted to a sequence-tagged-site polymerase chain reaction (STS-PCR) test using a primer pair designed from the sequence of this repetitive DNA. Seventy-three accessions representing 27 Leymus species were assayed for the abundance of pLrTaiI-1 by STS-PCR. With a few exceptions of uniformity in some accessions, nearly all Leymus species observed were heterogeneous for the abundance of pLrTaiI-1 sequence and no Leymus species was totally devoid of this repetitive sequence. These findings may have significance for the understanding of phylogeny, nature of polyploidy, adaptive ranges, and breeding potential of Leymus species.     

Southern and fluorescent in situ hybridization detect three RAPD-generated PCR products useful as introgression markers in Petunia

 Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to reveal the intrachromosomal organization of 11 RAPD markers localized on the genetic map of Petunia hybrida. The cloned RAPD markers were analyzed by means of Southern hybridization to determine their level of sequence repetition and their specificity in different Petunia species with 2n=14 and 18 chromosomes. The same probes were then used in FISH experiments. Most of the RAPD clones studied showed high sequence repetition and no species specificity. Moreover, FISH analysis showed that these probes could belong to multilocus families as evidenced by the multiple FISH signals dispersed throughout the genome and present on every chromosome. Only 3 RAPD clones revealed species specificity at the chromosome level. Clones OPJ18-250 and V20-350 were only detected by FISH in the white-flowered species and clone OPV08-600 only in species with colored flowers. They were localized at one two or three pairs of fluorescent sites. The localization of OPJ18-250 at a unique site on chromosome VI give us the opportunity to compare genetic and physical distances. Received: 19 June 1998 / Accepted: 15 July 1998     

A degenerate alpha satellite probe, detecting a centromeric deletion on chromosome 21 in an apparently normal human male, shows limitations of the use of satellite DNA probes for interphase ploidy analysis.

A degenerate alpha satellite DNA probe specific for a repeated sequence on human chromosomes 13 and 21 was synthesized using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with this probe to normal metaphase spreads revealed strong probe binding to the centromeric regions of human chromosomes 13 and 21 with negligible cross-hybridization with other chromosomes. FISH to normal interphase cell nuclei showed four distinct domains of probe binding. However, hybridization with probe to interphase and metaphase preparations from one apparently normal human male resulted in only three major binding domains. Metaphase chromosome analysis revealed a centromeric deletion on one chromosome 21 that caused greatly reduced probe binding. The result suggest caution in the interpretation of interphase ploidy studies performed with chromosome-specific alphoid DNA probes.     

Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the DMC1 gene in the polyploid genus Leymus (Triticeae: Poaceae) and its diploid relatives

The level and pattern of nucleotide variation in duplicate genes provide important information on the evolutionary history of polyploids and divergent processes between homoeologous loci within lineages. Leymus, a group of allopolyploid species with the NsXm genomes, is a perennial genus with a diverse array of morphology, ecology, and distribution in Triticeae. To estimate the phylogeny and molecular evolution of a single-copy DMC1 gene in Leymus and its diploid relatives,DMC1 homoeologous sequences were isolated from the sampled Leymus species and were analyzed with those from 30 diploid taxa representing 18 basic genomes in Triticeae. Sequence diversity patterns and genealogical analysis suggested that: (i) different Leymus species might derive their Ns genome from different Psathyrostachys species; (ii) Pseudoroegneria has contributed to the nuclear genome of some Leymus species, which might result from recurrent hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting; (iii) the Xm genome origin of Leymus could differ among species; (iv) rapid radiation and multiple origin might account for the rich diversity, numbers of species, and wide ecological adaptation of Leymus species; and (v) the DMC1 sequence diversity of the Ns genome in Leymus species was lower than that in the Psathyrostachys diploids, while the level of DMC1 sequence diversity in Leymus was higher than that in diploid Pseudoroegneria. Our results provide new insight on the evolutionary dynamics of duplicate DMC1 genes, polyploid speciation, and the phylogeny of Leymus species.     

Molecular cytogenetics of Leymus: Mapping the Ns genome-specific repetitive sequences

The objective of this paper is to summarize the work in my group on FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) mapping of Ns-specific repetitive DNA sequences fromLeymus and discuss the results in the context of classification based on the genome system currently used among Triticeae researchers. The key question here is whether the genome composition of a tetraploid Leymus species should be NsXm or NsNs (Ns₁Ns₂). Different types of Leymus-specific dispersed retroelement-like repeats have been isolated and characterized. Because the sequences occur in significantly high copy number in Leymus, based on strong hybridization signal in Southern blots, they are considered essentially specific to Leymus. They are also abundant in Psathyrostachys, the progenitor of Ns genome in Leymus. These dispersed repeats are found to distribute over the whole of all Leymus chromosomes, without any differentiation between chromosomes that have been suggested to be of different genomic origins, meaning that all genomes in Leymus are the same. GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) experiments on Leymus chromosomes using Psathyrostachys genomic DNA as probes further support the NsNs (Ns₁Ns₂) genome constitution for Leymus. The Xm genome of an unknown origin might have been there in the beginning of the allopolyploidization process, but the Ns genome-specific elements must have spread predominantly and rapidly across genomes, thus homogenizing the nuclear genomes of Leymus. I present here for the first time evidence that Ns-specific dispersed repeats can spread in a very short time, from Leymus over to wheat in Triticum × Leymus hybrids growing in artificial conditions.     

