抑制性寡脱氧核苷酸对实验性肝损伤细胞因子的影响

探讨抑制性寡脱氧核苷酸（suppressive oligonucleotides,Sup ODN）对刀豆蛋白A（Con A））诱导的小鼠实验性肝损伤的保护作用．实验采用Balb／C小鼠40只,随机分4组．分别为生理盐水（NS）组、对照寡脱氧核苷酸（control oligonucleotides,Con ODN）组、环孢菌素A（cyclosporin A,CsA）组、Sup ODN组．Con A（20mg,kg）尾静脉注射Ba1b/C小鼠,2h时腹腔给药,给药8h时观察小鼠的血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）活性、死亡率;检测血清TNF-α、IFN-γ、TIL-4水平;RT-PCR检测肝组织TNF-α、IFN-γ mRNA的表达;并观察肝组织的病理改变．发现Sup ODN组与NS组、Con ODN组相比,ALT活性明显降低（P〈0．01）;与NS组、Con ODN组和CsA组比较,IFN-γ明显降低（P〈0．01）,IL-4明显升高（P〈0．01）,TIFN-γ mRNA表达亦显著减少：而且Sup ODN可明显减轻肝脏炎性细胞浸润和肝细胞坏死（P〈0．05）．实验表明Sup ODN对Con A小鼠实验性肝损伤有明显保护作用．     

运动对高脂膳食雌鼠性发育和瘦素受体mRNA表达的影响

目的：探讨运动干预对高脂膳食雌性大鼠肥胖与性发育不良的影响及其作用的机制。方法：雌性Wister大鼠,按体重随机分为正常对照组（C组）、高脂膳食对照组（HC组）、高脂膳食运动组（HE组）,采用无负重递增负荷游泳训练8周,观察其肥胖、性发育与脂肪瘦素受体的关系。结果：8周的高脂饮食导致大鼠肥胖,卵巢重量、血清雌二醇、瘦素水平明显升高（P〈0．01,P〈0．05,P〈0．05）,脂肪的Leptin mRNA和体长显著下降（P〈0．01）;8周的游泳训练使卵巢重量、血清雌二醇水平和瘦素水平明显下降（P〈0．05;P〈0．01）,脂肪Leptin mRNA表达和体长显著上升（P〈0．01）;且血清雌二醇与肥胖度各指标呈正相关,与体长呈负相关;血清瘦素与肥胖度各指标和反映性发育水平各指标均呈正相关。结论：①高脂膳食可诱导雌性大鼠肥胖,使血瘦素水平升高,瘦素受体的基因表达下调。出现了瘦素抵抗,性发育增强。②耐力训练可明显降低体脂和血瘦素水平,上调脂肪的瘦素受体的基因表达,有效的缓解了瘦素抵抗和性发育增强。     

肝脏CT值与动脉粥样硬化关系

目的探讨肝脏CT值与动脉粥样硬化（AS）程度的关系,寻找AS活体量化观测指标,提高AS干预实验的质量。方法40只日本大耳白兔随机分为A（绞股蓝）组、B（辛伐他汀）组、C（高脂模型）组、E（对照组）组,分别喂饲高脂饲料＋绞股蓝5g,kg、高脂饲料＋辛伐他汀5mg／kg、高脂饲料、标准饲料。实验前和实验后3周、6周、9周检测三酰甘油（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）。第7周和第9周进行CT检查。进行动脉和肝脏病理学检测。结果①TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C：A组、B组、C组饲养后TG、TC、LDL-C明显升高（P〈0．05）,A组和B组TG、TC、LDL-C低于C组（P〈0．05）,A组TG、HDL-C、LDL-C优于B组（P〈0．05）。②CT检查：饲养后7周、9周,A、B、C组CT值明显下降,比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,A组高于B组、C组（P〈0．01）,B组高于C组（P〈0．01）。③主动脉病理学：C组严重的大面积AS,A组和B组AS面积和程度显著低于C组（P〈0．01）。④肝脏病理学：A组、B组、C组肝脏弥漫性肿大,边缘钝而厚,灰黄色,A组较B组、C组肝脏色泽红润、肿大程度轻。A组2／3以上肝细胞发生脂肪样变。B、C组肝脏脂肪样变几乎为100％。结论肝脏CT值与AS的程度有一定的关系,可作为AS程度的量化指标,对指导实验过程有一定的价值。     

