人工老化处理对结球甘蓝种子生理生化特性的影响

以结球甘蓝品种‘冬升’种子为材料,研究高温(40℃)高湿(相对湿度100%)人工老化处理过程中种子的萌发特性、种子浸出液相对电导率和丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量以及抗氧化酶活性的变化,以揭示种子劣变的机理。结果表明:(1)人工老化处理甘蓝种子的含水量和不正常苗率均随着老化时间的延长逐渐增加,而种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数的增加均逐渐降低。(2)随着处理天数的延长,老化处理甘蓝种子的浸出液电导率显著增大,浸出液可溶性糖含量逐渐升高,可溶性蛋白含量表现出显著下降趋势,而种子MDA含量呈先升高后逐渐下降的趋势。(3)在结球甘蓝种子老化进程中,其种子中SOD、POD、CAT活性变化的趋势相似,均随老化程度的加深而逐渐降低;而APX活性在老化处理的最初2d显著增加,第6天显著降低。研究发现,在结球甘蓝种子老化进程中,种子活力和萌发率显著降低,其种子浸出液电导率、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、保护酶活性变化与种子老化及劣变程度密切相关,膜脂过氧化作用可能是引起或加剧种子老化劣变的重要原因之一。     

苦马豆和披针叶黄华种子硬实特性与活力关系

将苦马豆和披针叶黄华种子在恒温25℃下吸胀,每24 h取出吸胀种子,16 d后未吸胀的种子为硬实种子（H）,硬实种子用硫酸处理后恒温吸胀24 h,与非硬实种子进行发芽试验和各项活力指标测定。结果显示每日内吸胀的种子数量随时间推移以一定比列下降,苦马豆非硬实种子第3天后吸胀率下降到1%,第13～16天突然上升后又下降到1%,披针叶黄华非硬实种子第3天后下降到1%,第9、10天突然上升后又下降到1%。两种豆类都显示出硬实种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、脱氢酶活性、呼吸速率和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性均高于非硬实种子,而电导率、浸出液可溶性糖和丙二醛（MDA）含量低于非硬实种子,缓慢吸胀的硬实种子活力指标高于快速吸胀的硬实种子,这表明硬实种子活力高于非硬实种子,硬实种子吸胀过程中存在吸胀损伤。而在非硬实种子中,根据以上活力指标判断,晚吸胀的种子比早吸胀的种子活力高。     

北五味子种子萌发中形态学观察及生理生化指标分析

利用体视显微镜和组织细胞分析系统软件对北五味子种子萌发过程中形态学进行动态观察,并对其部分生理生化指标进行分析。实验结果表明,层积处理（4℃,沙培）初期,种子胚部较小,富含油脂;处理后期,胚部变得细长,逐渐伸向种子尖端一侧。处理60d时,种子开始萌动;至150d时,种胚突破种皮限制,开始发芽。随着种胚的发育,种子的含水量和可溶性蛋白的含量增加,α-淀粉酶活性逐渐提高,而可溶性总糖的含量则呈现先降低而后增高的趋势。     

Changes in the amounts of chlorogenic and caffeic acids during tobacco seed maturation

During maturation of tobacco seed, the amount of chlorogenic acid rapidly increased between days 7 and 11 after anthesis and then decreased until day 15. Chlorogenic acid was not detected in fully mature seed. On the other hand, caffeic acid appeared from day 15, reached a maximum at day 21, and rapidly disappeared by day 25 although the amount was always low in comparison with that of chlorogenic acid. Changes in dry wt, water content, testa color and germination of tobacco seeds during maturation were also investigated. The results suggested that there were rapid biochemical changes in seed between days 11 and 15 after anthesis.     

Phosphorus metabolism during ripening ofGlycine max. (L.)Merril

The seeds, seed covers and leaves, taken after 17, 27, 37, and 47 days after tagging of flowers of soybean, were analysed quantitatively for their contents of different phosphorus fractions. Total phosphorus content increased in seed cover and leaves, there was a gradual decrease during ripening. All the phosphorus fractions i.e. acid soluble—P, lipid—P, nucleic acid—P, and protein—P were found to increase with maturity in seeds whereas in case of seed covers the content of acid soluble—P, nucleic acid—P and protein—P decreased but a marked increase was observed in lipid—P. In leaves during ripening, all the phosphorus fractions decreased except protein—P which was found to be almost constant. In lipid—P an increase was observed during later stages of maturity.     

