NaHS抑制创伤出血性休克导致的大鼠心肌组织的凋亡

目的:创伤导致的失血性休克是临床上常见的导致死亡的原因之一,传统的快速扩容措施会导致缺血-再灌注损伤,诱发炎症反应和组织细胞的凋亡坏死;新型气体信号分子硫化氢(H2S)具有抗炎、促进心血管增生等多种生理保护功能,在此实验中我们探索了新型气体信号分子硫化氢(H2S)对出血性休克大鼠心肌的保护作用。方法:复制雄性SD大鼠出血性休克模型:复制大鼠腹中正切口造成创伤模型,然后经右侧股动脉插管放血,造成失血性休克,右侧股静脉建立液体通道准备复苏,给药组大鼠经腹腔给予NaHS(28μmol/kg),经左侧股动脉插管至左心室监测大鼠血流动力学的影响;取大鼠复苏后2 h静脉血,测量血清肌酸激酶(CK)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平,比较各组心肌酶改变。以蛋白印记法观察大鼠心肌组织凋亡相关因子Bcl-2、Bax、与Caspase-8的表达变化。结果:外源性H2S对创伤性休克大鼠的血流动力学指标有不同程度的改善,保护了创伤休克导致的心肌细胞的损伤,并上调了大鼠心肌组织中抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,下调了促凋亡蛋白Bax及Caspase-8的表达。结论:外源性硫化氢可能通过抑制凋亡途径来保护创伤性休克导致大鼠的心肌组织的损伤,从而起到保护作用。     

外源性硫化氢对创伤失血性休克大鼠血浆炎症因子的影响

目的:研究外源性硫化氢(H2S)对创伤失血性休克大鼠炎症反应的影响。方法:选择健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为四组:假手术组(Sham),模型组(HTS),生理盐水组(NS),NaHS处理组(NaHS),采用创伤失血性休克模型,Sham组完成所有手术操作,但不放血和复苏,HTS组完成所有手术操作放血后给予Ringer’s液复苏,NS组放血后在Ringer’s液复苏前腹腔注射与NaHS组等容量的生理盐水,NaHS组在复苏前给与NaHS28μmol/kg(生理盐水稀释至0.5ml)腹腔注射。持续监测各组平均动脉压(MAP)及心律(HR),并通过测定血浆中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10浓度的变化,观察外源性硫化氢对创伤失血性休克大鼠血浆炎症因子的影响。结果:①与HTS组及NS组比较,NaHS组复苏后MAP明显改善(P<0.05)。②与HTS组及NS组比较,复苏后1小时NaHS组血浆TNFα、IL-1β、IL-6浓度明显降低(P<0.05);而IL-10浓度四组间差异不明显(P>0.05)。结论:外源性硫化氢可改善创伤失血性休克大鼠复苏后平均动脉压及抑制复苏后早期炎症反应。     

外源性硫化氢对创伤失血性休克大鼠血浆炎症因子的影响

目的：研究外源性硫化氢（H2S）对创伤失血性休克大鼠炎症反应的影响。方法：选择健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为四组：假手术组（Sham）,模型组（HTS）,生理盐水组（NS）,NaHS处理组（NaHS）,采用创伤失血性休克模型,Sham组完成所有手术操作,但不放血和复苏,HTS组完成所有手术操作放血后给予Ringer＇s液复苏,NS组放血后在Ringer＇s液复苏前腹腔注射与NaHS组等容量的生理盐水,NaHS组在复苏前给与NaHS28μmol/kg（生理盐水稀释至0.5ml）腹腔注射。持续监测各组平均动脉压（MAP）及心律（HR）,并通过测定血浆中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10浓度的变化,观察外源性硫化氢对创伤失血性休克大鼠血浆炎症因子的影响。结果：①与HTS组及NS组比较,NaHS组复苏后MAP明显改善（P〈0.05）。②与HTS组及NS组比较,复苏后1小时NaHS组血浆TNFα、IL-1β、IL-6浓度明显降低（P〈0.05）;而IL-10浓度四组间差异不明显（P〉0.05）。结论：外源性硫化氢可改善创伤失血性休克大鼠复苏后平均动脉压及抑制复苏后早期炎症反应。     

