结核分枝杆菌Rv1886c的原核表达及其免疫生物学特性

【目的】Rv1886c基因编码的Ag85B是结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,M.tb)感染早期的分泌蛋白,本研究对其所诱导的免疫应答特性进行了探索。【方法】对Ag85B进行原核表达和鉴定,并通过夹心ELISA、间接ELISA及ELISPOT方法测定其诱导的细胞免疫和体液免疫应答水平。【结果】SDS-PAGE及Western blot鉴定结果表明,以包涵体形式表达的Ag85B蛋白,经变性、复性后能与结核病人的抗血清及免疫重组李斯特菌LM-Ag85B的小鼠抗血清发生特异性反应,表明His-Ag85B融合蛋白具有较好的免疫活性。将纯化的Ag85B蛋白皮下免疫C57BL/6小鼠,夹心ELISA的测定结果表明,Ag85B蛋白免疫组诱导小鼠产生的特异性IFN-γ水平显著高于IL-4的水平(P0.001),呈现Th1型细胞免疫应答趋势;以结核菌素PPD作为包被抗原,通过间接ELISA测定的血清抗体效价达到1∶6400,表明Ag85B也能诱导有效的体液免疫应答。此外,以尾静脉途径初次免疫小鼠42天时,ELISPOT测定结果显示,结核分枝杆菌H37Rv诱导小鼠产生Ag85B240-259特异性的IFN-γ水平极显著高于卡介苗(BCG)免疫组(P0.001)。【结论】Ag85B蛋白能激发小鼠产生较强的Th1型细胞免疫应答和较好的体液免疫应答;BCG单次免疫后诱导小鼠产生的Ag85B特异的细胞免疫应答水平较低。本研究为揭示结核分枝杆菌的致病机理、新型疫苗的研制和早期诊断试剂的开发奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌Rv1886c的原核表达及其免疫生物学特性

摘要:【目的】Rv1886c基因编码的Ag85B是结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,M．tb)感染早期的分泌蛋白,本研究对其所诱导的免疫应答特性进行了探索。【方法】对Ag85B进行原核表达和鉴定,并通过夹心ELISA、间接ELISA及ELISPOT方法测定其诱导的细胞免疫和体液免疫应答水平。【结果】SDS-PAGE及Western blot鉴定结果表明,以包涵体形式表达的Ag85B蛋白,经变性、复性后能与结核病人的抗血清及免疫重组李斯特菌LM-Ag85B的小鼠抗血清发生特异性反应,表明His-Ag85B融合蛋白具有较好的免疫活性。将纯化的Ag85B 蛋白皮下免疫C57BL/6小鼠,夹心ELISA的测定结果表明,Ag85B蛋白免疫组诱导小鼠产生的特异性IFN-γ水平显著高于IL-4的水平(P＜0.001),呈现Th1型细胞免疫应答趋势;以结核菌素PPD作为包被抗原,通过间接ELISA测定的血清抗体效价达到1∶6400,表明Ag85B也能诱导有效的体液免疫应答。此外,以尾静脉途径初次免疫小鼠42天时,ELISPOT测定结果显示,结核分枝杆菌H37Rv诱导小鼠产生Ag85B240－259特异性的IFN-γ水平极显著高于卡介苗(BCG)免疫组(P＜0.001)。【结论】Ag85B蛋白能激发小鼠产生较强的Th1型细胞免疫应答和较好的体液免疫应答;BCG单次免疫后诱导小鼠产生的Ag85B特异的细胞免疫应答水平较低。本研究为揭示结核分枝杆菌的致病机理、新型疫苗的研制和早期诊断试剂的开发奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌Rv2626c诱导的细胞免疫应答特性

