中国无患子科的地理分布

无患子科是一个乏热带分布科,全世界有１４４属,１６８０种,本文着重阐述：１．无患子科的分类系统及演化;２．世界无患子科的地理分布;３．中国无患子科的地理分布;４．无患子科的早期化地点及散布途径。结果表明无患子科现代分布变异中心在亚洲（印度－马西亚）－非洲－南美洲。中国无患子科有２５属,５４种,特有成分外,均与印度一马来西亚共有,大多数位于分布区的边缘。根据化石记录及现代及分布推断,无患子科可能在白     

无患子皂苷生物活性及应用研究进展

本文综述了无患子皂苷生物活性和在医药、日化、农业领域应用研究进展,为综合开发利用无患子这一古老而传统的药用植物提供科学依据。     

不同居群无患子果实组成比较研究

无患子是一种广泛分布于我国南方的乔木,本文针对不同居群无患子全果的物理组成、种仁油脂及氨基酸组成等方面进行比较研究.福建无患子种仁含油率最高,达到42.8％;四川无患子种子含油率最高,达到13.7％.无患子油脂的脂肪酸碳链长度为C16～C24,其中C16～C20的脂肪酸均占92％以上,不饱和脂肪酸79％～85％.种仁氨...     

无患子中两个新的大戟烷型三萜皂甙

从无患子科无患子（Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)根中分离到两个新的大戟烷型三萜皂甙SapimukosideA（1）和SapimukosideB（2）。运用波谱和化学方法鉴定它们的结构为3－O－α-L鼠李吡喃糖基－（1→2）-[α-L－阿拉伯吡喃糖基－（1→3）]－β－D－葡萄吡喃糖基－21,23R－epoxyl tirucall-7,24R-diene-3β,21-diol(1)和3－O－α-L－鼠李吡喃糖基－（1→6）－β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基21,23R-epoxyl tirucall-7,24R-diene-3β,21-diol(2)。     

无患子中两个新的大戟烷型三萜皂甙

从无患子科无患子(Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)根中分离到两个新的大戟烷型三萜皂甙Sapimukoside A (1) 和Sapimukoside B (2).运用波谱和化学方法鉴定它们的结构为3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基-(1→2)-[α-L-阿拉伯吡喃糖基-(1→3)]-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-21, 23R-epoxyl tirucall-7, 24R-diene-3β, 21-diol (1) 和3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基-(1→6)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基21, 23R-epoxyl tirucall-7, 24R-diene-3β, 21-diol (2).     

无患子属植物的化学成分及生物活性研究进展

本文对近30年来无患子属植物的化学成分和生物活性研究进展进行了综述,为该属植物的进一步开发利用提供参考.无患子属植物的化学成分主要包括挥发油、三萜皂苷、倍半萜苷类化合物等,这些化合物具有抑菌、抗肿瘤、保肝和表面活性等多方面的生物活性.     

超声辅助低水比提取无患子皂素工艺过程研究

无患子皂素是一种天然的表面活性剂,具有良好的乳化、分散、发泡、湿润等功效。采用超声波辅助法低水比无患子皂素提取优化工艺为:超声频率20 kHz,超声时间20 min,料液比1∶6,超声功率800 W,提取温度60℃,皂素提取得率为37.27%。超声波辅助法提取无患子皂素可以减少过程用水量,降低能耗,提高皂素得率。     

无患子果实经济性状与环境因子的相关性

无患子分布范围广,不同种源果实经济性状差异明显,具体由哪些环境因子对无患子果实经济性状变异起主要作用尚不明确.本文以我国无患子自然分布的东、西、南、北4个边界的4个省份为调查单元,将收集到的47株天然种质为研究对象,测定各优株果实经济性状,通过相关性分析、冗余分析研究无患子果实经济性状与环境因子的互作规律.结果表明:果...     