丹参酮IIA对脂多糖引起腹膜间皮细胞损伤的保护作用（英文）

本研究探讨了丹参酮IIA对脂多糖诱导大鼠腹膜间皮细胞(rat peritoneal mesothelial cells,RPMCs)炎症反应、氧化应激及其损伤的影响。采用原代培养大鼠腹膜间皮细胞(RPMCs),分为正常对照组、5 mg/L LPS作用RPMC 24 h组、5 mg/L LPS分别与40、80和160μmol/L丹参酮IIA共同作用24 h组。MTT测定各组RPMCs增值率。ELISA法检测细胞培养液中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α表达。流式细胞仪检测活性氧(ROS)水平,试剂盒检测丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)表达。RT-PCR法检测各组FN、COL I、Bcl-2和Bax mRNA的表达。研究发现丹参酮IIA+LPS组的RPMCs的增殖率明显高于LPS组(P0.05)。丹参酮IIA可降低LPS刺激下RPMCs中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、ROS和MDA的表达,同时FN、COL I、Bax mRNA表达也明显下降。但SOD水平和Bcl-2 mRNA表达明显升高,与LPS组相比。实验结果显示,丹参酮IIA具有抑制LPS所致的氧化应激及炎性反应,减少细胞凋亡及抑制纤维化的作用,进而起到对RPMCs的保护作用。     

NaHS干预SDF-1/CXCR4 对休克大鼠肺损伤的影响

目的:研究外源性硫化氢钠(NaHS)对创伤失血性休克大鼠肺损伤的影响。方法:72只SD大鼠随机分成三组,假手术组(Sham组,n=24),模型组(HTS组,n=24),NaHS处理组(NaHS组,n=24)。大鼠建立创伤失血性休克模型,Sham组完成所有手术操作,但不放血和复苏,HTS组完成所有手术操作放血后给予Ringer's液复苏,NaHS组在复苏前给与NaHS 28μmol/kg(生理盐水稀释至0.5 mL)腹腔注射,完成所有手术操作。持续监测各组平均动脉压(MAP)及心率(HR),并通过监测肺系数、肺湿/干重比观察肺水肿的情况,通过Westem Blot监测SDF-1、CXCR4蛋白水平的变化,通过ELISA测定肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10浓度的变化。结果:①与Sham组比较,HTS组复苏后,肺系数、肺湿/干重明显增加,SDF-1、CXCR4蛋白表达增多,肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6浓度明显升高(P0.05);而IL-10浓度组间差异不明显(P0.05)。②与HTS组比较,复苏后1小时NaHS组肺系数、肺湿/干重减轻,SDF-1、CXCR4蛋白表达增多,肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6浓度降低(P0.05);而IL-10浓度组间差异不明显(P0.05)。结论:外源性硫化氢可改善创伤失血性休克大鼠复苏后肺损伤,其机制可能是通过干预SDF-1/CXCR4通路及抑制复苏后早期炎症反应。     

腹腔复苏治疗创伤失血性休克大鼠的实验研究

目的:探讨在静脉输液通道无法建立的情况下,单纯腹腔复苏对创伤失血性休克是否有效.方法:40只SD大鼠被随机分为A组(空白对照组)、B组(休克不复苏组,出血+急救期不接受任何治疗)、C组(腹腔复苏组,出血+急救期给予腹腔注射平衡液10ml/100g体重)、D组(静脉输液组,出血+急救期静脉输入平衡液并保持大鼠MAP在60+5mmHg),B、C、D三组大鼠均制备为未控制创伤失血性休克模型,记录各组大鼠的生存时间,比较各组大鼠的生存率,在0、30、90和120 min时相点观察比较各组大鼠临床指标、血气分析指标和血清TNF-α.结果:C组大鼠的存活时间较B组明显延长(P＜0.05);C组大鼠72 h存活率明显高于B组,但低于D组(P＜0.05).C组大鼠的临床复苏指标、血气分析指标均优于B组,但较D组差;C组大鼠血清TNF-α低于B组,高于D组.C组大鼠生存率明显高于B组,低于D组.结论:腹腔复苏治疗创伤失血性休克大鼠是有效的但效果比静脉复苏差.     

