载阿霉素PLGA纳米微球的制备及性质研究

目的:制备新型癌症化疗制剂载阿霉素(Adriamycin)、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)纳米微球(ADM-PLGA-NP),研究其性质及体外释药特点。方法:以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物为包封材料,阿霉素为模型药物,采用复乳蒸发法制备ADM-PLGA-NP,扫描电镜观察微球形态,激光粒度分析仪检测粒径分布,紫外分光光度法计算载药率及包封率,体外药物释放实验考察微球对ADM的缓释作用。结果:ADM-PLGA-NP外观呈球形,平均粒径约(237±12.7)nm,载药量及包封率分别为(6.42±1.67)%和(53.82±8.34)%,药物在体外缓慢释放,5 d累积释放量达85%。结论:通过复乳蒸发法制备的ADM-PLGA-NP性质稳定,具有药物缓释性,有望成为一种新型的药物化疗载体。     

包载紫杉醇PLGA纳米粒的制备工艺优化及表征

以生物可降解材料乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid),PLGA]为载体材料,采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备包载紫杉醇(PTX)的PLGA微球(PTX-PLGANPs)。采用正交实验设计,考察乳化剂质量浓度、PLGA与紫杉醇质量比、油相用量、剪切速度4个因素对粒径和载药率的影响,优化纳米粒最佳制备工艺。研究结果表明:当PLGA与PTX的质量比为4∶1,聚乙烯醇PVA用量0.1%,二氯甲烷用量为4mL,剪切速度为16000r·min^-1是纳米粒的最佳制备工艺。最佳工艺条件下的PTX-PLGANPs多批次重复实验得到PLGA-NPs粒径分布为(207.1±20.5)nm,Zeta电位为(-23.8±2.5)mV,载药量为(14.45±0.04)%。制得的PTX-PLGANPs均匀圆整、理化性质稳定。冻干粉复溶溶液12h粒径变化不大,具有良好的药物稳定性,为新型抗肿瘤缓释制剂的研发提供实验基础。     

生物可降解微球作为HPV-E7 蛋白免疫佐剂的研究

目的:对聚乳酸聚羟基乙酸(PGLA)作为疫苗运输载体进行免疫学评价。方法:用复乳法制备PLGA微球,通过表面吸附人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)E7蛋白制备成聚乳酸聚羟基乙酸(PGLA)微球,考察粒径分布情况及体外释放水平,通过皮下免疫注射途径免疫C57BL/6小鼠,用间接ELISA法检测免疫鼠血清中的抗体水平,由此评价PLGA微球疫苗运输载体的佐剂效应。。结果:复乳法制备的PLGA微球表面光滑,大小均匀,包封率20.1%,注射小鼠6周后(第2周加强免疫1次),微球疫苗诱导产生的IgG1抗体水平较同剂量的铝佐剂组和溴化二甲基双十八胺(DDA)组明显升高,(平均滴度分别为3805、1270、2262);微球疫苗诱导产生IgG2b的抗体水平明显高于铝佐剂组,略低于DDA组,(平均滴度分别为1131、475、2653)而IgG2c的抗体量高于铝佐剂组和DDA组(平均滴度分别为150、36、106)。结论:人乳头状瘤病毒E7蛋白聚乳酸羟基乙酸微球作为疫苗输送体系可以明显的提高抗原的免疫原性。     

装载于PLGA中的5-氟尿嘧啶缓释微球的制备及其体外释放的研究

目的:研究装载于不同分子量的PLGA中的5-氟尿嘧啶微球的制备方法及其在体外条件下的缓释行为。方法:以水包油包固复乳法将5-氟尿嘧啶包裹在高分子聚乳酸-聚羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)中,形成缓释微球,考察其大小,外观,包封率等理化性质,以紫外分光光度法为检测方法研究其体外释放行为。结果:经扫描电子显微镜观察,所制备的微球形态完整,大小较均匀。具有一定得包封率和载药量,体外释放研究表明其处方1和处方2的缓释时间为8天和23天。结论:以水包油包固复乳法制备的PLGA 5-氟尿嘧啶微球能够达到缓释的目的。     

