Tg-visfatin×ob/ob小鼠表型特征与内脂素表达

目的研究Tg-visfatin×ob/ob小鼠的表型特征并探讨内脂素的作用。方法将visfatin转基因小鼠与ob（＋/-）小鼠杂交,获取visfatin转基因ob/ob小鼠（Tg-visfatin×ob/ob）,以ob/ob小鼠为对照,测定两种小鼠1～9月龄的体重变化,分别在3、5、9月龄测定其腹腔糖耐受和胰岛素耐受情况,并对其从9月龄～11月龄的死亡率进行统计。结果两种小鼠在1～9月龄的体重差异无显著性。腹腔糖耐受和胰岛素耐受实验显示,与ob/ob小鼠相比,3月龄时,Tg-visfatin×ob/ob小鼠的糖耐受受损及胰岛素耐受情况得以改善;5月龄时,Tg-visfatin×ob/ob小鼠仅糖耐受受损得以改善;9月龄时,Tg-visfatin×ob/ob小鼠具有更严重的糖耐受受损及胰岛素耐受。统计结果显示,从9月龄到11月龄之间,Tg-visfatin×ob/ob小鼠的死亡率比ob/ob小鼠提高了44.4%。结论 visfatin体内的高表达对ob/ob小鼠糖耐受和胰岛素耐受有影响,作用效果随着小鼠的年龄不同而变化,在早期起到代偿性的缓解ob/ob小鼠的糖耐受和胰岛素耐受的作用,到后期表现为失代偿性的加重了ob/ob小鼠的糖耐受和胰岛素耐受,并增加了小鼠的死亡率。     

高原鼠兔ob基因的组织表达特征

ob基因编码的leptin蛋白在调节生物体能量平衡中起到重要作用。本研究应用Taqman探针real time PCR技术对高原鼠兔ob基因的组织分布进行检测。通过提取不同组织总RNA,经DNase I消化后,用随机引物进行反转录合成cDNA,采用特异性Taqman探针和引物分别对ob基因及β-actin基因进行实时定量PCR扩增,对不同组织中ob基因和β-actin基因的初始拷贝数之比进行比较。结果表明ob基因在脑、心脏、肺、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、骨骼肌、脂肪组织中均有表达,其中以白色脂肪组织中ob基因表达量最高,其次为心脏和肺,表达量最低的是肝脏和肾脏。     

利用HRM技术区分ob糖尿病小鼠不同基因型

ob/ob小鼠是糖尿病相关研究中使用最广泛的动物模型之一,近年来,市场需求呈上升趋势。与野生型小鼠相比,其瘦素蛋白基因105号密码子发生CT点突变,导致不能产生正常的瘦素蛋白。该模型4周前外观表型与野生型无异,而ob/ob纯合子不育,因而在繁殖建系过程中,需要通过基因型鉴定纯合、杂合和野生三种基因型。该文建立了基于高分辨率溶解曲线分析(high resolution melting analysis,HRM)的基因型鉴定方法,基因型分型结果与常规PCR加酶切方法一致,也与DNA测序结果吻合;通过该方法分型后获得纯合子小鼠外观表型、血糖浓度参数符合预期。该方法较常规方法省时、高效、节省实验成本,可用于大规模ob小鼠繁殖中的基因型鉴定。     