细叶楠种子休眠与萌发对低温层积的生理响应

细叶楠(Phoebe hui Cheng ex Yang)是我国特有的珍贵树种,种子具有生理休眠特性。本文以细叶楠种子为实验材料,研究不同低温层积处理时间(0、20、40、60 d)对细叶楠种子发芽率、营养物质(淀粉、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及内源激素脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA₃)、生长素(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)的影响,分析细叶楠种子萌发与其生理指标的相关性。结果显示：(1)低温层积可以有效打破细叶楠种子的休眠,且处理60 d效果最佳。(2)在低温层积过程,细叶楠种子萌发时间缩短,发芽率提高;种子内淀粉含量降低,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量升高;POD活性上升;ABA含量下降,GA₃、IAA含量增加,而ZR含量先上升后下降。(3)细叶楠种子休眠的解除与萌发与其体内营养物质含量、POD活性以及内源激素含量的变化密切相关。     

The Germination of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Seed Harvested on Two Dates: A Physiological and Biochemical Study

The germination of two batches of carrot seed, harvested 44and 104 d after anthesis, was compared at 10 °C. Proteinand nucleic acid contents of the seeds were measured at intervals,together with fresh weight and respiration rate. The matureseed germinated 3.7 d earlier than the immature seed, with nodifference in percentage germination. The dry mature seed containedmore protein and nucleic acid per unit dry matter than did theimmature seed, and proportions of nucleic acid present as rRNAand poly(A)RNA were greater in the mature seed. The sequenceof metabolic reactivation was the same in both batches of seed,as were the relative rates of increase of each nucleic acidcomponent, fresh weight, and respiration rate. Differences inthe composition of the dry seed appear to be responsible forthe observed difference in rate of germination between the twoseed batches.     

欧洲榛子贮藏及萌发生理特性研究

对欧洲榛子(Corylus avellanaL.)在沙藏、萌发、幼苗生长阶段的种仁养分和保护酶活性动态变化特点进行了研究,结果表明:种子萌发后107 d营养耗尽;沙藏过程中种仁的干重、粗脂肪含量略下降,萌发后下降迅速且与时间呈线性负相关;可溶性糖在沙藏至萌发后12 d内下降而后上升,萌发24 d后上升迅速,72 d后进入高峰期;淀粉含量在沙藏过程中下降,萌发后上升并在萌发48 d取得11.12%的峰值后下降;游离氨基酸总量在沙藏期间下降,萌发前12 d开始升高,在萌发36~48 d达155.31 mg/100 g的高峰后降低;可溶性蛋白50.87 mg/g的峰值出现在萌发前12 d;SOD在萌发前12 d至萌发后12 d、CAT由萌发起24 d内、POD在萌发36 d后分别出现活性高峰,对种仁营养按测定时间进行的聚类分析结果与依据幼苗干重划分的幼苗生长阶段相吻合。     

不同成熟度对水稻种子萌发及其生理特性的影响

对抽穗后15、20、25、30和35d不同成熟度的水稻种子的萌发情况及其生理特性进行了研究。结果表明,随着种子成熟度增加,种子的发芽率、发芽势、活力指数逐渐提高,种子中过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、脱氢酶和淀粉酶的活性、可溶性蛋白质和脱落酸（ABA）含量呈现上升趋势,抽穗后30d达最大值,稍后有所下降,而种子的可溶性糖、赤酶素（GA3）和生长素（IAA）含量则呈现下降趋势。在抽穗后15～35d,‘996’种子的发芽率、发芽势、活力指数、4种酶活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、GA3和IAA含量均高于‘4628’种子的,而ABA含量则低于‘4628’种子。     

不同发育时期黄皮种子脱水敏感性的研究

自花后４６ｄ到８８ｄ果实成熟．黄皮种子的发芽率由０升至１００％．而活力指数逐渐上升,到花后７４ｄ达到最大值,之后略有下降．每粒种子的呼吸强度在花后４６－６７ｄ持续增加,此后则渐渐减弱,但湿藏２ｄ后又回升．黄皮种子的发育明显超前于果实．花后７４ｄ时．每粒种子的干重已接近最大值,这时种子活力最大．而果实的鲜重虽然已接近最大值．但其干重却只有成熟时的７３％。花后４６－５３ｄ的种子,其发芽率小于１００％,轻微脱水能提高种子的发芽率及活力指数,花后６０ｄ至果实成熟．种子发芽率均为１００％．这时任何程度的脱水都会引起活力指数的下降,但不同发育时期的黄皮种子耐脱水力有差别．其中以花后６７ｄ的耐脱水力最强．花后８８ｄ果实成熟时种子的耐脱水力最弱。     

光照对沙芥种子萌发中生理生化指标的影响

以沙芥种子为实验材料,以24h黑暗处理为对照,研究了光照对其萌发过程中主要贮藏物质、内源激素和酚酸类物质含量的影响。结果表明：光照处理的沙芥种子的萌发指标均明显低于黑暗处理,且萌发过程中脂肪和淀粉的降解、淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖的增加也显著低于黑暗处理;在萌发的前2d,光照处理的种子ABA、酚酸类物质总量、没食子酸、对羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸、香豆酸和肉桂酸含量均高于黑暗处理。     

