细胞氧化损伤时8-羟基鸟嘌呤的测定

利用H₂O₂易通过细胞膜而到达核这一特点,初步探讨了不同浓度H₂O₂对HL-60细胞DNA的氧化损伤程度.发现H₂O₂浓度在0.4 mmol/L以上时,作用8～24 h可以用气相色谱/火焰离子检测器(GC/FID)检测到氧化损伤标志产物——8-羟基鸟嘌呤(8-oh-G),并观测到在0.4～0.8 mmol/L H₂O₂作用一定时间时,8-羟基鸟嘌呤含量随H₂O₂浓度升高而升高.     

Smac/DIABLO在过氧化氢所致C2C12肌原细胞凋亡中的作用

为探讨Smac/DIABLO在过氧化氢(H₂O₂）所致C₂C₁₂肌原细胞凋亡中的作用,采用Hoechst 33258染色,观察H₂O₂ (0.5 mmol/L)处理C₂C₁₂肌原细胞不同时间后,细胞核形态学改变并计算凋亡核百分率,DNA抽提及琼脂糖电泳观察凋亡特征性梯状带,利用细胞成分分离后蛋白质印迹分析H₂O₂是否导致Smac/DIABLO从线粒体释放,采用Caspase检测试剂盒及蛋白质印迹分析Caspase-3和Caspase-9的活化,转染Smac/DIABLO基因,观察Smac/DIABLO过表达对H₂O₂所致的C₂C₁₂肌原细胞凋亡的影响.结果表明:H₂O₂处理1 h后,Smac/DIABLO从C₂C₁₂肌原细胞线粒体释放入胞浆,2 h更明显;H₂O₂处理4 h后,Caspase-3和Caspase-9活化,12 h达高峰;H₂O₂处理24 h后,C₂C₁₂肌原细胞显示特征性的凋亡形态改变,凋亡核百分率明显升高,DNA电泳出现明显“梯状”条带.与单纯过氧化氢损伤组相比,Smac/DIABLO高表达的C₂C₁₂肌原细胞经过氧化氢损伤组的Caspase-3和Caspase-9的活化、凋亡核百分率的升高、“梯状”条带的出现均更明显.结果表明,H₂O₂可导致Smac/DIABLO从C₂C₁₂肌原细胞线粒体释放,促进Caspase-9和Caspase-3的活化而促进细胞凋亡的发生.     

邻二氮菲－Fe2＋氧化法检测H2O2／Fe2＋产生的羟自由基

报告检测H₂O₂/Fe^2＋所产生羟自由基的新方法. 羟自由基氧化反应后, 邻二氮菲-Fe^2＋的A₅₃₆明显下降, 且△A₅₃₆与邻二氮菲, FeSO₄及H₂O₂呈量效关系, 随反应时间延长, △A₅₃₆依幂函数规律上升. 此法试验结果表明, 甘露醇, 抗坏血酸及硫肥清除羟自由基作用呈明显的量效关系.     

外源H2O2对盐碱胁迫下苹果矮化砧木幼苗生理特性的影响

以2年生苹果矮化砧木M9 T337为试材,采用盆栽试验法,设置浇灌清水(CK)和盐碱胁迫(0.1 mol/L NaCl+NaHCO₃溶液)+ 喷施5种浓度的H₂O₂ ［0(T₁)、0.2 mmol/L(T₂)、0.4 mmol/L(T₃)、0.6 mmol/L(T₄)、0.8 mmol/L(T₅)］ 处理,测定各处理叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性和细胞膜透性,并利用相关性与主成分分析进行综合评价,以探讨外源过氧化氢(H₂O₂)增强其盐碱耐性的生理机制。结果表明：(1)随着盐碱胁迫(T₁)的时间延长,M9 T337幼苗叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)含量、叶绿素b (Chl b)含量、叶绿素总量(Chl t)、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量均呈逐渐下降趋势;胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、可溶性总糖(TSS)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈上升趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈先升后降趋势。(2)与CK相比,盐碱胁迫+外源H₂O₂(T₂- T₅)处理后M9 T337幼苗叶片各指标均呈现不同幅度变化,且存在明显浓度效应,并以T₃(0.4 mmol/L H₂O₂)处理叶片的Chl a、Chl b、Chl t、SP和G_s降幅最小,C_i、REC、MDA升幅最小,TSS、Pro、APX升幅最大。(3)M9 T337幼苗叶片P_n与T_r、G_s、Chl a、Chl b、Chl t、SP、SOD、POD呈显著正相关,与C_i、MDA、CAT、APX、REC呈显著负相关。(4)综合评价表明,各处理对M9 T337幼苗叶片生理特性的效应依次为：CK>T₃>T₄>T₂>T₅>T₁。研究发现,叶面喷施适宜浓度H₂O₂可有效改善盐碱胁迫下M9 T337幼苗光合能力,显著提高抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的含量,降低细胞膜透性,从而达到缓解盐碱胁迫的作用,并以0.4 mmol/L H₂O₂处理效果最佳。     