水稻细胞质1,6-二磷酸果糖酶基因1 195 bp的上游调控序列的克隆及其在转基因水稻中的表达研究

1,6-二磷酸果糖酶(EC3.13.11)催化1,6-二磷酸果糖分解为6-磷酸葡萄糖和无机磷酸.在高等植物的光合作用细胞中,存在两种1,6-二磷酸果糖酶:即叶绿体型1,6-二磷酸果糖酶和细胞质型1,6-二磷酸果糖酶.由于细胞质型1,6-二磷酸果糖酶在植物碳水化合物代谢中起重要作用,且具有表达特异性,本试验通过Genome Walking分离了水稻细胞质型1,6-二磷酸果糖酶基因的上游序列,并将其与β-葡糖醛酸酶(GUS)报告基因构建成嵌合表达载体.采用基因枪法转化水稻,在转基因水稻中分析了GUS的表达活性和特异性.组织化学检测表明,在转基因水稻的成熟叶片中,GUS基因只在叶肉细胞中表达,在表皮细胞、泡状细胞、维管组织中均无表达;在叶鞘中的表达与叶片中相似,仅仅在叶肉细胞中表达;在根、茎所有细胞中均没有蓝色反应.为进一步研究1,6-二磷酸果糖酶基因启动子在水稻中的表达量,对12株独立来源的转基因水稻的GUS 活性进行了荧光定量分析.结果显示,水稻成熟叶片中的GUS活性平均值为7 031.5 pmol 4-MU-1*min-1*mg蛋白.在不同器官及组织中表达活性有差异,在转基因水稻的叶片、叶鞘中GUS均有较强的表达,在根、茎中未检测到GUS活性.实验结果表明,ATG上游1 195 bp调控区足以导致GUS基因在水稻中的特异性表达,因此该片段包含有使报告基因在叶肉细胞中特异性表达的所有顺式调控元件.     

银鲫果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶的分子克隆与表达分析

果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(EC 3.1.3.11)是糖异生中的关键限速酶之一, 在糖代谢中起重要作用。哺乳动物存在肝脏型和肌肉型两种果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶同工酶,分别由Fbp1和Fbp2编码。银鲫作为我国重要的经济养殖鱼类, 尚无果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶基因的有关资料, 其组织分布特征和胚胎发育模式亦不清楚。本研究采用RACE方法从银鲫原肠胚SMART cDNA文库中扩增了果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶基因的全长cDNA, 其长度为1170 bp,编码337个氨基酸残基,多重序列比对和系统发育分析表明该基因为肝脏型果糖-1,6-二磷酶。RT-PCR分析虽在银鲫的肝、脑、心、脾、肾、肠、肌肉和卵巢组织中皆能检测到该基因的表达, 但以肝组织的表达量最高。Western Blot检测表明, 肝脏组织除有一条与其他组织(肌肉除外)共有的蛋白带之外,还有一条特异带;肌肉中有不同于其他组织的特异带。成熟卵子和不同发育阶段胚胎的RT-PCR和Western Blot分析都可检测到母源的CagFbp转录本和蛋白,且其转录本从原肠期开始上升, 到神经胚时迅速上升到较高水平, 其蛋白从尾芽期以后出现一条比母源蛋白分子量小、与肝脏的特异带大小基本相同的蛋白带。这些结果证实本研究克隆的CagFbp为肝脏型,且鱼类至少存在肝脏型和肌肉型两种果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶同工酶。       

水稻细胞质1，6—二磷酸果糖酶基因1195bp的上游调控序列的克隆及其在转基因水稻中的表达研究

1,6－二磷酸果糖酶（EC3．13．11）催化1,6－二磷酸果糖分解为6－磷酸葡萄糖和无机磷酸。在高等植物的光合作用细胞中,存在两种1,6－二磷酸果糖酶：即叶绿体型1,6－二磷酸果糖酶和细胞质型1,6－二磷酸果糖酶。由于细胞质型1,6－二磷酸果糖酶在植物碳水化合物代谢中起重要作用,且具有表达特异性,本试验通过Genome Walking分离了水解细胞质型1,6－二磷酸果糖酶基因的上游序列,并将其与β－葡糖醛酸酶（GUS）报告基因建成嵌合表达载体。采用基因枪法转化水稻,在转基因水稻中分析了GUS的表达活性和特异性。组织化学检测表明,在转基因水稻的成熟叶片中,GUS基因只在叶肉细胞中表达,在表皮细胞,泡状细胞,维管组织中均无表达,在叶鞘中的表达与叶片中相似,仅仅在叶肉细胞中表达,在根,茎所有细胞中均没有蓝色反应,为进一步研究1,6－二磷酸果糖酶基因启动子在水稻中的表达量,对12株独立来源的转基因水稻的GUS活性进行了荧光定量分析。结果显示,水稻成熟叶片中的GUS活性平均值为7031．5pmol4-MU^-1.min^-1.mg蛋白。在不同器官及组织中表达活性有差异,在转基因水稻的叶片,叶鞘中GUS均有较强的表达,在根、茎中未检测到GUS活性,实验结果表明,ATG上游1195bp调控区足以导致GUS基因在水稻中的特异性表达,因此该片段包含有使报告基因在叶肉细胞中特异性表达的所有顺式调控元件。     

