若尔盖湿地高原林蛙和岷山蟾蜍的日活动节律

2005年调查若尔盖湿地的高原林蛙（Rana kukunoris）和岷山蟾蜍（Bufo minshanicus）的日活动节律,发现阳光充足时两栖类的活动性明显高于多云天气;高原林蛙成体、亚成体、岷山蟾蜍亚成体活动的最低气温为0℃、2℃、8℃;高原林蛙亚成体日活动高峰为中午12：30左右,岷山蟾蜍亚成体日活动高峰为下午15：30左右;高原林蛙亚成体在草地、林地、河边均有一定数量个体活动,岷山蟾蜍亚成体主要集中在河边活动。在若尔盖地区,两栖类可能主要是采用晒太阳（basking）的行为来适应高海拔环境;高原林蛙成体对温度的耐受性比亚成体高,亚成体比岷山蟾蜍亚成体高;高原林蛙与岷山蟾蜍的亚成体在活动时间与活动生境上存在差异,可能是减少种间竞争的途径之一。     

四川省若尔盖季节性水塘周边高原林蛙夏秋季活动特征

影响无尾两栖类活动的因素很多,水体是最主要的因素之一。本研究采用样线法,分别于2006年7月和9月下旬对若尔盖季节性水塘周边高原林蛙(Rana kukunoris)的活动特征进行了研究。样线宽2m,长70-150m,采用十字交叉法,基本按照东、南、西、北、东北、西北、东南、西南方向设置8条样线。结果表明:夏季高原林蛙主要在水塘周边活动,高原林蛙遇见率与水塘距离呈显著负相关(Pearson,成体:r=?0.479,P<0.05;亚成体:r=?0.480,P<0.05);90%的高原林蛙个体在距离水塘110m范围内活动,亚成体比成体更接近水体活动,远离水塘的成体选择泉眼和草沓草地活动。秋季高原林蛙的活动与水塘距离无显著相关性(Pearson,r=?0.016,P>0.05),水塘周边高原林蛙的遇见率很低,远离水塘的高原林蛙偏向选择泉眼活动。     

秦岭羚牛的家域研究

１９９５年８月～１９９６年８月,在陕西省佛坪自然保护区内利用无线电遥测技术对４ 只佩戴颈圈的羚牛（Ｂｕｄｏｒｃａｓ ｔａｘｉｃｏｌｏｒ ｂｃｄｆｏｒｄｉ）的家域进行了研究。４只戴颈圈羚牛Ｍ１、Ｍ２、Ｆ１、Ｆ２的年家域面积分别为５０．１ｋｍ＾２、３５．２ｋｍ＾２、４３．５ｋｍ＾２、９８．５ｋｍ＾２,平均５６．８ｋｍ＾２。羚牛的迁移习性对其家域大小有极大的影响。３只戴颈圈羚牛在春、夏、秋、冬４个季节中     

小兴安岭南坡野猪家域分析

采用笼式活捕野猪,利用无线电遥测技术、R2V、Arcview 和SPSS 软件技术,于2004 年7 月15 日至2006年1 月19 日,对小兴安岭南坡野猪家域进行测定、计算和分析,以了解该地区野猪的家域变化规律。研究结果表明:季节变化影响野猪家域面积,在春、秋季,野猪的家域面积显著大于冬季,而春、夏季间无显著差异;不同性别及年龄野猪家域大小也不同,成体雄性秋季发情期和亚成体春季分窝期家域面积显著增加;在冬、春季家族群野猪的家域面积显著大于独体野猪家域面积,说明家族群对家域面积有影响;亚成体家域大小主要受家族群家域的影响,家族群野猪面积大,相应地家族野猪中亚成体家域面积也大。     