全球有近1/4的人感染结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,M.tb)并长期处于潜伏感染状态。Rv2626c是结核分枝杆菌受DosR调控的重要潜伏感染相关蛋白。本研究对Rv2626c蛋白进行了原核表达和纯化,并以RAW264.7细胞和小鼠为感染模型,对其免疫生物学特性进行了分析。SDS-PAGE及Western blotting鉴定结果表明,Rv2626c-His融合蛋白主要以可溶形式表达,能与兔抗H37Rv多抗血清发生特异性免疫反应。此外,本研究发现Rv2626c蛋白能结合到巨噬细胞RAW 264.7表面并上调细胞NO的生成;显著诱导促炎细胞因子IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-6和MCP-1的产生;并能诱导小鼠产生更强的Th1免疫应答。上述研究有利于揭示结核分枝杆菌的致病机制,为新型结核病疫苗的研制奠定了理论基础。     

结核分枝杆菌持续感染小鼠模型的建立及其免疫特征

为建立小鼠结核分枝杆菌持续感染模型并研究其免疫应答特征,选取雌性C57BL/6小鼠,经尾静脉感染结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株,并以异烟肼和利福平联合治疗。分别于感染后4、8、12周处死小鼠,用平板法计数肺和脾荷菌数,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清中特异性抗体水平及亚类,流式细胞术检测CD4+脾淋巴细胞经结核分枝杆菌抗原——纯化蛋白衍生物(PPD)刺激后分泌细胞因子的细胞比例。结果显示,感染4周后小鼠肺和脾荷菌数lg CFU分别达3.67±0.25和3.54±0.24,至少持续8周;药物治疗可有效降低脏器荷菌数。感染12周后,感染组血清中抗结核分枝杆菌特异性抗体水平显著升高(P0.01),且以IgG1为主;治疗组总IgG抗体水平显著低于感染组(P0.01),且IgG2a相对较高(P0.05)。感染组CD4+脾淋巴细胞中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)和白细胞介素2(IL-2)分泌细胞比例显著增加(P0.01和P0.001),而IL-4分泌细胞比例显著降低(P0.01);治疗组IL-2和IL-4分泌细胞比例显著低于正常组(P0.05和P0.01)。本研究建立的小鼠结核分枝杆菌持续感染模型有望用于结核病治疗性疫苗和药物的研发及筛选。     

结核分枝杆菌Rv2628蛋白的免疫生物学特性

Rv2628蛋白是结核分枝杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb)DosR调控的潜伏感染相关抗原。本研究对Rv2628蛋白进行了原核表达和纯化,并以巨噬细胞系和小鼠为研究模型,对其免疫生物学特性进行了分析。SDS-PAGE及Western blotting鉴定结果表明,Rv2628-His融合蛋白以包涵体形式表达,能与兔抗H37Rv多抗血清发生特异性反应,具有较好的免疫反应性。与巨噬细胞系RAW264.7的互作实验结果表明,在1–12 h内Rv2628蛋白能诱导前炎性因子IL-6的上调表达。将纯化的Rv2628融合蛋白皮下免疫BALB/c小鼠,夹心ELISA的测定结果表明,Rv2628蛋白免疫组诱导产生的特异性IFN-γ水平显著高于IL-4的水平(P0.000 1),呈现Th1型细胞免疫应答趋势;以Rv262811-30多肽作为包被抗原,通过间接ELISA测定的血清抗体效价能达到11 600,表明Rv2628也能诱导体液免疫应答。总之,Rv2628能促进巨噬细胞炎症反应的发生,激发小鼠产生强烈的Th1型细胞免疫应答和较好的体液免疫应答,具有作为亚单位疫苗的潜力,为M.tb与宿主之间的相互作用奠定了一定的理论基础。     