缺血后处理对大鼠再灌注损伤肺细胞凋亡的影响

目的：探讨缺血后处理对再灌注损伤肺细胞凋亡的影响。方法：健康雄性sD大鼠24只,随机分为对照组（C组）、缺血／再灌注组（I／n组）和缺血后处理组（IPostC组）（n=8）。对比观察各组血清中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活力及含量变化,原位缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）检测肺组织细胞凋亡情况,免疫组化及RT-PCR法检测肺组织中Bax、Bcl一2蛋白和基因的表达。结果：I／R组与c组相比,MDA含量、MPO活力明显升高,SOD活力明显下降（均P〈0．01）,肺组织原位细胞凋亡检测示I／R组凋亡指数（AI）（39．03±3．46）显著高于C组（2．88±0．34）,Bcl-2／Bax比值在蛋白和基因水平明显降低（均P〈0．01）;IPostC组与I／R组相比MDA含量显著降低（P〈0．05）,MPO活力显著降低（P〈0．01）,SOD活性升高（P〈0．01）,AI为8．03±0．88显著低于L／R组,并能明显升高Bcl-2／Bax比值（均P〈0．01）。结论：缺血后处理通过减轻脂质过氧化反应及中性粒细胞聚集,降低Bax／Bel．2比值,使肺组织细胞凋亡减少,从而有效地减轻肺缺血／再灌注损伤。     

缺血后处理对肺缺血／再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的：探讨缺血后处理（聃）是否通过抑制P38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（P38MAPK）活化来减轻再灌注损伤肺细胞的凋亡。方法：雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分成5组（n=8）,即对照组（C组）、肺缺血／再灌注组（I／R组）、肺缺血／再灌注＋缺血后处理组（IPO组）、缺血后处理＋溶剂对照组（D组）、缺血后处理＋SB203580组（SB组）。各组分别于再灌注2h留取左肺组织,检测肺组织湿／干重比（W／D）和总肺含水量（TLW）;光镜观察肺组织形态学结构改变并进行肺组织损伤定量评估（IQA）;原住末端标记法（TUNEL）检测肺细胞凋亡情况并计算凋亡指数（AI）;RT-PCR和免疫组化法测定Bax、Bcl-2基因和蛋白的表达。结果：与C组相比,I／R组W／D、TLW、IQA和AI均显著升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,肺组织结构发生明显损伤;Bcl-2、Bcl-2／Bax基因及蛋白表达明显降低,Bax基因及蛋白表达明显升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;IPO组、D组、SB组与I／R组相比,w／D、TLW、IQA和AI均显著降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,肺组织结构损伤情况有所改善;Bcl-2、Bcl-2／Bax基因及蛋白表达明显升高,Bax基因及蛋白表达明显降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;D组与IPO组比较各项指标均无明显差异（均P〉0．05）;SB组与IPO组相比,肺组织W／D、TLW、IQA和AI均显著降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,肺组织结构未见明显损伤;Bcl-2、Bcl-2／Bax基因及蛋白表达明显升高,Bax基因及蛋白表达明显降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论：I／R通过激活P38MAPK导致大鼠肺泡结构严重破坏,肺内细胞大量凋亡;IPO可能是通过抑制P38MAPK通路的激活而减轻L／R损伤。     