若尔盖湿地国家自然保护区三种无尾两栖类夏秋季生境选择

2004年8—9月在若尔盖湿地国家自然保护区采用样方法对高原林蛙(Ranakukunoris)、倭蛙(Nanoranapleskei)和岷山蟾蜍(Bufominshanicus)的生境选择性进行了研究。先设置16个50m×50m的样地,再在每个样地内分25个10m×10m的样方,测量每个样方中的12个生境因子(牧场性质、草本高度、草本盖度、牛粪数量、鼠兔洞口数量、鼢鼠土堆数量、地表温度、地表湿度、土壤温度、离小型水体距离、离大型水体距离、离道路距离)。结果表明:这3种两栖类均偏好离溪流、水塘等小型水体距离较近(≤100m)、离河流、湖泊等大型水体距离较远(>1000m)、适度放牧(牛粪数量1~20)以及无鼠兔(Ochotonasp·)洞口的生境。通过比较,发现高原林蛙和倭蛙显著选择夏牧场、草本高度5·1~10·0cm、离小型水体0~50m的生境,显著不选择鼢鼠土堆太多(>10)的生境;岷山蟾蜍对牧场性质、离道路距离无显著选择性,显著选择草本高度>20·0cm、离小型水体51~100m的生境,不选择无鼢鼠土堆的生境;高原林蛙显著选择离道路>50m的生境;倭蛙显著选择离道路0~50m的生境。3种两栖类在生境选择上产生了一定的分离,表明各自有着特殊的生境需求。判别分析表明,牧场性质、草本高度、地表湿度、土壤温度、鼢鼠土堆数量、离大或小型水体距离、离道路距离是区别3种两栖类生境选择的重要参数。     

近40年来若尔盖高原高寒湿地景观格局变化

基于Apack软件,通过选取景观面积指数、景观多样性指数和景观破碎化指数等景观格局指数,从景观水平上研究了近40a来若尔盖高原高寒湿地景观空间分布格局特征的动态变化过程.结果表明:(1)高寒湿地景观空间格局以自然湿地景观为主要特征,自然湿地景观的斑块数和平均斑块面积均明显高于人工湿地景观.沼泽湿地景观斑块数最多,面积最大,所占比例高于95%;(2)高寒湿地景观具有高度的空间异质性.若尔盖县湿地景观的面积最大,占该区湿地景观总面积的近50%,湿地率也居五县之首;红原县和玛曲县次之;阿坝县和碌曲县最小;(3)高寒湿地景观面积呈先减少后增加的变化趋势.但与20世纪60年代相比,2000年湿地景观面积仍呈萎缩状态,总面积减少59857.83 hm2;(4)近40a来,若尔盖高原湿地景观呈集中连片分布,聚集度均高于0.95;优势度水平较高,但多样性指数水平较低.湿地景观的斑块数呈先下降后持平的变化趋势,而平均斑块面积则表现为增加的变化趋势;湿地景观分布质心也发生了明显的空间位移,经历了先向西北方向偏移12.54km;再向东南方向偏移了11.33km;最后又向北偏移了1.1km.     

海南文昌昌洒荒坡地生境中蜡皮蜥繁殖期家域

为掌握蜡皮蜥(Leiolepis reevesii)繁殖期家域大小、家域内是否存在核域,以及家域与核域的重叠程度,分别于2010年和2011年的3月至5月在海南文昌荒坡地生境中,应用无线电遥测技术对蜡皮蜥家域进行了研究,采用最小凸多边形、固定核域、线家域等方法分析了13只个体(10雄3雌)的家域、核域及其重叠度。雄性最小凸多边形(100%MCP)家域面积为(14 091.6±5 718.0)m2,显著大于雌性的(253.3±106.5)m2(t=4.064,df=11,P=0.002);雄性95%固定核域(FK)和75%FK面积为(10 707.8±2 388.5)m2和(3 282.7±1 022.8)m2,分别显著大于雌性的(379.1±74.1)m2(t=7.262,df=11,P0.001)和(172.1±37.9)m2(t=5.107,df=11,P0.001);雄性线家域为(205.8±52.5)m,显著大于雌性的(25.0±2.0)m(t=5.781,df=11,P=0.034);分析遥测个体位点利用方式,蜡皮蜥个体家域内核域明显,雄性核域为(1 380.5±429.1)m2,显著大于雌性的(80.2±18.5)m2(t=5.088,df=11,P0.001),且雄性核域占100%最小凸多边形家域面积的比例为10.9%±3.9%,显著低于雌性的33.3%±6.1%(t=﹣7.834,df=11,P0.001);雄性100%MCP面积不仅与头体长(SVL)之间线性相关显著(n=10,r=0.815,P=0.004),而且与体重(BM)之间也具有明显的线性相关(n=10,r=0.683,P=0.029);个体之间具有家域和核域重叠,雄性个体之间100%MCP家域重叠指数为0.26±0.17,显著低于雌性的0.66±0.02(t=﹣3.372,df=34,P=0.002),而雄性核域重叠面积占核域比例为2.50%±1.70%、重叠指数为0.02±0.02,雌性比例为0.34%±0.01%、重叠指数为0.01,表明蜡皮蜥具有明显的领域性,且雌性在繁殖季节其领域性明显高于雄性。     