流感裂解疫苗H3N2-抗H3N2免疫原性复合物滴鼻诱导小鼠黏膜免疫应答的研究

目的研究流感裂解病毒疫苗抗原抗体复合物滴鼻诱生小鼠黏膜免疫应答.方法分别以15μg H3N2、H3N2-CpG、H3N2-鼠抗H3N2及H3N2-PEG滴鼻免疫小鼠,检测肺泡灌洗液抗H3N2 IgA、血清抗H3N2 IgG效价.取免疫小鼠脾细胞,体外抗原刺激,用定量酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测上清液IFN-γ及IL-4分泌水平.结果H3N2-抗H3N2免疫原性复合物诱生的抗H3N2 IgA效价明显高于H3N2单独免疫组(P＜0.01),而与H3N2-CpG组无显著性差异.此外,复合物诱生的血清抗H3N2也高于H3N2单独免疫组(P＜0.05).H3N2-CpG组诱生的IFN-γ水平明显升高,而其他组之间无明显差异.结论流感病毒血凝素抗原抗体复合物、血凝素抗原加CpG佐剂可以诱生较强的局部黏膜免疫和体液免疫.这两组诱生的IgA效价均明显高于H3N2单独免疫组.另外,H3N2-CpG组小鼠的脾脏细胞经特异性抗原诱导后培养上清液中的IFN-γ水平明显升高.     

DNA疫苗初免-BCG加强免疫法提高小鼠抗结核分枝杆菌感染效率的研究

对结核分枝杆菌DNA四价疫苗(编码Ag85B,MPT64,MPT70和TB10.4抗原)初发免疫、卡介苗(BCG)加强免疫后小鼠产生免疫应答的能力和抗结核杆菌感染效率进行了分析.攻毒后细菌计数结果显示,DNA初免、BCG加强组肺脏和脾脏载菌数的对数值比阴性对照组下降1.0～1.3(P<0.01),且显著低于DNA四价苗和BCG组(P<0.05).3次免疫后,BCG加强组外周血中CD4 和CD8 T淋巴细胞显著增多(P<0.05);经4种抗原分别刺激,BCG加强组脾细胞产生的抗原特异性IFN-γ和IL-2水平显著高于其他免疫组,其中Ag85B抗原诱导产生的IFN-γ浓度为1250ng/L,IL-2浓度为230ng/L,分别是DNA四价苗组的1.6,1.7倍(P<0.05),是BCG组PPD诱导产生相应细胞因子浓度的2.6倍和2.2倍(P<0.05);此外,BCG加强组肺脏中分泌穿孔素的淋巴细胞数量也显著增加(P<0.05).结果表明,DNA初发免疫、BCG加强免疫法能显著提高小鼠CD4 ,CD8 T细胞介导的免疫应答,增强小鼠抗结核杆菌感染能力,是提高结核病疫苗免疫效果的新途径.     

检测不同毒力结核分枝杆菌感染对巨噬细胞凋亡的影响及其Caspase-3和Bcl-2的表达

该文为探讨不同毒力的结核分枝杆菌感染对巨噬细胞凋亡的调控作用及其机制。实验用结核分枝杆菌国际标准强毒株H37Rv株和卡介苗BCG分别感染巨噬细胞RAW264.7株,同时设空白对照组,在感染后1,6,12,24 h,用流式细胞技术检测各组巨噬细胞的凋亡率,应用Western blot检测细胞Caspase-3和Bcl-2蛋白表达。结果发现,结核分枝杆菌感染组的凋亡率显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);BCG感染组凋亡率高于H37Rv感染组,在感染后1,12,24 h凋亡率显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。巨噬细胞感染结核分枝杆菌后其Caspase-3蛋白表达增高,结核分枝杆菌感染组的Caspase-3蛋白表达高于对照组:对照组相似文献   