Changes in RNA and Protein Metabolism Associated with Alterations in the Germination Efficiency of Sunflower Seeds

Precise knowledge of seed quality after harvest and during storageis of particular importance for seed producers. We analyseddifferent sunflower seed lots (Helianthus annuusL.) characterizedby extremes of germination ability. We used RNA analysis tostudy possible changes in gene expression in seeds unable togerminate. Total RNA content was very small in dry seeds showinga low germination ability. Capacity for total RNA synthesisat the onset of imbibition was also reduced in these seeds.In addition, correlations were found between these parametersand germination ability at 19 °C. We demonstrated a highcorrelation between the amount of total RNA in the dry seed,the capacity of RNA synthesis at the onset of imbibition andthe seed moisture content at the time of the harvest. The abilityof dry seed mRNAs to be translatedin vitrowas also reduced andseven polypeptides, from stored mRNAs, were characteristic ofthe cotyledons from high germinability seeds. Germination canthus be affected at several levels including membrane, enzymaticand nucleic acid deteriorations. Gene expression; germination ability; Helianthus annuusL.; marker; protein; RNA; seed; sunflower     

Thiamine binding and metabolism in germinating seeds of selected cereals and legumes.

The basic characteristics of thiamine metabolism in germinating seeds of maize (Zea mays), oat (Avena sativa), faba bean (Vicia faba) and garden pea (Pisum sativum) are presented with a special emphasis of a possible thiamine storage function of seed thiamine-binding proteins (TBPs). Seeds were germinated for 6 d in the dark. Thiamine-binding activity in seeds decreased during germination by 50% in cereals and by 30% in legumes. The degradation of TBPs was also detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The total thiamine content decreased rapidly to 20-40% of the initial value in cereal seeds during first 3 d of germination while in legume seeds thiamine content started changing from the fourth day and dropped by 50% at the sixth day. A composite pattern was found for the changes in thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) contribution to total thiamine during seed germination. A peak of the coenzyme percentage was usually detected at the second day of germination. Another gain of TPP was often seen toward the sixth day of germination. The activity of thiamine pyrophosphokinase (EC 2.7.6.2) was high in resting legume seeds and did not significantly change during germination. In contrast, the low activity of this thiamine-activating enzyme in cereal seeds progressively increased during germination. Thiamine phosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.3) was also detected in seeds and was shown to contribute significantly to the balance of thiamine compounds during seed germination.     

Effects of saline‐waterlogging and dryness/moist alternations on seed germination of halophyte and xerophyte

In arid zones, precipitation distribution is extremely uneven, with saline‐waterlogging and dry–moist cycles appearing frequently, which negatively impact on seed germination and seedling establishment. The responses of two halophytes, Suaeda physophora and Haloxylon ammodendron, and a xerophyte, Haloxylon persicum, to saline‐waterlogging and dry–moist cycles were studied. The results showed that aeration increased seed germination for all species when seeds were submerged in NaCl, especially for xerophyte. Compared with S. physophora and H. ammodendron, seed germination, recovery germination, and total germination of H. persicum were much lower when seeds were submerged in 700 mm NaCl, especially for the recovery germination and total germination of nongerminated seeds when the seeds were desiccated and then transferred to distilled water. However, when the seeds were submerged in 700 mm NaCl with aeration, the seed germination, recovery germination, and total germination of nongerminated seeds transferred to distilled water increased dramatically for H. persicum. No adverse effect of desiccation was found on those values of nongerminated seeds pretreated in NaCl with or without aeration for the two halophytes. In conclusion, seeds of the two halophytes were more tolerant to waterlogging and dry–moist cycles than seeds of the xerophyte during emergence under saline conditions; these traits may be important for halophytes to survive extreme saline environments during the seed germination stage.     