野化放归丹顶鹤活动节律、家域特征和栖息地选择

了解野放丹顶鹤的运动模式、家域和栖息地选择的时间节律特征对丹顶鹤种群保护和栖息地管理尤为重要。基于GPS-GSM跟踪数据,综合运用3S技术、动态布朗桥模型、栖息地选择指数,研究了盐城海滨湿地野放丹顶鹤在不同生活周期的活动节律、家域的面积和重叠指数,以及栖息地选择。结果表明：(1)丹顶鹤日活动节律具有明显的周期性特征。丹顶鹤活动强度：育成期>越冬期>孵化期>育雏期,孵化期和育雏期日间活动强度平稳,育成期和越冬期呈“双峰”模式。(2)丹顶鹤95%家域面积均值介于(111.18±22.15)hm²—(621.28±105.77)hm²,育成期((621.28±105.77) hm²)>育雏期((226.83±54.86) hm²)>孵化期((112.40±7.72) hm²)>越冬期((111.18±22.15) hm²);核心家域面积均值介于(0.53±0.26)—(45.78±6.66) hm²,育成...     

Local movements and population size of European eels,Anguilla anguilla,in a small lake in southwestern Spain

Synopsis Radio telemetry was used to study the movements of European eels,Anguilla anguilla, in a small (1.2 ha) lake in southwestern Spain in March and April, 1985. Observations were taken on the locations of 7 eels at least once each 2 h for a combined total of 1713 h. The size of individual activity regions varied from 2700 to 1300 m². Eels covered a larger area at night than during the day, with an average of 23% and 42% of the activity region used during the day and night respectively. Average distance moved between observations was significantly greater at night than in the day. Eels tracked during rainy and cloudy weather were more active during the day and used a larger total area than did those tracked during drier, more stable weather. The standing crop of eels was estimated to be about 77 kg ha^–1.     

Displacement,and home range movements of muskellunge determined by ultrasonic tracking

Synopsis Five adult or subadult muskellunge, Esox masquinongy (Salmoniformes: Esocoidei), were tracked over periods of 6–11 days by means of ultrasonic (74 ± 1 Khz) transmitters, surgically implanted in the body cavity. One of these fish demonstrated that survival and well-being for over a year is probable. There was no apparent effect on equilibrium, swimming, or feeding. There was also no apparent abnormally high amount of movement immediately after release.Signal range was at times no greater than 10 m (in contrast to a potential of 1 km) as a result of the air in the dense aquatic vegetation.Area occupied by a single individual for a protracted period could be described as a linear distance of 300–800 m in the stream, or a circle 300 m in diamter in the lake. Displaced individuals returned to a specific locality. Following spawning they do so over a distance as great as 6.4 km in a maximum of two days. There was evidence that two individuals used the same general area simultaneously.Subsequent results with some of the same individuals indicated that radio transmitters are more practical and yield better results in the situation under study.     

Influences of parturition on home range and microhabitat use of female black-faced impalas

The use of home ranges and microhabitats by female black-faced impalas Aepyceros melampus petersi was investigated using radio-telemetry over a 4-month period that coincided with parturition at Ongava Game Reserve, north-west Namibia. The aim of the study was to test how ranging patterns and microhabitat use were affected by the presence of young. The mean minimum convex polygon (MCP) home range of the 11 tracked female black-faced impalas exceeded the largest of home ranges of impalas elsewhere by at least six times, and females used significantly larger total ranges (MCPs) after birth, although (50% kernel) core areas did not change significantly. Females were more likely to be solitary or alone with a lamb in the first week of their lambs' lives than in the periods after or before that time, and they both shifted their home ranges and changed their microhabitat use after parturition. Decisions on microhabitat and space use by female black-faced impalas appeared to be affected by parturition.     