造血干细胞动员与移植治疗脑梗死的对比研究

目的对比造血干细胞（HSCs）内源性动员与外源性移植治疗大鼠脑梗死疗效。方法根据Longa线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型（MCAO）,7d后随机分成四组：A组（HSCs移植组）、B组（PBS组）、C组（HSCs动员组）、D组（对照组）。A组定向植入1×10^6个HSCs;B组植入PBS液;C组皮下注射重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子（rhG—CSF）10ug／kg／d,连用5d;D组不进行干预。移植前、后进行NSS评分;经免疫组化观察CD34、Nestin、VEGF、vWF阳性细胞的分布情况;TCC染色观察梗死体积的变化。结果第1周A组梗死侧半球CD34、Nestin、VEGF、vWF细胞高于其它3组（P〈0．01）,C组Nestin、VEGF、vWF细胞高于B组和D组（P〈0．05）;第4周各组未见CD34细胞,A、C两组Nestin、VEGF细胞减少,vWF细胞增多（P〈0．05）;A组Nestin、VEGF、vWF细胞高于其它3组（P〈0．01）,B、C、D组Nestin、VEGF细胞的差异无统计学意义,C组vWF细胞高于B组、D组（P〈0．05）。A组神经功能改善最显著,C组次之,B、D组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。A组梗死体积明显缩小（P〈0．01）,B、C、D组间无差异（P〉0．05）。结论HSCs外源性移植对脑梗死后袄的大鼠治疗效果好于动员。     

氧化应激在高原重体力劳动过程中急性高原反应发生中的作用

目的：观察氧化应激在高原重体力劳动过程中急性高原反应（AHAR）发生中的作用。方法：由低海拔（1500m）快速进入高原（3700m）并从事重体力劳动的男性官兵96名,年龄18～35岁。根据AHAR症状评分,分为重度AHAR组（A组,n=24）、轻中度AHAR组（B组,n=47）和无AHAR组（C组,n=25）,在该高度逗留50d后下撤前及返回低海拔（1500m）后12h、15d分别测定血清8．异前列腺素F2a（8-iso-PGF2a）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）,并与低海拔（1500m）50名健康官兵（D组）比较。结果：A组血清8-iso-PGF2a、MDA[分别为（9．53±0．47）μg／L、（8．91±0．39）μmol／L]水平显著高于B组[分别为（8．34±O．42）μg／L、（7．31±0．32）μmol／L]、C组[分别为（7．02±0．48）μg／L、（6．41±0．23）μmol／L和D组[分别为（5．13±0．56）μg／L、（5．48±0．33）μmol／L]（均P〈0．01）,SOD（52．08±3．44）μ／mL水平显著低于B组（62．27±2．54）μ/mL、C组（71．99±3．35）μ/mL和D组（80．78±3．44）μ/mL,（均P〈0．01）,B组与c组之间和C组与D组之间亦有显著性差异（均P〈0．01）。海拔3700mAHAR总计分与血清8-iso-PGF2α、ⅣⅡ）A呈显著正相关（均P〈0．01）,与血清SOD显著负相关（P〈0．01）;8-iso-PGF2α、MDA与SOD显著负相关（均P〈0．01）。海拔3700m50d,血清8-iso-PGF2α、MDA水平显著高于,SOD水平显著低于海拔1500m12h、15d和D组（均P〈0．01）,海拔1500m12h与15d之间有显著性差异（均P〈0．01）,海拔1500m 15d与D组之间无显著性差异。结论：人体在高原低氧并重体力时氧化应激和氧化．抗氧化失衡与AHAR的发病和程度有密切关系,氧化应激和氧化．抗氧化失衡越严重,AHAR越重。返回低海拔后12h有显著改善,15d恢复到正常水平。     