Ipr1/PPE68重组BCG诱导BALB/C小鼠免疫应答的探讨

目的构建Ipr1/PPE68重组卡介苗(Recombinant BCG,rBCG),探讨其诱导BALB/C小鼠免疫应答的效果。方法将Ipr1和PPE68基因及结核分枝杆菌(mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)复制子OriM分别插入pBudCE4.1的多克隆位点,构建共表达穿梭质粒pBIPO,将其电转入BCG,构建Ipr1/PPE68-rBCG并将rBCG免疫BALB/C小鼠,检测小鼠血清中IgG2a、IL-12、IFN-γ及IL-4的水平、特异性脾淋巴细胞增殖和CD4+和CD8+T细胞数量,同时观察脾、肺荷菌量及脾、肺组织病理学变化。结果酶切测序及菌落PCR鉴定Ipr1和PPE68以及OriM基因序列与理论值相符,Western-blotting结果显示Ipr1和PPE68蛋白成功表达。Ipr1/PPE68-rBCG免疫小鼠后,血清中的IgG2a和IL-12水平及脾淋巴细胞增殖情况明显高于对照组,但与BCG组相比没有显著意义;IFN-γ水平显著低于BCG组,与对照组相比无显著性差异;各组别IL-4的水平差异均不明显。脾、肺荷菌实验未见菌落生长,肺、脾组织未见病理学改变。结论成功构建Ipr1/PPE68-rBCG,该重组BCG能诱导BALB/C小鼠的细胞免疫应答。     

结核分枝杆菌MPT83的免疫原性及其奶牛结核病血清学检测方法的建立

【目的】利用大肠杆菌系统表达并纯化结核分枝杆菌MPT83蛋白,通过小鼠模型评价其免疫原性,建立血清学间接ELISA方法用于牛结核病临床检测,评价其应用潜能。【方法】构建p ET30a(+)-mpt83重组质粒,转化BL21(DE3)诱导表达并纯化,经细胞表面分子的流式细胞术(Flow Cytometry,FCM)分析、ELISPOT试验等分析其在小鼠中的免疫原性,建立间接ELISA方法,检测临床奶牛血样,评价其用于牛结核病血清学检测的潜能。【结果】SDS-PAGE显示目的蛋白成功表达,Western blot证实其对兔抗H37Rv多抗血清具有良好免疫反应性;FCM结果显示其下调树突状细胞表面CD80分子的表达,上调小鼠脾脏CD4+和CD8+T细胞表面CD69的表达,ELISPOT结果表明其诱导的特异性IL-4分泌细胞数显著高于IFN-γ分泌细胞数,表现为Th2型免疫应答;建立了ELISA方法,检测临床奶牛血样200份,与牛结核外周血γ-干扰素体外释放试验结果的阳性符合率和阴性符合率分别为48.6%和90%。【结论】在大肠杆菌系统中高效可溶性表达MPT83蛋白,其在小鼠模型中主要呈现Th2型免疫应答,并以该蛋白为抗原建立了牛结核病血清学检测的间接ELISA方法。     

Two arms are better than one: parasite variation leads to combined inducible and constitutive innate immune responses

Parasites represent a major threat to all organisms which has led to the evolution of an array of complex and effective defence mechanisms. Common to both vertebrates and invertebrates are innate immune mechanisms that can be either constitutively expressed or induced on exposure to infection. In nature, we find that a combination of both induced and constitutive responses are employed by vertebrates, invertebrates and, to an extent, plants when they are exposed to a parasite. Here we use a simple within-host model motivated by the insect immune system, consisting of both constitutive and induced responses, to address the question of why both types of response are maintained so ubiquitously. Generally, induced responses are thought to be advantageous because they are only used when required but are too costly to maintain constantly, while constitutive responses are advantageous because they are always ready to act. However, using a simple cost function but with no a priori assumptions about relative costs, we show that variability in parasite growth rates selects for a strategy that combines both constitutive and induced defences. Differential costs are therefore not necessary to explain the adoption of both forms of defence. Clearly, hosts are likely to be challenged by variable parasites in nature and this is sufficient to explain why it is optimal to deploy both arms of the innate immune system.     

linc-AAM Facilitates Gene Expression Contributing to Macrophage Activation and Adaptive Immune Responses