磷酸吡哆醛修饰的蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的时间分辨荧光分析

在别构抑制剂AMP或底物果糖1,6-二磷酸(FruP_2)存在下,磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)分别专一性地修饰在蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶(FruP_2ase,E.C.3.1.3.11.)的催化部位或别构部位。测得了修饰在催化部位或别构部位的PLP的荧光寿命及其连续分布。通过荧光寿命分布宽度的比较,认为该酶的活性部位柔性大于别构部位的柔性。     

miR-486-3p靶向调控BMPR2影响BMP信号通路增加室间隔缺损的患病风险

该研究发现在正常心脏发育窗口期和人胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞分化的早期,miR-486-3p低表达。但在室间隔缺损(ventricular septal defect,VSD)流产胎儿的心脏组织中对比匹配的对照心脏组织显著高表达。miR-486-3p在C57BL/6小鼠的心肌、室间隔组织中高表达。过表达miR-486-3p显著抑制细胞增殖,下调上皮细胞标志物表达,上调间充质细胞标志物表达,促进细胞迁移。借助生物信息学分析和小鼠模型,鉴定了43个候选靶基因。qRT-PCR、蛋白免疫印迹和双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证了靶基因BMPR2。miR-486-3p抑制BMP信号通路活性,下调BMP信号通路下游靶基因mRNA水平。综上,该研究表明,miR-486-3p通过靶向下游基因BMPR2,抑制BMP信号通路信号,从而促进VSD发生,该研究为VSD的诊疗新方案提供了理论依据。     

绞股蓝皂苷调控长链非编码RNA TUG1/miR-26a干扰线粒体凋亡对ApoE~(-/-)AS小鼠肝脏脂质沉积的影响及机制研究

为探讨绞股蓝皂苷通过影响长链非编码RNA TUG1/miR-26a干扰线粒体凋亡改善ApoE~(-/-)AS小鼠肝脏脂质沉积防治AS机制,本实验将10只C57BL/6J小鼠作为正常对照组,20只健康ApoE~(-/-)小鼠随机分为模型组、绞股蓝皂苷组(高脂饲料喂养12周),灌胃给药4周。HE染色观察小鼠肝脏脂质沉积情况,全自动生化分析仪检测血脂水平,实时荧光定量Q-PCR检测长链非编码TUG1、miRNA-26a表达,实时荧光定量Q-PCR及Wes全自动蛋白质印迹定量分析系统检测Bcl2、Bax、Cytc、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9、cleaved PARP基因及蛋白表达。结果显示模型组ApoE~(-/-)小鼠血脂水平发生紊乱,肝细胞体积变大,脂肪空泡明显,小鼠肝脏Lnc-TUG1表达显著升高,miRNA-26a显著下降(P0.01);Bax、Cyt-c、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved PARP mRNA及蛋白表达显著升高,Bcl2 mRNA及蛋白显著下降(P0.01或P0.05);cleaved caspase-9蛋白表达显著升高(P0.01或P0.05),cleaved caspase-9 mRNA仅有上升趋势;绞股蓝皂苷干预后血脂紊乱得以改善,肝细胞脂肪变性程度减轻,脂肪空泡明显减少,小鼠肝脏Lnc TUG1表达有所下降,miRNA-26a表达有所上调(P0.05),小鼠肝脏Bax、Cyt-c、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9 mRNA及蛋白表达显著下调,Bcl2 mRNA及蛋白显著上调(P0.01或P0.05),cleaved PARP蛋白表达显著下调(P0.05),cleaved PARP mRNA仅有下调趋势;研究结果提示绞股蓝皂苷可能通过影响长链非编码RNA TUG1/miR-26a干扰线粒体凋亡改善ApoE~(-/-)AS小鼠肝脏脂质沉积,进而防治动脉粥样硬化。     