右美托嘧啶用于喉癌患者局麻下气管切开的临床效果分析

目的：探讨预注右关托嘧啶（dexmedetomindine,Dex）对喉癌患者局麻下行气管切开时的影响。方法：选择择期喉癌手术拟行气管切开的患者40例,随机分为Dex组（D组）和生理盐水组（c组）,D组在局麻前静脉注射Dex0．5μg／kg（10min泵注完毕）,c组以相同方式泵注等量生理盐水,观察5min后开始行局麻下气管切开。分别记录两组患者给药前（TO）、局麻开始时（T1）、切皮时（T2）、气管内麻醉时（T3）、气管切开造口时（T4）的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）和呼吸次数（RR）;观察并记录患者T1～T4各时间点的VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分和手术耐受程度评分。结果：与T0相比,C组T1～T4各时点MAP和HR均升高,尤以T3～T4时明显（P〈0．05）,D组T1—4时MAP下降、HR明显减慢（P〈0．05）;与C组相比,D组T1～T4各时间点MAP均显著下降（P〈0．05）,HR均明显减慢（P〈0．01）,VAS评分显著降低（P〈0．05）,手术耐受程度评分和Ramsay镇静评分均显著升高（P〈0．05）。结论：喉癌患者行局麻气管切开前预先静注右关托嘧啶0．5μg／kg（10min泵注完毕）,可有效维持血液动力学稳定,并产生明显的镇静、镇痛作用。     

组胺在哮喘豚鼠气道重塑中的作用

本研究旨在探讨组胺在哮喘豚鼠气道重塑中的作用。将50只健康雄性豚鼠随机分为5组。正常对照组：雾化吸入蒸馏水8周;哮喘模型组：致敏后雾化吸入卯白蛋白（ovalbumin,OVA）8周;哮喘模型延续组：致敏后雾化吸入OVA14周;组胺组：致敏后雾化吸入OVA14周,最后6周同时加用组胺：组胺受体拈抗剂组：致敏后雾化吸入OVA14周,最后6周同时加用组胺受体拈抗剂。检测血清组胺、Na^＋、Cl^-浓度、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、pH、实际碳酸氢盐（actual bicarbonate,AB）、标准碳酸氧盐（standard bicarbonate,SB）以及气道壁粘膜层、基底膜层和平滑肌层厚度。所得结果如下：（1）哮喘模型组血清组胺浓度、气道擘厚度明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）;哮喘模型延续组明显高于哮喘模型组（P〈0.01）;组胺组明显高于哮喘模型延续组（P〈0．01）：组胺受体拮抗剂组低于哮喘模型延续组（P〈0．05,0．01）。（2）哮喘模型组PaO．小于正常对照组（P〈0．01）;哮喘模型延续组PaO2、pH、AB、SB小于哮喘模型组（P〈0．01）,而PaCO2大于哮喘模型组（P〈0．01）;组胺组PaO2、pH、AB、SB小于哮喘模型延续组（P〈0．01）,而PaCO2大于哮喘模型延续组（P〈0．01）;组胺受体拮抗剂组PaO2、pH、AB、SB高于哮喘模型延续组（P〈0．01）,而PaCO2低于哮喘模型延续组（P〈0．01）;血清Na^＋、Cl^-浓度各组间差异不明显。以上结果提示：（1）组胺在哮喘气道重塑中起介导作用。（2）应用组胺受体拈抗剂对防治哮喘气道重塑有一定作用。（3）PaO2、pH与气管、肺门支气管、肺外周小气道气道擘厚度呈负相关（P〈0．01）,而PaCO2、阴离子间隙（anion gap,AG）值与上述气道壁厚度呈止相关（P〈0．01）。     