无患子果实生长发育及其内含物的变化特征北大核心CSCD

以福建建宁县无患子为材料,观测果实生长动态,并采用Logistic方程对生长指标进行曲线拟合,观察生长过程中果皮显微结构变化,确定无患子果实生长发育的重要时期,为无患子的高效栽培管理和果实采收策略的制定提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)无患子果实生长、果皮总皂苷和种子油脂的积累规律相似,总体上呈Logistic增长模型的单“S”型曲线;果皮总皂苷和种子油脂的主要积累时期分别为45~90 DAP(花授粉后天数)和75~105 DAP。(2)无患子果皮除含有角质层、表皮细胞、厚角细胞、薄壁细胞、维管束、石细胞等基本结构外,还含有溶生式分泌腔和草酸钙簇晶等特征性结构;随着果实生长,分泌腔体积逐渐变大。(3)根据果实生长变化规律和Logistic方程拟合结果,可将无患子果实生长发育进程划分为生长初期(0~30 DAP)、速生期(30~90 DAP)、生长后期(90~120 DAP)和果实成熟期(120~150 DAP)4个阶段。在生产实践中果实成熟期内均适合果实采收,其中135和150 DAP分别为果实皂用和油用采收的最佳时期,此外还应根据每年天气状况对果实采收时间进行适当调整。     

无患子及其制剂的薄层色谱鉴别探讨

目的探讨无患子及其制剂的鉴别方法。方法采用薄层色谱法在不同条件下进行薄层色谱考察,选择适宜的薄层色谱条件。结果最佳薄层色谱条件为:以正丁醇-乙酸乙酯-水-浓氨水(40∶10∶50∶1;V∶V∶V∶V)上层液为展开剂,室内环境中展开,晾干,喷5%磷钼酸乙醇液,105℃加热至斑点清晰,在日光下检视,无患子及其在制剂中的成分分离效果良好,色谱斑点清晰,耐用性好。结论该法操作简便可靠,分离度较好,可作为无患子及其制剂的鉴别方法。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparison of in vitro decomposition of bryophytic and tracheophytic plant material

The fossil record of bryophytes is generally poor and infertile plants attributable to liverworts and mosses could also be thalloid vascular plant gametophytes or herbaceous lycophytes respectively. The paucity of the bryophytic record could be the result of relatively rapid degradation of bryophytic material in comparison to that of vascular plants, the absence of lignified cells in bryophytes sustaining this belief. However, certain organs of bryophytes are as robust as those of vascular plants (e.g. spores) and the hydroxybenzofuran polymers produced by some mosses could be of similar preservational resistance to lignins. A simplistic experiment to test the relative resistance to decay of bryophytic material has been undertaken. Its findings suggest that bryophytic plant material has a similar preservational potential to that of a selected vascular plant, particularly in organic rich sediments. This result may be construed to imply that bryophytes were indeed less abundant in the preservational environments of the Coal Measures than might be expected on the basis of current palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.     

Phylogenetic definitions and taxonomic philosophy

An examination of the post-Darwinian history of biological taxonomy reveals an implicit assumption that the definitions of taxon names consist of lists of organismal traits. That assumption represents a failure to grant the concept of evolution a central role in taxonomy, and it causes conflicts between traditional methods of defining taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names (de Queiroz and Gauthier 1990) grant the concept of common ancestry a central role in the definitions of taxon names and thus constitute an important step in the development of phylogenetic taxonomy. By treating phylogenetic relationships rather than organismal traits as necessary and sufficient properties, phylogenetic definitions remove conflicts between the definitions of taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. The general method of definition represented by phylogenetic definitions of clade names can be applied to the names of other kinds of composite wholes, including populations and biological species. That the names of individuals (composite wholes) can be defined in terms of necessary and sufficient properties provides the foundation for a synthesis of seemingly incompatible positions held by contemporary individualists and essentialists concerning the nature of taxa and the definitions of taxon names.     