无机磷影响叠氮钠对ATP合成酶合成活性的抑制

利用ADP和放射性磷直接合成ATP的方法,研究了无机磷(P_i)和叠氮钠对猪心线粒体ATP合成酶（F₁F_O-ATPase）ATP合成活性的影响.结果发现无机磷除作为合成ATP的底物参与F₁F_O-ATPase的合成反应外,还对F₁F_O-ATPase的合成活性呈现抑制作用,在1 mmol/L ADP存在时,随着P_i浓度由0.01～10 mmol/L增加,抑制合成作用越来越强.与叠氮钠在低浓度时(小于1 mmol/L)只抑制ATP水解,不影响ATP合成的观点不同.实验结果显示0.1 mmol/L叠氮钠表观激活F₁F_O-ATPase的ATP合成活性,且激活程度与反应体系中所加P_i的浓度呈负相关.当固定P_i浓度（0.1 mmol/L）后,随着叠氮钠浓度的增加表观激活程度也在变化,叠氮钠与磷浓度相等时表观激活程度最大,直至叠氮钠浓度接近0.5 mmol/L时,开始呈现表观抑制现象,叠氮钠浓度高于1 mmol/L之后,就出现解偶联现象.     

玉米叶表皮短细胞发育过程的形态特征及栓质细胞作用研究

采用大田试验,直接撕表皮或对叶片进行固定处理,结合单染、复染、荧光染色等多种细胞学显色方法,利用光学显微镜、荧光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜系统观察玉米叶表皮短细胞的发生时期、发育过程、分布规律以及形态结构特征,研究K⁺和H₂O₂在栓质细胞中的分布变化与表皮其它细胞中K⁺和H₂O₂的分布及气孔器开关的关系,为进一步挖掘短细胞的新功能提供细胞学依据。结果表明：（1）短细胞是同步发生在玉米多叶位新表皮组织形成过程中,所有植株从第7新生叶,大部分第6叶,极少数第5叶的基部同时开始发生短细胞,之后新生的高位叶也均发生短细胞,并随着叶位的升高叶片各部位短细胞密度均增大,所有植株的1~4叶（因不再生长）均无短细胞出现。（2）初期发育的叶表皮细胞进行不对称分裂,生成相互交替的长、短细胞,有的短表皮细胞横（垂直叶脉）分裂,形成栓质细胞和硅质细胞对;栓质细胞基部与叶肉细胞相邻,硅质细胞嵌在栓质细胞和表皮细胞间偏上。（3）有短细胞发生的叶片,宏观背面发亮且覆有蜡质层,微观表皮细胞的着色特性发生了变化;栓质细胞为面包形柱状细胞,硅质细胞为哑铃形扁细胞。（4）气孔器张开时,栓质细胞中没有K⁺和H₂O₂的积累;气孔器关闭时,栓质细胞中积累了大量的K⁺和H₂O₂,且栓质细胞中K⁺和H₂O₂的积累始终与副卫细胞中K⁺和H₂O₂的积累变化一致,而硅质细胞和长细胞没有K⁺和H₂O₂的积累。该研究确定了玉米叶表皮短细胞发生的时期;展示了其发育过程的形态学变化特征;发现栓质细胞中K⁺和H₂O₂的积累随气孔器开关呈周期性变化,且与副卫细胞中K⁺和H₂O₂的积累变化保持一致。     

SelS高表达保护人脐静脉内皮细胞免于H2O2诱导的细胞损伤

采用以下方法探讨SelS在内皮细胞中的表达和作用：将SelS基因克隆到真核表达载体pLNCX2，RT-PCR、XhoⅠ/ClaⅠ双酶切以及DNA序列分析验证目的基因；利用脂质体转染技术将pLNCX2-SelS或pLNCX2转染至人脐静脉内皮细胞(ECV₃₀₄细胞)，RT-PCR检测重组基因SelS的表达；MTT方法检测转染后过氧化氢(H₂O₂)对内皮细胞增殖能力的影响；硫代巴比妥酸法测定暴露于H₂O₂中不同转染组细胞脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量. 结果表明：成功构建真核表达载体pLNCX2-SelS；转染后重组SelS mRNA表达水平是内源性水平的1.76倍；H₂O₂对ECV₃₀₄细胞损伤后，高表达SelS组细胞活性增强、H₂O₂诱导产生的丙二醛减少. 上述结果表明，高表达SelS可保护内皮细胞免于H₂O₂诱导的细胞损伤，其作用机制与抗氧化有关.     