跑台运动和营养补充对大鼠血红素代谢限速酶和珠蛋白mRNA表达与活性水平的影响

目的：研究血红素代谢限速酶和珠蛋白代谢在运动性贫血发生机理中的功能和作用,及营养补充对运动性贫血防治效果的作用机制。方法：本实验对30只雄性Wistar大鼠进行等量随机分为3组（n=10）：对照组（C）、运动组（P）和运动＋营养组（G）。30m／min、0％坡度、每次1min为起始训练方式,前5周和后4周时训练时间的加速度为每次2min,训练频率为每天2次（前两周例外）。11周的跑台运动结束后应用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学的方法测试骨髓每氨基-γ酮戊酸合成酶（ALAs）、铁螯合酶（ferrochelatase）、α-珠蛋白、β-珠蛋白的基因表达和肝脏血红素氧舍酶-1（HO-1）的活性。结果：11周跑台运动可以增加大鼠肝脏HO-1的活性和骨髓β-珠蛋白的基因表达（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）,抗运动性贫血复合剂补充并不能改变大鼠运动后血红素代谢限速酶和珠蛋白基因表达和活性,且运动＋营养组大鼠肝脏HO-1活性水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,即递增负荷跑台运动不能影响大鼠骨髓血红素合成酶和α-珠蛋白的基因表达,但能够影响大鼠肝脏血红素分解酶的活性水平和骨髓β-珠蛋白的基因表达。结论：肝脏HO-1活性水平的升高可能是运动性贫血表现出低Hb、RBC和Hct水平的原因之一。     

Organelle pH in the Arabidopsis Endomembrane System

The pH of intracellular compartments is essential for the viability of cells. Despite its relevance, little is known about the pH of these compartments. To measure pH in vivo, we have first generated two pH sensors by combining the improved-solubility feature of solubility-modified green fluorescent protein （GFP） （smGFP） with the pH-sensing capabil- ity of the pHluorins and codon optimized for expression in Arabidopsis. PEpHluorin （plant-solubility-modified ecliptic pHluorin） gradually loses fluorescence as pH is lowered with fluorescence vanishing at pH 6.2 and PRpHluorin （plant- solubility-modified ratiomatric pHluorin）, a dual-excitation sensor, allowing for precise measurements. Compartment- specific sensors were generated by further fusing specific sorting signals to PEpHluorin and PRpHluorin. Our results show that the pH of cytosol and nucleus is similar （pH 7.3 and 7.2）, while peroxisomes, mitochondrial matrix, and plastidial stroma have alkaline pH. Compartments of the secretory pathway reveal a gradual acidification, spanning from pH 7.1 in the endoplasmic reticulum （ER） to pH 5.2 in the vacuole. Surprisingly, pH in the trans-Golgi network （TGN） and mul- tivesicular body （MVB） is, with pH 6.3 and 6.2, quite similar. The inhibition of vacuolar-type H＋-ATPase （V-ATPase） with concanamycin A （ConcA） caused drastic increase in pH in TGN and vacuole. Overall, the PEpHluorin and PRpHluorin are excellent pH sensors for visualization and quantification of pH in vivo, respectively.     

Cell Wall,Cytoskeleton, and Cell Expansion in Higher Plants

To accommodate two seemingly contradictory biological roles in plant physiology, providing both the rigid structural support of plant cells and the adjustable elasticity needed for cell expansion, the composition of the plant cell wall has evolved to become an intricate network of cellulosic, hemicellulosic, and pectic polysaccharides and protein. Due to its complexity, many aspects of the cell wall influence plant cell expansion, and many new and insightful observations and technologies are forthcoming. The biosynthesis of cell wall polymers and the roles of the variety of proteins involved in polysaccharide synthesis continue to be characterized. The interactions within the cell wall polymer network and the modification of these interactions provide insight into how the plant cell wall provides its dual function. The complex cell wall architecture is controlled and organized in part by the dynamic intracellular cytoskeleton and by diverse trafficking pathways of the cell wall polymers and cell wall-related machinery. Meanwhile, the cell wall is continually influenced by hormonal and integrity sensing stimuli that are perceived by the cell. These many processes cooperate to construct, maintain, and manipulate the intricate plant cell wall--an essential structure for the sustaining of the plant stature, growth, and life.     