Chronological Events Associated with the Antagonistic Properties of Trichoderma harzianum against Botrytis cinerea: Indirect Evidence for Sequential Role of Antibiosis and Parasitism

Chronological events associated with the degradation of Botrytis cinerea by a strain of Trichoderma harzianum selected for superior biocontrol ability were studied using ultrastructure and cytochemical investigations in an attempt to define the relative roles of antibiosis and parasitism in the antagonistic process. The first ultrastructural changes were observed 12 h before contact between the organisms, and were characterized by punctuated invaginations of the Botrytis plasmalemma. These reactions were followed by a gradual retraction of the plasmalemma, disorganization of the cytoplasm, loss of turgor pressure and cell death within 48 h of contact between hyphae of the interacting fungi. The first evidence of penetration of B. cinerea by T. harzianum was recorded 72 h after contact. This penetration was apparently mediated by either mechanical pressure or localized wall digestion at points of entry, as there was no clear evidence of chitinolytic degradation of the B. cinerea cell wall, as determined by cytochemical labelling of chitin with a lectin-gold conjugate. However, after 10 days there was clear indication of chitin degradation, based on the random and reduced presence of gold particles over the cell wall of B. cinerea. These results suggest that the strain of T. harzianum antagonized first and foremost by antibiosis, leading to cell death, followed by degradation of the cell by means of chitinolytic enzymes. The production of antibiotics may, therefore, be more important than that of chitinolytic enzymes in conferring superior biocontrol properties to T. harzianum.     

From the creation of the Veterinary Schools to the evolution of the notion of contagion in the 19th and 20th centuries

The creation of the Veterinary Schools in the 18th century would reveal a plethora of scientists, some of whom would be the precursors of Pasteur, some rivals, others followers collaborators or friends of the Master. Among the precursors let us name Chabbert, Huzard, Girard, Delafond, Renault, Toussaint, Galtier ; among the rivals: Chauveau, Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas; among the followers, collaborators or friends of Pasteur: Bouley, at first a resolute spontaneist, then the most fervent in defense of Pasteur (President of the Academy of Medicine and of the Academy of Sciences) and Nocard, Director of the School in Alfort, an important collaborator of Pasteur. Later, there was Leclainche, who created the International Office of Epizootics, and who was President of the Academy of Sciences; Guérin, who with Calmette developed the BCG vaccination; Ramon, the father of anatoxins (vaccines against diphtheria, and tetanus, combined vaccines, adjuvants to immunity). Thus, the creation of the Veterinary Schools contributed not only to the evolution of the notion of contagion, to the amelioration of animal health and the economics of agricultural production, but also to serious advances in human care, and to the protection of public health.     

Evolution of pupation site and interspecific competitive ability in Drosophila hydei

A competition experiment conducted over a period of 50 weeks resulted in stable coexistence of Drosophila hydei and D. melanogaster. In a repeat of this experiment the results for the first 25 weeks were similar to the results of the earlier experiment, but after this time the state of coexistence collapsed and a fairly rapid trend towards competitive exclusion was observed. Extinctions of D. melanogaster occurred in 11 of the 12 experimental cages before termination of the experiment at 50 weeks. At about the same time as the competitive ability of D. hydei increased, an alteration in the range of pupation sites utilized by this species was noted. The change in pupation site was demonstrated to be at least partially heritable, and it appears to be responsible for D. hydei's increased competitive ability. This experiment provides an example of natural selection within a competing population acting against the stability of the overall two-species system.     

Chromatic adaptation in a mutant of Fremyella diplosiphon incapable of phycoerythrin synthesis

A mutant of the chromatically adapting cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon, incapable of phycoerythrin synthesis but responding to wavelength modulation of its biliprotein content, was isolated. The biliprotein composition of the mutant and of the wild type were identical after growth in red light, but green light induced, in the mutant, the synthesis of a biliviolin-type chromophore bound to some of the alpha subunits of its phycocyanin. Implications of the results on the regulation and possible pathways of biliprotein biosynthesis are discussed.     