PFP的研究进展

焦磷酸:果糖-6-磷酸1-磷酸转移酶(PFP)可催化果糖-6-磷酸与果糖-1,6-二磷酸间的可逆转变.该酶广泛存在于各种高等植物及一些微生物体内.文章综述了90年代以来有关PFP的一些研究进展.包括:PFP的种类与亚基构成、活性中心、底物特异性、酶活性的调节及功能等.     

Differential expression of microRNAs in mouse liver under aberrant energy metabolic status

Despite years of effort, exact pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains obscure. To gain an insight into the regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in aberrant energy metabolic status and pathogenesis of NAFLD, we analyzed the expression of miRNAs in livers of ob/ob mice, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mice, and normal C57BL/6 mice by miRNA microarray. Compared with normal C57BL/6 mice, ob/ob mice showed upregulation of eight miRNAs and downregulation of four miRNAs in fatty livers. Upregulation of miR-34a and downregulation of miR-122 was found in livers of STZ-induced diabetic mice. These results demonstrate that distinct miRNAs are strongly dysregulated in NAFLD and hyperglycemia. Comparison between miRNA expressions in livers of ob/ob mice and STZ-administered mice further revealed upregulation of four miRNAs and downregulation of two miRNAs in livers of ob/ob mice, indicating that these miRNAs may represent a molecular signature of NAFLD. A distinctive miRNA expression pattern was identified in ob/ob mouse liver, and hierarchical clustering of this pattern could clearly discriminate ob/ob mice from either normal C57BL/6 mice or STZ-administered mice. These findings suggest an important role of miRNAs in hepatic energy metabolism and implicate the participation of miRNAs in the pathophysiological processes of NAFLD.     

Dietary copper supplementation increases the catecholamine levels in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice

The interactive relationship between Cu deficiency and depressed synthesis of certain neurotransmitters has been recognized. To investigate the effects of dietary Cu supplementation on the catecholamine levels in genetically obese mice, male obese (ob/ob) mice and their lean (+/?) counterparts were administered either a control diet (4.0 mg/kg) or a Cu-supplemented diet (50 mg/kg) for 4 wk. The ob/ob mice that were fed a control diet showed lower liver and higher plasma levels of Cu. Depressed levels of plasma and brain catecholamines were also found in ob/ob mice that were fed the control diet. The ob/ob mice that received a Cu-supplemented diet showed significant increases in the levels of catecholamine in the plasma and brain. This study showed that catecholamine levels in ob/ob mice can be increased by dietary Cu supplementation. However, the interaction between Cu and sympathetic nervous activity in obesity was not elucidated in this study.     

Microvesicle-mediated Transfer of MicroRNA-150 from Monocytes to Endothelial Cells Promotes Angiogenesis

Recent studies by our group and others show that microRNAs can be actively secreted into the extracellular environment through microvesicles (MVs) and function as secretory signaling molecules that influence the recipient cell phenotypes. Here we investigate the role of monocyte-secreted miR-150 in promoting the capillary tube formation of endothelial cells and in enhancing angiogenesis. In vitro capillary tube formation and in vivo angiogenesis assays showed that monocyte-derived MVs have strong pro-angiogenic activities. By depleting miR-150 from monocytic MVs and increasing miR-150 in MVs derived from cells that normally contain low levels of miR-150, we further demonstrated that the miR-150 content accounted for the pro-angiogenic activity of monocytic MVs in these assays. Using tumor-implanted mice and ob/ob mice as models, we revealed that miR-150 secretion, which is increased for diseases such as cancers and diabetes, significantly promotes angiogenesis. The delivery of anti-miR-150 antisense oligonucleotides into tumor-implanted mice and ob/ob mice via MVs, however, strongly reduced angiogenesis in both types of mice. Our results collectively demonstrate that secretion of miR-150 via MVs can promote angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and we also present a novel microRNA-based therapeutic approach for disease treatment.     