Redox Regulation of Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase

Citrate synthase has a key role in the tricarboxylic （TCA） cycle of mitochondria of all organisms, as it cata- lyzes the first committed step which is the fusion of a carbon-carbon bond between oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA. The regulation of TCA cycle function is especially important in plants, since mitochondrial activities have to be coordinated with photosynthesis. The posttranslational regulation of TCA cycle activity in plants is thus far almost entirely unexplored. Although several TCA cycle enzymes have been identified as thioredoxin targets in vitro, the existence of any thioredoxin-dependent regulation as known for the Calvin cycle, yet remains to be demonstrated. Here we have investigated the redox regulation of the Arabidopsis citrate synthase enzyme by site-directed mutagenesis of its six cysteine residues. Our results indicate that oxidation inhibits the enzyme activity by the formation of mixed disulfides, as the partially oxidized citrate synthase enzyme forms large redox-dependent aggregates. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that thioredoxin can cleave diverse intraas well as intermolecular disulfide bridges, which strongly enhances the activity of the enzyme. Activity measurements with the cysteine variants of the enzyme revealed important cysteine residues affecting total enzyme activity as well as the redox sensitivity of the enzyme.     

Knights in Action： Lectin Receptor-Like Kinases in Plant Development and Stress Responses

The Receptor-Like Kinase （RLK） is a vast protein family with over 600 genes in Arabidopsis and 1100 in rice. The Lectin RLK （LecRLK） family is believed to play crucial roles in saccharide signaling as well as stress perception. All the LecRLKs possess three domains： an N-terminal lectin domain, an intermediate transmembrane domain, and a C-terminal kinase domain. On the basis of lectin domain variability, LecRLKs have been subgrouped into three subclasses： L-, G-, and C-type LecRLKs. While the previous studies on LecRLKs were dedicated to classification, comparative structural analysis and expression analysis by promoter-based studies, most of the recent studies on LecRLKs have laid special emphasis on the potential of this gene family in regulating biotic/abiotic stress and developmental pathways in plants, thus mak- ing the prospects of studying the LecRLK-mediated regulatory mechanism exceptionally promising. In this review, we have described in detail the LecRLK gene family with respect to a historical, evolutionary, and structural point of view. Furthermore, we have laid emphasis on the LecRLKs roles in development, stress conditions, and hormonal response. We have also discussed the exciting research prospects offered by the current knowledge on the LecRLK gene family. The multitude of the LecRLK gene family members and their functional diversity mark these genes as both interesting and worthy candidates for further analysis, especially in the field of crop improvement.     

New Strigolactone Analogs as Plant Hormones with Low Activities in the Rhizosphere

Strigolactones （SLs） are known not only as plant hormones, but also as rhizosphere signals for establishing symbiotic and parasitic interactions. The design of new specific SL analogs is a challenging goal in understanding the basic plant biology and is also useful to control plant architectures without favoring the development of parasitic plants. Two different molecules （23 （3＇-methyI-GR24）, 31 （thia-3＇-methyl-debranone-like molecule）） already described, and a new one （AR36）, for which the synthesis is presented, are biologically compared with the well-known GR24 and the recently identified CISA-1. These different structures emphasize the wide range of parts attached to the D-ring for the bioactivity as a plant hormone. These new compounds possess a common dimethylbutenolide motif but their structure varies in the ABC part of the molecules： 23 has the same ABC part as GR24, while 31 and AR36 carry, respectively, an aromatic ring and an acyclic carbon chain. Detailed information is given for the bioactivity of such derivatives in strigolactone synthesis or in perception mutant plants （pea rmsl and rms4, Arabidopsis max2 and, max4） for different hormonal functions along with their action in the rhizosphere on arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal growth and parasitic weed germination.     