NO和H2O2诱导大豆根尖和边缘细胞耐铝反应的作用

 NO和H₂O₂是参与植物抗非生物胁迫反应的重要信号分子, 为了确定NO和H₂O₂在大豆(Glycine max)根尖和根边缘细胞(root border cells, RBCs)耐铝反应中的作用及其相互关系, 以‘浙春3号’大豆为材料, 研究了铝毒胁迫下大豆根尖内源NO和H₂O₂的变化, 以及外源NO和H₂O₂诱导大豆根尖和RBCs的耐铝反应。结果表明, 50 μmol·L^–1 Al处理48 h显著抑制大豆根的伸长, 提高Al在根尖的积累, 同时显著增加根尖内源NO和H₂O₂含量。施加0.25 mmol·L^–1外源NO供体亚硝基铁氰化钠(Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO]·2H₂O, sodium nitroprusside, SNP)和0.1 mmol·L^–1H₂O₂, 能有效地缓解Al对大豆根伸长的抑制、根尖Al积累和RBCs 的死亡, 该缓解作用可以被0.05 mmol·L^–1 NO清除剂2-(4- 羧基苯)-4,4,5,5- 四甲基咪唑-1- 氧-3- 氧化物, 钾盐(C₁₄H₁₆N₂O₄·K, carboxy-PTIO, cPTIO)和150 U·mL^–1 H₂O₂清除酶(catalase, CAT)逆转。并且外源NO能够显著促进根尖H₂O₂的积累, 而外源H₂O₂对根尖NO的含量无显著影响。这表明NO和H₂O₂是诱导大豆根尖及RBCs耐铝反应的两种信号分子, NO可能通过调控H₂O₂的形成, 进而诱导大豆根尖及RBCs的耐铝反应。     

胞外ATP对AlCl3诱导的细胞死亡过程中胞内H2O2和Ca2+水平的影响及其生理机制分析

该实验以烟草悬浮细胞 BY 2 为材料,在烟草悬浮细胞中分别加入0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20 mmol·L^-1AlCl₃,以等体积去离子水处理的悬浮细胞液为对照,并依据前述实验结果选择0.15 mmol·L^-1 AlCl₃,分别添加5 mmol·L^-1 DMTU(H₂O₂ 抑制剂)、20 μmol·L^-1CaCl₂、15 μmol·L^-1 LaCl₃(Ca²⁺通道抑制剂)和50 μmol·L^-1 ATP设计多项处理,分析胞外ATP(eATP)对铝离子(Al³⁺)胁迫引起的植物细胞死亡及其胞内H₂O₂、Ca²⁺的影响,以揭示Al³⁺胁迫下植物调节细胞死亡的可能机制,进一步扩展对eATP功能的认知。结果显示：(1)随着 AlCl₃ 胁迫浓度的提高,细胞死亡水平和胞内H₂O₂水平上升,而胞内Ca²⁺和eATP水平则逐渐降低。(2)外援施加H₂O₂抑制剂 DMTU(二甲基硫脲)和Ca²⁺能够有效缓解AlCl₃诱导的细胞死亡水平的上升;而Ca²⁺通道抑制剂LaCl₃(三氯化镧)则加剧了AlCl₃胁迫下的细胞死亡。(3)在AlCl₃胁迫下对细胞添加外源ATP,能够缓解AlCl₃胁迫下胞内H₂O₂水平上升和Ca²⁺水平下降的同时,并显著降低AlCl₃胁迫导致的细胞死亡。研究表明, Al³⁺以剂量依赖的模式提升细胞死亡和细胞内H₂O₂的水平并降低胞内Ca²⁺和eATP水平,AlCl₃诱导的细胞死亡受到H₂O₂和Ca²⁺水平变化的调节,eATP可以通过调节H₂O₂与Ca²⁺水平缓解AlCl₃诱导的细胞死亡。推测Al³⁺胁迫可能通过抑制钙离子通道而破坏了细胞内H₂O₂和Ca²⁺之间的协同关系,外源ATP对Al³⁺诱导H₂O₂上升的缓解作用可能是由于其提升了细胞的抗氧化能力。     

植物叶片中过氧化氢含量测定方法的改进

Ti（Ⅳ）-H₂O₂比色法因背景物质干扰而测得的植物叶片内H₂O₂含量偏高，5％三氯乙酸抽提，活性炭脱色，Ti（Ⅳ）-4-(2-吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚(PAR)比色法测得的H₂O₂含量偏低.萃取法有效地脱去丙酮提液中的色素，且H₂O₂的回收率在95％以上.用过氧化氢酶(CAT）处理作空白对照，利用H₂O₂与Ti（Ⅳ）-PAR的显色反应，建立了一种简便、快速、准确的植物叶片内的H₂O₂含量测定方法，H₂O₂的最低检测浓度为0.25 μmol·L^－1.用该方法测得多种植物叶片中H₂O₂的含量在0.1～0.8 μmol·g^－1.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.