A chromosome 5-specific repetitive DNA sequence in rice (Oryza sativa L)

Repetitive DNA sequences in the rice genome comprise more than half of the nuclear DNA. The isolation and characterization of these repetitive DNA sequences should lead to a better understanding of rice chromosome structure and genome organization. We report here the characterization and chromosome localization of a chromosome 5-specific repetitive DNA sequence. This repetitive DNA sequence was estimated to have at least 900 copies. DNA sequence analysis of three genomic clones which contain the repeat unit indicated that the DNA sequences have two sub-repeat units of 37 bp and 19 bp, connected by 30-to 90-bp short sequences with high similarity. RFLP mapping and physical mapping by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) indicated that almost all copies of the repetitive DNA sequence are located in the centromeric heterochromatic region of the long arm of chromosome 5. The strategy for cloning such repetitive DNA sequences and their uses in rice genome research are discussed.     

Fluorescence intensity profiles of in situ hybridization signals depict genome architecture within human interphase nuclei

An approach towards construction of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) profiles of interphase chromatin architecture by quantification of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signal intensity is proposed. The technique was applied for analysis of signal intensity and distribution within interphase nuclei of somatic cells in different human tissues. Whole genomic DNA, fraction of repeated DNA sequences (Cot 1) and cloned satellite DNA were used as probes for FISH. The 2D and 3D fluorescence intensity profiles were able to depict FISH signal associations and somatic chromosome pairing. Furthermore, it allowed the detection of replicating signal patterns, the assessment of hybridization efficiency, and comparative analysis of DNA content variation of specific heterochromatic chromosomal regions. The 3D fluorescence intensity profiles allowed the analysis of intensity gradient within the signal volume. An approach was found applicable for determination of assembly of different types of DNA sequences, including classical satellite and alphoid DNA, gene-rich (G-negative bands) and gene-poor (G-positive bands) chromosomal regions as well as for assessment of chromatin architecture and targeted DNA sequence distribution within interphase nuclei. We conclude the approach to be a powerful additional tool for analysis of interphase genome architecture and chromosome behavior in the nucleus of human somatic cells. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

基因组分析与小麦抗病育种

系统总结了南京农业大学细胞遗传研究所近 2 0多年来利用基因组分析方法培育从簇毛麦 (Haynaldiavil losaSch .)、大赖草 (LeymusracemosusLam .)、鹅观草 (RoegneriakamojiC .Koch)和纤毛鹅观草 (R .ciliaris (Trin .)Nevs ki)导入白粉病和赤霉病抗性的小麦种质的研究进展。利用染色体C_分带、基因组原位杂交、分子标记 (特别是RFLP)等技术与非整倍体分析相结合对所创制的种质进行了系统分析与鉴定。还对所培育的小麦种质在育种实践和理论研究中的潜在价值及相关问题进行了讨论     

Localization of BAC clones on mitotic chromosomes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Musa acuminata</Emphasis> using fluorescence <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> hybridization

A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of banana (Musa acuminata) was used to select BAC clones that carry low amounts of repetitive DNA sequences and could be suitable as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on mitotic metaphase chromosomes. Out of eighty randomly selected BAC clones, only one clone gave a single-locus signal on chromosomes of M. acuminata cv. Calcutta 4. The clone localized on a chromosome pair that carries a cluster of 5S rRNA genes. The remaining BAC clones gave dispersed FISH signals throughout the genome and/or failed to produce any signal. In order to avoid the excessive hybridization of repetitive DNA sequences, we subcloned nineteen BAC clones and selected their ‘low-copy’ subclones. Out of them, one subclone gave specific signal in secondary constriction on one chromosome pair; three subclones were localized into centromeric and peri-centromeric regions of all chromosomes. Other subclones were either localized throughout the banana genome or their use did not result in visible FISH signals. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that subclones, which localized on different regions of all chromosomes, contained short fragments of various repetitive DNA sequences. The chromosome-specific BAC clone identified in this work increases the number of useful cytogenetic markers for Musa.     

川西北高寒沙区切断根茎对赖草和沙生苔草克隆生长的影响

为了研究高原亚寒带沙化生境中切断根茎对克隆植物基株扩展能力和分株定居能力的影响,在川西北若尔盖高原沙化区内,对根茎禾草赖草和沙生苔草进行了以切断根茎为处理的野外实验。结果表明,赖草和沙生苔草基株的幼小部分(观测单元)地上枝总长度增量、主根茎长度增量和根茎总长度增量显著减少,而对根茎数增量、主根茎节增量和根茎节总数增量影响不显著;赖草观测单元地上枝数增量显著减少,而对沙生苔草地上枝数增量无影响;赖草地上枝与根茎的相关性质发生逆转。这表明．在高原亚寒带半湿润沙化生境中．克隆整合效应显著促进基株幼小部分地上枝和根茎的伸长生长,但对新生根茎的产生和根茎节分化没有影响;切断根茎处理导致赖草、沙生苔草生殖生长与营养生长间竞争加剧,同时使赖草地上部分与地下部分间竞争加剧;观测单元在缺少与基株(或上级株系)的克隆整合作用时,赖草受到的影响大于沙生苔草。