Dissecting the Heat Stress Response in Chlamydomonas by Pharmaceutical and RNAi Approaches Reveals Conserved and Novel Aspects

To study how conserved fundamental concepts of the heat stress response （HSR） are in photosynthetic eukaryotes, we applied pharmaceutical and antisense/amiRNA approaches to the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The Chlamydomonas HSR appears to be triggered by the accumulation of unfolded proteins, as it was induced at ambient temperatures by feeding cells with the arginine analog canavanine. The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine strongly retarded the HSR, demonstrating the importance of phosphorylation during activation of the HSR also in Chlamydomonas. While the removal of extracellular calcium by the application of EGTA and BAPTA inhibited the HSR in moss and higher plants, only the addition of BAPTA, but not of EGTA, retarded the HSR and impaired thermotoler- ance in Chlamydomonas. The addition of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytosolic protein synthesis, abolished the attenu- ation of the HSR, indicating that protein synthesis is necessary to restore proteostasis. HSP90 inhibitors induced a stress response when added at ambient conditions and retarded attenuation of the HSR at elevated temperatures. In addition, we detected a direct physical interaction between cytosolic HSP90A/HSP70A and heat shock factor 1, but surprisingly this interaction persisted after the onset of stress. Finally, the expression of antisense constructs targeting chloroplast HSP70B resulted in a delay of the cell＇s entire HSR, thus suggesting the existence of a retrograde stress signaling cascade that is desensitized in HSP7OB-antisense strains.     

How does the host-specialized aphid deal with food deficiency？

Aphis gossypii Glover shows obvious host specialization, with cucurbit- and cotton-specialized biotypes or host races in many regions. Because its annual natal hostcrops senesce earlier the cucurbit-specialized biotype may suffer food deficiency. The method this biotype uses to overcome this challenge is still poorly understood. In orderto understand the potential of the cucurbit-specialized biotype aphids in host shift and usage, the performance of this biotype on cotton （Gossypium hirsutum）, a common butpoor quality host plant, was explored in this study. The cucurbit-specialized aphids could establish populations on cotton only when these plants had at least nine leaves, and subsequent populations developed rather slowly. The presence of whitefly populations on cotton improved the success rate of cucurbit-specialized aphids. The cucurbit-specialized aphidswere mainly distributed on the older leaves of cotton, with only a few settling on the upper leaves. The cucurbit-specialized aphids reared on cotton for 40, 54 and 61 days stillmaintained strong preference for their natal host plant, cucumber （Cucumis sativus）, rather than cotton, and their net reproductive rates and intrinsic rates of natural increase weredramatically lower when they were transferred onto new six-leaf cotton plants or detached leaves. Therefore, we concluded that the cucurbit-specialized aphids have the potentialto utilize mature or whitefly-stressed cotton plants, but that this feeding experience on cotton did not alter their specialization for cucurbits. Some cotton plants could act as atemporary host for the cucurbit-specialized aphids to overcome food deficiency arising from senescing cucurbits.     

Plastid Signals and the Bundle Sheath： Mesophyll Development in Reticulate Mutants

The development of a plant leaf is a meticulously orchestrated sequence of events producing a complex organ comprising diverse cell types. The reticulate class of leaf variegation mutants displays contrasting pigmentation between veins and interveinal regions due to specific aberrations in the development of mesophyll cells. Thus, the reticulate mutants offer a potent tool to investigate cell-type-specific developmental processes. The discovery that most mutants are affected in plastid-localized, metabolic pathways that are strongly expressed in vasculature-associated tis- sues implicates a crucial role for the bundle sheath and their chloroplasts in proper development of the mesophyll cells. Here, we review the reticulate mutants and their phenotypic characteristics, with a focus on those in Arabidopsis thali- ana. Two alternative models have been put forward to explain the relationship between plastid metabolism and meso- phyll cell development, which we call here the supply and the signaling hypotheses. We critically assess these proposed models and discuss their implications for leaf development and bundle sheath function in C3 species. The characteriza- tion of the reticulate mutants supports the significance of plastid retrograde signaling in cell development and highlights the significance of the bundle sheath in C3 photosynthesis.