丹参酮IIA对大鼠移植性肝癌的抑制作用

目的：观察丹参酮IIA对大鼠移植性肝癌的抑制作用。方法：将sD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、丹参酮[IA高、低剂量组。各组动物于移植术后12d处死。分离肿瘤测量其体积,reahimeRT．PCR法和western blot法检测肿瘤组织中HMGB1、VEGFmRNA和蛋白的表达。结果：丹参酮IIA能明显降低肿瘤体积,降低肿瘤组织中HMGBl、VEGFmRNA和蛋白的表达。结论：丹参酮IIA能抑制大鼠移植性肝癌的生长,其机制可能与抑制HMGB1、VEGF表达有关。     

丹参酮Ⅱ-A对细胞因子IL-6和IL-10的影响

目的:RAW264.7细胞中,炎症发生时相关的细胞炎症因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)起重要作用.丹参酮Ⅱ-A是传统中药丹参的一种重要的药理成分,它具有一定的抑制炎症的作用.但是,从传统中药丹参提取液中的丹参酮对炎症过程的影响研究较少.该文着重介绍了丹参酮Ⅱ-A在转录水平上对IL-6和IL-10的调节作用.方法:以RAW264.7细胞系作为药物刺激靶细胞,使用不同浓度的丹参酮Ⅱ-A对其进行刺激,分别刺激24h、48h后,半定量RT-PCR检测IL-6和IL-10mRNA表达量的变化.结果:丹参酮Ⅱ-A可以诱导IL-10的释放,同时也减少IL-6的生成,说明它对炎症因子有一定的调控作用.结论:在炎症发生后,丹参酮Ⅱ-A可有效的调节炎症因子的mRNA表达量,进而减少或消除炎症.     

沙漠干热环境创伤失血性休克继发性肺损伤及相关炎症因子变化

目的:探讨沙漠干热环境下创伤失血性休克(THS)猪不同时间点继发性肺损伤特点及炎症因子的变化。方法:健康长白仔猪60只,随机分为3组,分别为:干热创伤失血性休克组(DHS组),干热创伤失血性休克假手术组(DHC组),常温创伤失血休克组(NTS组),每组20只。实验前将DHS组和DHC组在干热环境(温度40.5±0.5℃,湿度10%±2%),NTS组在常温环境(温度25.0±0.5℃,湿度35%±5%)分别在相应的环境下暴露3 h后建立模型,再将DHS组、DHC组和NTS组分别随机分成4个亚组(n=5):分别于模型建立成功后0 min,50 min,100 min,150 min安乐处死并取肺组织观察病理学变化,检测肺组织匀浆液内TNF-α、IL-1β含量变化及肺组织内i NOS、COX-2 m RNA表达量的变化。结果:高倍镜下病理切片可见DHS组各时间点肺均有不同程度的损伤,随时间延长呈逐渐加重趋势,病理学评分也不断升高;DHC组与NHC组在各时间点肺组织均未出现明显的病理学变化。DHS组肺组织匀浆液中细胞炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β分别在时间点T0、T1开始升高,峰值分别出现在T2、T3时间点;DHS组肺组织内i NOS、COX-2 m RNA在T0时间点即明显表达,在相同时间点分别和NTS组、DHC组比较,i NOS、COX-2 m RNA相对表达量差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论:沙漠干热环境下,创伤失血性休克猪继发性肺损伤出现时间早、损伤重且肺组织匀浆内炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β发生级联效应,肺组织内i NOS、COX-2在肺损伤过程中可能起关键作用。     

炎症因子相关基因在创伤失血性休克中的研究进展

近年来研究认为在创伤失血性休克的发生发展及液体复苏、缺血再关注过程中均伴随着炎症因子的变化,现将与炎症因子密切相关基因环氧化酶-2(COX-2)、核因子κB(NF-κB)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)、低氧诱导因子1α(HIF1α)、血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)、寒冷诱导的RNA结合蛋白(CIRBP)在创伤失血性休克中的作用机制方面的研究及进展作一综述,为创伤失血性休克临床救治提供思路。     

Tanshinone IIA protects lens epithelial cells from H2O 2-induced injury by upregulation of lncRNA ANRIL