Zinc attenuation of GDP binding to brown adipocytes mitochondria in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice

In this study, we investigate the in vitro effect of zinc addition on guanosine diphosphate (GDP) binding to mitochondria in brown adipocytes of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. Interscapular brown adipocytes of male mice (obese; lean) at 4 and 12 wk of age were incubated with 0, 50, 100, or 200 μM zinc sulfate. Mitochondria were then isolated and their GDP binding capacities were measured. The GDP-binding capacities of ob/ob mice were lower than lean mice, with or without zinc addition, in both age groups (p<0.05). Zinc addition did not have any significant effect on GDP binding in lean mice. GDP binding decreased with increasing zinc addition in ob/ob mice, and this attenuation was more predominant in 12-wk old ob/ob mice. Moreover, we found that high magnesium addition (5 mM) increased GDP binding in lean mice, but this effect was not significant in ob/ob mice. This study reveals that brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in ob/ob mice could be greatly attenuated by zinc addition, suggesting that zinc may play a regulatory role in obesity.     

Extracellular superoxide dismutase in tissues from obese (ob/ob) mice

We have examined the protein content and gene expression of three superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoenzymes in eight tissues from obese ob/ob mice, particularly placing the focus on extracellular-SOD (EC-SOD) in the white adipose tissue (WAT). Obesity significantly increased EC-SOD level in liver, kidney, testis, gastrocnemius muscle, WAT, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and plasma, but significantly decreased the isoenzyme level in lung. Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β contents in WAT were significantly higher in obese mice than in lean control mice. Immunohistochemically, both WAT and BAT from obese mice could be stained deeply with anti-mouse EC-SOD antibody compared with those from lean mice. Each primary culture per se almost time-dependently enhanced EC-SOD production, and overtly expressed its mRNA. The loss of heparin-binding affinity of EC-SOD type C with high affinity for heparin occurred in kidney of obese mice. These results suggest that the physiological importance of this SOD isoenzyme in WAT may be a compensatory adaptation to oxidative stress.     

Sensitivity of ob/ob Mice to Leptin‐Induced Adipose Tissue Apoptosis

Objective: ob/ob mice have increased sensitivity to many of leptin's effects. The primary objective of this experiment was to determine whether ob/ob mice demonstrated increased sensitivity to leptin‐induced adipose tissue apoptosis. Research Methods and Procedures: Fifteen‐week‐old female ob/ob and Ob/? mice received 0 (saline), 2.5, or 10 μg/d leptin for 14 days through subcutaneous (sc) osmotic minipumps. Food intake (FI), body temperature, physical activity, and body weight were measured daily. Body composition and weights and adipose tissue apoptosis (percentage DNA fragmentation) of inguinal, parametrial, and retroperitoneal fat pads were determined at the end of the study. Results: FI decreases were more pronounced in ob/ob. Leptin (10 μg/d) decreased total FI 71% in ob/ob and 34% in Ob/? (p < 0.05). Body weight was decreased by both doses of leptin in ob/ob (p < 0.01) but was unchanged in Ob/?. Leptin increased body temperature in ob/ob but not in Ob/?. Physical activity was increased 400% by 10 μg/d leptin in ob/ob (p < 0.01) but decreased 13% in Ob/? (p < 0.01). Body fat content of ob/ob was reduced by both leptin doses, whereas only 10 μg/d leptin decreased body fat in Ob/?. Fat pad weights were decreased similarly by leptin in both genotypes. However, apoptosis was increased by leptin in all three fat pads in ob/ob, whereas Ob/? showed significant increases only in retroperitoneal. Discussion: ob/ob mice had greater overall sensitivity to leptin. Although ob/ob mice appeared to be more sensitive than Ob/? mice to leptin‐induced adipose tissue apoptosis, there were differences among adipose depots in responsiveness to leptin‐induced apoptosis.     