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植物防御反应与动物免疫应答的比较及其对应性初探

动物经过数亿年的进化直到脊椎动物阶段出现了渐为完整的免疫系统。植物在与各种病原的共进化过程中亦发展了自身的防御系统。随着对植物抗病性的概念及植物防御机制的不断认识,人们发现它与动物的免疫应答有着众多的对应性。这些对应性是否表明植物的防御系统与动物的免疫系统在进化上具有同一性,是否表明它们在防御反应上具有类似的机制值得深思 。     

HIV/艾滋病疫苗:策略及展望

全球范围内艾滋病的流行使发展安全有效的疫苗势在必行。本文讨论了各种不同类型的艾滋病疫苗的优点和缺点,包括传统疫苗(灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗)和新型疫苗(病毒颗粒样疫苗、重组亚单位疫苗、重组活载体病毒疫苗),同时也指出了发展艾滋病疫苗所面临的挑战,如病毒的变异、没有充足的动物模型和HIV感染免疫系统本身。概述了正在进行的艾滋病疫苗的临床试验,并对下一步研究进行了展望。     

细胞自噬在病毒感染与免疫调节中的作用机制

细胞自噬(autophagy)是一种主要由溶酶体介导的降解通路,作为细胞维持内环境稳态的一种保护性机制,不仅通过将长寿命蛋白和衰老细胞器降解为小肽或氨基酸为细胞提供再生资源,而且也可作为防御机制抵抗病原微生物感染和寄生. 自噬缺失与许多疾病如癌症、心血管疾病等的发生关系密切,在机体生理、病理过程中发挥重要作用. 本文拟就细胞自噬与病毒感染、机体免疫的关系加以综述,以期为研究细胞自噬的发生、参与机体免疫、发挥抗病毒感染作用及其分子机制提供参考,也为进一步研究抗病毒治疗的靶标提供新思路.     

Immunological importance of the second gut segment of carp. III. Systemic and/or mucosal immune responses after immunization with soluble or particulate antigen

Mucosal and systemic (serum) immune responses were studied after oral, anal or intramuscular (i.m.) immunization with particulate ( Vibrio anguillarum ) or soluble (ferritin) antigen. Antigen specific antibodies were found by ELISA in skin mucus after repeated oral or anal administration of bacteria, but not after immunization with ferritin. Daily feeding with bacteria did not give detectable antibodies in serum, while regular oral administration of ferritin resulted in an increase of specific antibodies during the first 3 weeks. From that time immunosuppression was observed, as the antibody titre decreased despite the continued ferritin feeding. Immunosuppression was also found after a second anal intubation or i.m. injection with ferritin, independent of the route of priming (i.m. or anal). On the contrary, a second anal intubation of bacteria resulted in a secondary serum response. These results combined with those reported in Parts I and II of the study indicate an important immunological role for the second gut segment. Because mucosal as well as serum responses can be obtained by anal immunization with bacteria, the significance for oral vaccination is discussed.     

Simplifying the phytohaemagglutinin skin-testing technique in studies of avian immunocompetence

1. Researchers involved in ecology and toxicology, as well as many other aspects of avian biology, use phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) skin testing as a means of evaluating the immune status of individuals.
2. Immune function, one measure of individual quality, can be used as a sensitive, non-lethal variable that may be negatively affected in animals exposed to degraded, contaminated or otherwise disturbed ecological zones.
3. Typically this test has been applied by challenging one wing web with the immunostimulant PHA, while the other 'control' wing is injected with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Injection sites on the wing web are measured before and 24 h after injection with PHA or PBS. The immune response is considered to be the difference between the two wings.
4. Results from PHA skin tests conducted on 608 birds in seven studies representing passerines, waterfowl, upland game birds and raptors are examined.
5. Numerous advantages to eliminating the PBS injection as the experimental control are: (i) decrease by half, the time required for testing; (ii) decrease handling-related stress on the birds (proportional to handling time); (iii) reduce the probability of errors at injection time; (iv) spare the other wing for different tests or uses (e.g. tuberculin DTH testing); and (v) decrease the coefficient of variation that is due to measurement inaccuracies.
6. The only disadvantage identified is that hypersensitive individuals (outliers) could be missed, which in this case represents 2 of 608 individuals.     