Tanshinone IIA is a lipophilic diterpene extracted from the Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge, possessing antiapoptotic and antioxidant activities. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Tanshinone IIA on age-related nuclear cataract. Human lens epithelial cell line SRA01/04 was subjected to H ₂O ₂ to mimic a cell model of cataract. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometer, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection were performed to evaluate the effect of Tanshinone IIA pretreatment on SRA01/04 cells injured by H ₂O ₂. Besides, the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the expression of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL). Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of core proteins involved in cell survival and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. H ₂O ₂ significantly decreased SRA01/04 cells viability, whereas increased apoptosis and ROS generation. This phenomenon was coupled with the upregulated p53, p21, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and the downregulated cyclinD1, CDK4, and Bcl-2. Tanshinone IIA pretreatment protected SRA01/04 cells against H ₂O ₂-induced injury. In the meantime, the expression of lncRNA ANRIL was upregulated by Tanshinone IIA. And, the protective effects of Tanshinone IIA on H ₂O ₂-stimulated SRA01/04 cells were abolished when lncRNA ANRIL was silenced. Moreover, the elevated expression of lncRNA ANRIL induced by Tanshinone IIA was abolished by BAY 11-7082 (an inhibitor of NF-κB). To conclude, Tanshinone IIA protects SRA01/04 cells from apoptosis triggered by H ₂O ₂. Tanshinone IIA confers its protective effects possibly via modulation of NF-κB signaling and thereby elevating the expression of lncRNA ANRIL.     

丹参酮ⅡA调节microRNA-1保护缺氧心肌细胞的作用研究

目的:研究丹参酮Ⅱ A(TanshinoneⅡA)通过调节microRNA-1抗心肌细胞缺氧损伤的作用。方法:原代培养新生大鼠心肌细胞,建立心肌细胞缺氧模型。MTT法检测心肌细胞存活率(%);TUNEL、流式细胞术测心肌细胞凋亡率;激光共聚焦检测心肌细胞内钙离子[Ca2+]i浓度的变化情况。结果:MTT结果显示丹参酮ⅡA对缺氧心肌细胞及过表达miR-1引起心肌细胞损伤具有保护作用。丹参酮ⅡA增加了缺氧心肌细胞的存活率(P0.05),同时给予丹参酮ⅡA和miR-1组与单独miR-1损伤组相比较,存活率也明显升高,呈现剂量依赖性。TUNEL结果显示丹参酮ⅡA可以抑制缺氧诱导的细胞凋亡,丹参酮ⅡA可以明显降低由缺氧导致的细胞凋亡率(P0.05)。共聚焦检测结果显示,缺氧损伤的心肌细胞内[Ca2+]i显著升高1322.72±5.16(vs正常对照组,P0.05),丹参酮ⅡA则有效抑制由缺氧引起过高的[Ca2+]i。miR-1诱导的细胞内[Ca2+]i升高至1349.33±62.63,约为正常对照组的1.96倍,而丹参酮ⅡA则有效抑制胞内过高的[Ca2+]i,从而发挥心肌保护作用。结论:丹参酮ⅡA可能是通过抑制胞内miR-1的表达,参与对钙离子浓度的调控,发挥其对心肌细胞的保护作用。     

The anti-atherosclerotic effect of tanshinone IIA is associated with the inhibition of TNF-α-induced VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and CX3CL1 expression

Tanshinone IIA is one of the major diterpenes in Salvia miltiorrhiza. The inhibitory effect of Tanshinone IIA on atherosclerosis has been reported, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. The present study aimed to study the anti-atherosclerosis effect of Tanshinone IIA on the adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelial cells and related mechanism. Results showed that Tanshinone IIA, at the concentrations without cytotoxic effect, dose-dependently inhibited the adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to the TNF-α-stimulated human vascular endothelial cells. The expressions of cell adhesion molecules including VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin were induced by TNF-α in HUVECs at both the mRNA and protein levels. The mRNA and protein expressions of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, but not E-selectin, were both significantly suppressed by Tanshinone IIA in a dose dependent manner. In addition, the TNF-α-induced mRNA expression of fractalkine/CX3CL1 and the level of soluble fractalkine were both reduced by Tanshinone IIA. We also found that Tanshinone IIA significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB which was resulted from the inhibitory effect of Tanshinone IIA on the TNF-α-activated phosphorylation of IKKα, IKKβ, IκB and NF-κB. As one of the major components of Salvia miltiorrhiza, Tanshinone IIA alone exerted more potent effect on inhibiting the adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelial cells when compared with Salvia miltiorrhiza. All together, these results demonstrate a novel underlying mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of Tanshinone IIA by modulating TNF-α-induced expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and fractalkine through inhibition of TNF-α-induced activation of IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway in human vascular endothelial cells.     