Voluntary exercise training improves body weight of leptin-deficient ob/ob mice by altering hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 and deleted in breast cancer 1 protein levels

[Purpose]Deleted in breast cancer 1 (DBC1) ablation causes obesity, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) induces the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids. This study examined whether voluntary wheel running (VWR) alters SCD-1 and DBC1 protein levels in the liver of leptin-deficient ob/ob mice.[Methods]Twenty-five Ob/Ob mice were divided into two groups (ob/ob-Sed and ob/ob-Ex). The expression of DBC1 and SCD1 in the mouse liver was determined using western blotting.[Results]After 10 weeks, VWR significantly reduced body weight without affecting the fatty acid synthase and CD36 protein levels. The average daily running distance was 4.0±1.0 km/day. This improvement was associated with changes in the hepatic SCD1 and DBC1 levels. Hepatic SCD-1 protein levels increased significantly, and DBC1 protein levels decreased in ob/ob-Sed animals. On the other hand, VWR inhibited the obesity-induced increase in SCD1 expression and impaired the obesity-induced decrease in DBC1 expression in the liver of leptin-deficient ob/ob mice.[Conclusion]This is the first study showing that VWR has strong effects on hepatic SCD1 and DBC1 in ob/ob mice, and provides key insights into the effects of exercise on obesity.     

Hepatic knockdown of mitochondrial GPAT1 in ob/ob mice improves metabolic profile

Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) controls the first step of triglyceride (TAG) synthesis. Three distinct GPAT activities have been identified, two localized in mitochondria and one in microsomes. Mitochondrial GPAT1 (mtGPAT1) is abundantly expressed in the liver and constitutes approximately 50% of total GPAT activities in this organ. Hepatic mtGPAT1 activity is elevated in obese rodents. Mice deficient in mtGPAT1 have an improved lipid profile. To investigate if beneficial effects can result from reduced hepatic expression of mtGPAT1 in adult obese mice, adenoviral vector-based short hairpin RNA interference (shRNA) technology was used to knockdown mtGPAT1 expression in livers of ob/ob mice. Reduced expression of mtGPAT1 mRNA in liver of ob/ob mice resulted in dramatic and dose dependent reduction in mtGPAT1 activity. Reduced hepatic TAG, diacylglycerol, and free fatty acid, as well as reduced plasma cholesterol and glucose, were also observed. Fatty acid composition analysis revealed decrease of C16:0 in major lipid species. Our results demonstrate that acute reduction of mtGPAT1 in liver of ob/ob mice reduces TAG synthesis, which points to a role for mtGPAT1 in the correction of obesity and related disorders.     

Norepinephrine induces hepatic fibrogenesis in leptin deficient ob/ob mice

Leptin's actions on certain cells require a leptin-inducible neurotransmitter, norepinephrine (NE). NE modulates hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, decreased NE may explain why leptin deficiency inhibits hepatic fibrosis. We manipulated adrenergic activity in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, leptin-sufficient, dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficient (Dbh(-/-)) mice, and HSC cultures to determine if leptin requires NE to activate HSC and induce hepatic fibrosis. ob/ob mice have chronic liver injury, but reduced numbers of HSC. Supplemental leptin increases HSC, suggesting that leptin-dependent, injury-related factors permit expansion of HSC populations. NE also increases HSC numbers and activation, normalizing fibrogenesis. When fed hepatotoxic diets, NE-deficient Dbh(-/-) mice fail to accumulate activated HSC and have impaired fibrogenesis unless treated with adrenergic agonists. NE acts directly on HSC to modulate leptin's actions because leptin increases HSC proliferation and prazosin, an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, inhibits this. Thus, leptin permits injury-related increases in adrenergic activity and requires NE to activate HSC and induce hepatic fibrogenesis.