Home ranges, movements, and activity of wolves (Canis lupus) in the Dalmatian part of Dinarids, Croatia

Home-range sizes, movements, and daily activity of wolves (Canis lupus L. 1758) were studied in Dalmatia, Croatia in 1998–2001. The total home ranges (100% MCP) of two packs were 160 km² and 141 km², mean=150.5 km². Core areas (50% kernel) were 26.2 km² and 3.3 km², respectively. Differences in core area sizes were influenced by human activity—hunting and sheep grazing. Compared with random locations, wolf locations were closer to the nearest water source (mean=937 m) and farther from houses (mean=653 m). Wolves were significantly more active during the night than during the day (activity indexes were 0.53 vs. 0.35), and night activity was higher during summer (0.58), and lower during winter (0.48). A correlation was found between distances traveled and activity index (r=0.58, p=0.003). Home range, seasonal variations in home-range size, habitat use, and activity of wolves in Dalmatia were oriented to make the compromise from danger of proximity to humans and also to benefit from human-related food sources.     

The superficial vascular hyaloid system in the eye of the frogs,Rana temporaria and Rana esculenta

Summary The angioarchitecture of the superficial vascular hyaloid system (membrana vasculosa retinae) of the frog eye was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. The terminal vessels form a single-layered sheath intimately adjacent to the vitreal side of the avascular retina. The hyaloid system is subdivided by the ventral venous trunk into three central areas: the dorsal, the temporo-ventral, and the naso-ventral area. Toward the ora serrata, the hyaloid system is bordered by an arterial ring, and by nasal and temporal venous branches forming more or less complete hemicircles. A vascular zone composed of several tongue-like sectors establishes an inter-connection between the peripheral vascular rings and the central areas of the fundus. The arterial blood is supplied from the arterial ring. The drainage of the hyaloid system is provided via two routes: (1) the Y-shaped ventral trunk collects blood from the central areas, (2) the two peripheral venous branches drain the tongue-like sectors. The vessels within the dorsal area follow preferentially a dorso-ventral meridional direction. This densely capillarized territory corresponds in localization to the area centralis retinae. The ultrastructure of microvessels of the hyaloid system is characterized by features typical for capillaries of the central nervous system.     

Home range, denning behaviour and microhabitat use of the carnivorous marsupial Dasyurus maculatus in eastern Australia

Radio-tracking of spotted-tailed quolls Dasyurus maculatus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in the forested ranges of north-eastern New South Wales revealed that home ranges were extensive, with males occupying large, overlapping ranges [minimum convex polygon (MCP) up to 757 ha] and females occupying smaller, non-overlapping territories (MCP up to 175 ha). Quolls were partly arboreal, although most activity occurred on the ground or on fallen logs. Hollow logs were most frequently used as dens, but rock crevices, burrows, tree hollows and artificial structures were also used. Individual quolls were located in up to nine different dens and, with the exception of maternal dens, rarely sheltered in the same location on successive days. The large home ranges of the spotted-tailed quoll and the non-overlapping nature of female ranges necessitate very large areas of habitat to support viable populations. Fallen timber, used extensively for shelter and in travelling, may serve to enhance the quality of habitat for the species, and should be retained by forest and wildlife managers.     

Movement out of home range and disturbed behavior patterns in a group of bonnet monkeys: Macaca radiata

A free living group of bonnet monkeys unnaturally and unusually moved far out of its established home range. The movement in this new habitat made the behavior of these monkeys abnormal. They did not follow any ordered pattern of group movement and any regular pattern of everyday activities. The social behavior and social communications were highly disturbed. The monkeys appeared to be scared, shy and suspicious. The death of four members during a 37-day-trip was an abnormally high rate of mortality.