Tanshinone-induced ERs suppresses IGFII activation to alleviate Ang II-mediated cardiac hypertrophy

Cardiomyopathy involves changes in myocardial ultrastructure and cardiac hypertrophy. Angiotensin II (AngII) has previously been shown to stimulate the expression of IGF-2 and IGF-2R in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts and increase of blood pressure, and cardiac hypertrophy. Estrogen receptors (ERs) exert protective effects, such as anti-hypertrophy in cadiomyocytes. Tanshinone IIA (TSN), a main active ingredient from a Chinese medical herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen), was shown to protect cardiomyocytes hypertrophy by different stress signals. We aimed to investigate whether TSN protected H9c2 cardiomyocytes from AngII-induced activation of IGF-2R pathway and hypertrophy by mediating through ERs. AngII resulted in H9c2 cardiomyoblast hypertrophy and increased inflammatory molecular markers. These were down-regulated by TSN via estrogen receptors. AngII resulted in elevation in MAPKs, IGF-2R and hypertrophic protein markers. These, again, were reduced by addition of the phytoestrogen with activation of ERs. Finally, AngII induced phosphorylation of heat shock factor-1 (HSF1) and decreased sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). In addition, AngII also caused an increase in distribution of IGF-2R molecules on cell membrane. In contrast, TSN reduced HSF1 phosphorylation and cell surface IGF-2R while elevating SIRT1 via ERs. TSN was capable of attenuating AngII-induced IGF-2R pathway and hypertrophy through ERs in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells.     

Intracellular Delivery of Lipopolysaccharide Induces Effective Th1-Immune Responses Independent of IL-12

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is responsible for many of the inflammatory responses and pathogenic effects of Gram-negative bacteria, however, it also induces protective immune responses. LPS induces the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 from dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. It is thought that IL-12 is required for one of the protective immune responses induced by LPS, the T helper 1 (Th1)-immune response, which include the production of IFN-γ from Th1cells and IgG2c class switching. Here, we clearly demonstrate that intracellular delivery of LPS by LPS-formulated liposomes (LPS-liposomes) does not induce the production of inflammatory cytokines from DCs, but enhances Th1-immune responses via type-I IFNs, independent of IL-12. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that LPS-liposomes can effectively induce Th1-immune responses without inducing unnecessary inflammation, and may be useful as an immune adjuvant to induce protective immunity.     

Tanshinone IIA protects against cardiac hypertrophy via inhibiting calcineurin/NFATc3 pathway

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy induced by adrenergic overactivation can subsequently develop to heart failure which remains as a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Tanshinone IIA is a lipid-soluble pharmacologically active compound extracted from the rhizome of the Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. However, little is know about the effect of Tanshinone IIA on cardiac hypertrophy. The present study was aimed to investigate whether Tanshinone IIA prevents cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol (ISO) and to clarify its possible mechanisms. Cardiomyocytes hypertrophy was induced by ISO 10 μM for 48 h with or without Tanshinone IIA 10, 30, 100 μM pretreatment, and evaluated by determining the cell size and the expression of ANP, BNP, β-MHC, Calcineurin, and NFATc3 by real-time PCR and western blot. We found that Tanshinone IIA pretreatment attenuated the enlargement of cell surface area induced by ISO in cultured cardiomyocytes. The mRNA level of ANP, BNP and β-MHC was obviously elevated in ISO-treated cardiac cells, which was effectively inhibited by Tanshinone IIA. Moreover, we found that Tanshinone IIA pretreatment could prevent the augment of intracellular calcium transient in ISO-treated cardiomyocytes. The further study revealed that Calcineurin, NFATc3, ANP, BNP and β-MHC proteins were upregulated by ISO in ventricular myocytes, and Tanshinone IIA pretreatment significantly attenuate the increased expression of Calcineurin, NFATc3, ANP, BNP and β-MHC proteins. In summary, Tanshinone IIA attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by ISO through inhibiting Calcineurin/NFATc3 pathway, which provides new insights into the pharmacological role and therapeutic mechanism of Tanshinone IIA in heart diseases.     

Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate protects against Aβ-induced cell toxicity through regulating Aβ process

Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) has been reported to prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism is still unknown. In this study, two in vitro models, Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells transfected with APPsw (SH-SY5Y-APPsw cells), were employed to investigate the neuroprotective of STS. The results revealed that pretreatment with STS (1, 10 and 100 µmol/L) for 24 hours could protect against Aβ (10 µmol/L)-induced cell toxicity in a dose-dependent manner in the SH-SY5Y cells. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate decreased the concentrations of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, NO and iNOS, while increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the SH-SY5Y cells. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate decreased the levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in the SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, Western blot results revealed that the expressions of neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme were up-regulated in the SH-SY5Y cells after STS treatment. Furthermore, ELISA and Western blot results showed that STS could decrease the levels of Aβ. ELISA and qPCR results indicated that STS could increase α-secretase (ADAM10) activity and decrease β-secretase (BACE1) activity. In conclusion, STS could protect against Aβ-induced cell damage by modulating Aβ degration and generation. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate could be a promising candidate for AD treatment.     

Secretory phospholipases A2 induce beta-glucuronidase release and IL-6 production from human lung macrophages

Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) are a group of extracellular enzymes that release fatty acids at the sn-2 position of phospholipids. Group IIA sPLA2 has been detected in inflammatory fluids, and its plasma level is increased in inflammatory diseases. To investigate a potential mechanism of sPLA2-induced inflammation we studied the effect of group IA (from cobra venom) and group IIA (human synovial) sPLA2s on human macrophages. Both sPLA2s induced a concentration- and Ca2+-dependent, noncytotoxic release of beta-glucuronidase (16.2 +/- 2.4% and 13.1 +/- 1.5% of the total content with groups IA and IIA, respectively). Both sPLA2s also increased the rate of secretion of IL-6 and enhanced the expression of IL-6 mRNA. Preincubation of macrophages with inhibitors of the hydrolytic activity of sPLA2 or cytosolic PLA2 did not influence the release of beta-glucuronidase. Incubation of macrophages with p-aminophenyl-mannopyranoside-BSA (mp-BSA), a ligand of the mannose receptor, also resulted in beta-glucuronidase release. However, while preincubation of macrophages with mp-BSA had no effect on beta-glucuronidase release induced by group IIA sPLA2, it enhanced that induced by group IA sPLA2. A blocking Ab anti-mannose receptor inhibited both mp-BSA- and group IIA-induced beta-glucuronidase release. Taken together, these data indicate that group IA and IIA sPLA2s activate macrophages with a mechanism independent from their enzymatic activities and probably related to the activation of the mannose receptor or sPLA2-specific receptors. The secretion of enzymes and cytokines induced by sPLA2s from human macrophages may play an important role in inflammation and tissue damage associated with the release of sPLA2s.     

Probiotics potentiate IL-6 production in IL-1beta-treated Caco-2 cells through a heat shock-dependent mechanism

IL-6 may exert anti-inflammatory and protective effects in intestinal mucosa and enterocytes. The influence of probiotics on mucosal and enterocyte IL-6 production is not known. We tested the hypothesis that the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum regulate IL-6 production in intestinal epithelial cells. Cultured Caco-2 cells were treated with 1 ng/ml of IL-1beta in the absence or presence of different concentrations of L. paracasei or L. plantarum followed by measurement of IL-6 production. The role of heat shock response was examined by determining the expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and hsp27, by downregulating their expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA), or by treating cells with quercetin. Treatment of the Caco-2 cells with IL-1beta resulted in increased IL-6 production, confirming previous reports from this laboratory. Probiotics alone did not influence IL-6 production, but the addition of probitoics to IL-1beta-treated cells resulted in a substantial augmentation of IL-6 production. Treatment of the Caco-2 cells with live L. paracasei increased cellular levels of hsp70 and hsp27 and the potentiating effect on IL-6 production was inhibited by quercetin and by hsp70 or hsp27 siRNA. Results suggest that probiotics may enhance IL-6 production in enterocytes subjected to an inflammatory stimulus and that this effect may, at least in part, be heat shock dependent.