Crystallographic orientations of structural elements in skeletons of Syringoporicae (tabulate corals,Carboniferous): implications for biomineralization processes in Palaeozoic corals

The crystallographic orientation of structural elements in skeletons of representatives of Carboniferous Syringoporicae (Auloporida) has been analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), petrographic microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) on specimens from the Iberian Peninsula. The skeletons of the tabulate corals of the Syringoporicae consist of biogenic calcite crystals, and their microstructure is composed of lamellae, fibres and granules, or of a combination of these. Independent of the microstructure, the c‐axis is oriented towards the lumen, quasi‐perpendicular to the growth direction of the skeleton (perpendicular to the morphological axis lamellae, parallel to fibres). Most phaceloid taxa have a turbostratic distribution, as a biogenic response to prevent the cleavage of crystals. Cerioid and some phaceloid corals, whose microstructure is conditioned by wall elements, do not exhibit turbostratic distribution. Wall elements are determined by the biology of each taxon. Holacanth septal spines are composed of fibres arranged in a cone‐shape structure, sometimes clamped to the external part of the corallite and show a complex crystallography. Monacanth septal spines are spindle shaped and composed of bundles of fibres. Tabulae are composed of lamellae. Their development and crystallographic orientation depends on the position of the epithelium in each case. Shared walls are formed by a combination of the walls of two independent corallites with a median lamina, composed of granules; these have a crystallographic orientation between that of the two corallites. The growth of the microstructure is derived by a coordinated stepping mode of growth, similar to other groups of organisms such as molluscs and scleractinians. The nucleation and formation of packages of co‐oriented microcrystals suggest a growth mode similar to mineral bridges with a competitive growth mode between each crystal. The growth pattern of corallites suggests that the growth direction is divided into two main components: a horizontal growth direction towards the lumen and a vertical direction towards the top.     

Échinodermes de l'Ordovicien supérieur (Ashgill) de Sardaigne et d'Algérie

Research on the influence of sea level variations on the benthic faunas have been carried out in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia. Study of the depositional facies and sequence analysis of the upper part (Lower Ashgill) of the Portixeddu Formation led to the identification of the sedimentary environments. Cystoids and crinoids are associated to bryozoans and brachiopods in most levels. The numerical analysis of associations and megaguilds shows that crinoids and cystoids have a higher frequency in the proximal and median facies of the upper offshore. The columnal association characterized by Conspectocrinus celticus and the coronoid Mespilocystites tregarvanicus has been discovered in the upper part of the formation. This material and complementary samples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Kabylia (Algeria) bring additional data on the systematic and show the wide distribution of this fauna outside of the Ibero-armorican domain. The distribution of this echinoderm association supports a palaeogeographical position of the Ibero-armorican domain and Sardinia within the north gondwanan margin during the Lower Palaeozoic.     

Morphology of the regiones ethmoidalis and orbitotemporalis in Galea musteloides Meyen 1832 and Kerodon rupestris (Wied-Neuwied 1820) (Rodentia: Caviidae) with comments on the phylogenetic systematics of the Caviidae

The present study describes the fetal regions ethmoidalis and orbitotemporalis of the cranium of Galea musteloides and Kerodon rupestris and compares them with Galea spixii and Cavia porcellus . The fetal crania of these representatives of the Caviinae were serially sectioned and 3D plate reconstructions were built. For a broader scope, serially sectioned heads of the caviomorph taxa Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris and Dasyprocta leporina were also examined. The ethmoidal and orbitotemporal regions of the cranium provides characters that are pertinent to the discussion of systematics of the Caviinae. Nine cranial characters were identified as being significant and discussed phylogenetically. Taking the monophyly of the Cavioidea as given, two characters are autapomorphic for the genus Galea: the reduction of the crista semicircularis and the lacrimale forming the 'arco antorbitario' (Kraglievich 1930). Cavia is the sister group of Galea; synapomorphic characters are the extent of the processus palatinus medialis of the praemaxillare and the presence lamina pterygoidea of the alisphenoid. There were no apomorphic characters of the structural complexes examined that could support the Caviinae. The reduced and nonperforated alisphenoid is an autapomorphic feature of the Caviidae. The division of the nasoturbinale is evidence for a sistergroup relationship of the Hydrochaeridae and the Caviidae. Autapomorphic characters for the Cavioidea include the ventrolateral opening of the organon vomeronasale and the lateral prolongation of the lacrimale.