干旱胁迫对远志种子萌发及幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以远志(Polygala tenuifolia Willd.)为研究对象,采用不同浓度(2.5%~25%)聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟不同程度的干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对远志种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫强度的增加,远志种子的发芽启动时间推迟,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数降低,但种子发芽率在2.5%~15%PEG胁迫下与对照无显著性差异,而在20%PEG胁迫下均显著低于对照,在25%PEG胁迫下种子不能萌发;在干旱胁迫条件下,远志幼苗生物量降低,胚芽生长受到显著抑制,胚根长度则先伸长后缩短。(2)远志幼苗叶绿素含量在2.5%~10%PEG范围内随胁迫强度的增加和时间的延长而持续上升,在15%和20%PEG胁迫下则表现为先上升后下降,在10%PEG胁迫处理第15天时含量最高,为对照的1.34倍。(3)幼苗叶片的游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量随PEG胁迫强度的增加和时间的延长而增加,各指标均在20%PEG胁迫处理第15天时含量最高,分别为对照的1.99倍、1.53倍和1.50倍。(4)随着PEG胁迫时间的延长,远志幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先上升后下降,并在10%PEG胁迫处理第10天时活性最强;过氧化物酶(POD)活性随着胁迫时间的延长表现出先上升后下降又上升的特性,并在20%PEG胁迫处理第5天时活性最强;叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量在15%和20%PEG胁迫处理下持续上升,在2.5%~10%PEG胁迫范围内先上升后又有所下降。研究发现,远志种子在轻、中度干旱胁迫下仍可正常萌发,而且幼苗能通过调节自身生长、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性主动适应干旱环境,对干旱环境表现出较好的适应能力。     

模拟四季温度层积对南方红豆杉种子生理性状的影响

为了解濒危物种南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var. mairei)种子内含物含量受温度和湿度层积的影响,设置4个季节、2种湿度(16%和24%)基质层积处理,对种子的可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白和脂肪等内含物质的变化进行研究。结果表明,不同层积处理下种子贮藏物质的含量有显著变化,春季层积9个月后,可溶性蛋白含量达到最高值;可溶性糖含量呈现降低-升高-降低的变化趋势;淀粉和脂肪含量均随层积逐渐减少。秋季层积9个月后,淀粉含量降至最低。相比于24%湿度,16%湿度的春季、秋季、冬季层积9个月后,脂肪含量均减少较多,说明16%湿度下种子代谢活动更强。春季和秋季的暖温更能促进种子代谢,促进种子形态后熟。夏季温度过高,导致种子生活力下降,夏季层积处理3个月后,种子已经发霉和腐烂。层积过程中,种子内含物在相关酶的作用下,降解为可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖等,为种子萌发提供物质与能量。种子层积时间、温度和湿度及交互作用可作为种子内含物的调控因子。     

干旱和盐胁迫对华山新麦草种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

模拟华山新麦草野生土壤生境特点,分别采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)、钙(CaCl2)以及二者混合液3种方式浸种,研究PEG-6000和Ca2+浸种对华山新麦草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:3种处理下华山新麦草的种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均无显著变化;但PEG-6000浸种后,华山新麦草幼苗可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量增加,蛋白酶、SOD和POD活性增强;CaCl2浸种后,华山新麦草幼苗可溶性糖含量增加,蛋白酶、SOD和CAT活性增强,淀粉酶活性降低;而PEG-6000和CaCl2混合液浸种后,华山新麦草幼苗可溶性糖含量下降,SOD活性降低,华山新麦草生长受阻.据此推测华山干旱和钙离子含量高的生境特点可能是华山新麦草种群濒危的原因之一.     

GA3浸种对大白杜鹃种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度的GA3浸种大白杜鹃种子并测定其萌发结果表明,不同浓度GA3处理均能增强大白杜鹃种子活力,极显著提高种子发芽率和发芽势,其中500mg·L～GA3浸种处理的效果最明显。GA3处理使种子的可溶性蛋白质含量降低,MDA含量下降,而SOD、POD和CAT活性增强。这表明GA3浸种后能增强抗氧化酶的活性,降低膜脂过氧化程度,从而促进种子提前萌发。     

Control of macaw palm seed germination by the gibberellin/abscisic acid balance

The hormonal mechanisms involved in palm seed germination are not fully understood. To better understand how germination is regulated in Arecaceae, we used macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. Ex Mart.) seed as a model. Endogenous hormone concentrations, tocopherol and tocotrienol and lipid peroxidation during germination were studied separately in the embryo and endosperm. Evaluations were performed in dry (D), imbibed (I), germinated (G) and non‐germinated (NG) seeds treated (+GA₃) or not treated (control) with gibberellins (GA). With GA₃ treatment, seeds germinated faster and to a higher percentage than control seeds. The +GA₃ treatment increased total bioactive GA in the embryo during germination relative to the control. Abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations decreased gradually from D to G in both tissues. Embryos of G seeds had a lower ABA content than NG seeds in both treatments. The GA/ABA ratio in the embryo was significantly higher in G than NG seeds. The +GA₃ treatment did not significantly affect the GA/ABA ratio in either treatment. Cytokinin content increased from dry to germinated seeds. Jasmonic acid (JA) increased and 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboylic acid (ACC) decreased after imbibition. In addition, α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol decreased, while lipid peroxidation increased in the embryo during germination. We conclude that germination in macaw palm seed involves reductions in ABA content and, consequently, increased GA/ABA in the embryo. Furthermore, the imbibition process generates oxidative stress (as observed by changes in vitamin E and MDA).