外泌体在肿瘤免疫逃逸和耐受中的作用

肿瘤细胞能够通过多种机制抵御免疫防御或药物的抗肿瘤作用.近年研究发现,外泌体能够直接介导癌症的进展和远端转移灶的形成.更为重要的是,在肿瘤免疫微环境中,肿瘤来源外泌体不仅能够抑制树突状细胞(DC)、巨噬细胞、T细胞、NK细胞等免疫细胞功能,还能促进骨髓来源的抑制性细胞(MDSC)、调节性T细胞(Treg)等的免疫抑制功能,进而降低抗肿瘤免疫应答过程,帮助肿瘤细胞逃避机体免疫细胞识别.本文将概述肿瘤外泌体及其携带的关键介质分子在介导肿瘤免疫逃逸和耐受过程中扮演的角色,并对这一研究领域的最新进展作一综述.     

Spectrum of gut immunologic reactions: selective induction of distinct responses to Vibrio cholerae WO7 and its toxin

Past studies with Vibrio cholerae have shown that cholera toxin (CT) is mainly responsible for inducing T helper type 2 (Th2) responses with systemic IgG1, IgE and mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies. In this study, V. cholerae WO7, which produces novel toxin unrelated to CT, was given orally to mice in order to determine whether the strain V. cholerae WO7 differs from V. cholerae 569B, which produces CT, in the nature of responses generated at the gut and splenic level. The analysis of immune responses evoked by V. cholerae WO7 in the gut of mice revealed striking differences as compared to those elicited by V. cholerae 569B infection. To assess the T helper cell type responses, lymphocytes from Peyer's patches and the spleen were stimulated in vitro for studying the cytokine patterns. PP and SP lymphoid cells from V. cholerae WO7 infected animals elaborated significant amounts of IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-12 by 7 days p.i., suggesting a Th1 type of response. However by 15 days p.i., the PP and SP lymphoid cells secreted only IL-6 and IL-10 with traces of IFN-gamma. On the other hand, infection with V. cholerae 569B yielded mainly Th2 type responses at Peyer's patches as well as the splenic level. Infection with both V. cholerae WO7 and 569B induced toxin-specific IgA secreting cells at the gut and splenic level along with IgG1 secreting cells, indicating that both V. cholerae WO7 and 569B evoke an antigen-specific Th2 type of response in the gut as well as spleen. The persistence of IgA along with Th1-type cytokines indicates an alternate induction mechanism since mucosal IgA responses are usually associated with Th2-type responses. These observations are suggestive of a common mechanism employed by the host to clear different strains of V. cholerae infection (569B and WO7 in this case), while the nature of toxins elaborated failed to modulate the net outcome of the infection caused by V. cholerae.     

乙肝疫苗快速阻断HBV母婴传播的研究

为获得更快速的免疫应答,用３０μｇ／ｍｌ乙肝血源疫苗以０、２、６周免疫程序对６８名ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性母亲婴儿作了阻断ＨＢＶ母婴传播免疫效果的观察,并和常规的０、１、６月接种方案的结果进行了比较。结果表明ＨＢＩＧ合并乙肝疫苗或单用疫苗组产生抗─ＨＢｓ（＞１０ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ）血清转换率于Ｔ６Ｍ、Ｔ１２Ｍ时分别为９１．８９％,和８３．８７％;８１．０８％和８３．８７％。短程和常规免疫方案婴儿所产生的保护性抗─ＨＢＳ动态比较,表明以０、２、６周免疫后的Ｔ６ｗ、Ｔ６ｍ时的抗─ＨＢｓ有效率分别为１９．３５％和８３．８７％,明显高于０、１、６月免疫者同期抗体水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）。至Ｔ１２Ｍ时两组的阳转率无显著性差异,说明０、２、６周免疫方案能早期诱导出保护性抗─ＨＢｓ免疫应答。