rhEGF缓释微球对糖尿病皮肤溃疡创面修复的 作用

采用W/O/W方法制备聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)载重组人表皮生长因子(rhEGF)缓释微球, 表征了缓释微球形貌和粒径分布, 研究了体外释放行为, 进行了细胞实验和动物实验. 结果显示：微球形貌规则, 粒径均匀; 药物包封率达85.6%; 缓释时间达24 h. 细胞实验表明, 微球比rhEGF原液具有更好的促进细胞增殖作用; 通过观察动物实验中溃疡面积变化、组织病理切片和PCNA表达, 发现微球组治疗效果优于生长因子原液组和空白对照组, 并且具有显著性差异. 本研究为rhEGF缓释微球技术的临床应用提供了重要的科学依据.     

普朗尼克F-127以及PLGA对多孔微球的影响

目的:考察致孔剂普朗尼克F-127以及不同型号聚乳酸-聚羟基乙酸共聚物(poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid),PLGA)配比对于PLGA多孔微球形态和孔洞形成的影响。方法:制备多种处方的PLGA多孔微球,添加不同量的致孔剂普朗尼克F-127,部分不添加任何致孔剂,并且利用PLGA型号为50501A和50502A的不同比例制备多种处方的多孔微球,进行SEM观察缓释多孔微球的整体形态和孔洞。结果:1)添加了不同量的致孔剂普朗尼克F-127的微球,表面的孔洞大小随F-127的添加量成正比关系。2)添加了致孔剂普朗尼克F-127的PLGA微球表面有较多的碎屑粘连,有大量的微球分子破裂,未有添加任何致孔剂的微球,微球的形态较好,球形规整。3)利用不同型号PLGA配比制备的微球SEM图表明,利用PLGA型号为50501A制备的微球表面孔洞清晰,孔洞均匀分布,而利用50502A制备的缓释多孔微球表面的孔洞很少。结论:1)致孔剂普朗尼克F-127会造成小分子的PLGA多孔微球的破裂,不宜作为小分子PLGA多孔微球时的致孔剂。2)不同型号PLGA的配比会对制备的PLGA多孔微球的孔径产生比较大的影响,形成的微球孔径与PLGA的特性粘度成反比。     

生物可降解微球作为HPV-E7蛋白免疫佐剂的研究

目的：对聚乳酸聚羟基乙酸（PGLA）作为疫苗运输载体进行免疫学评价。方法：用复乳法制备PLGA微球,通过表面吸附人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）E7蛋白制备成聚乳酸聚羟基乙酸（PGLA）微球,考察粒径分布情况及体外释放水平,通过皮下免疫注射途径免疫C57BL/6小鼠,用间接ELISA法检测免疫鼠血清中的抗体水平,由此评价PLGA微球疫苗运输载体的佐剂效应。。结果：复乳法制备的PLGA微球表面光滑,大小均匀,包封率20.1%,注射小鼠6周后（第2周加强免疫1次）,微球疫苗诱导产生的IgG1抗体水平较同剂量的铝佐剂组和溴化二甲基双十八胺（DDA）组明显升高,（平均滴度分别为3805、1270、2262）;微球疫苗诱导产生IgG2b的抗体水平明显高于铝佐剂组,略低于DDA组,（平均滴度分别为1131、475、2653）而IgG2c的抗体量高于铝佐剂组和DDA组（平均滴度分别为150、36、106）。结论：人乳头状瘤病毒E7蛋白聚乳酸羟基乙酸微球作为疫苗输送体系可以明显的提高抗原的免疫原性。     

戊型肝炎重组蛋白聚乳酸羟基乙酸微球疫苗的研究

目的:研究戊型肝炎重组蛋白(NE2)聚乳酸羟基乙酸(PLGA)微球疫苗诱导免疫应答的情况.方法:复乳法制备微球,考察粒径分布等特性.通过间接ELISA法检测其诱导BALB/c小鼠体内IgG、IgG2a和IgGl1水平,并通过IFN--ELISPOT方法检测其诱导BALB/c小鼠体内抗原特异性免疫应答情况.结果:微球的平均粒径为7.1m.注射小鼠6周后(第4周加强免疫1次),微球疫苗诱导产生的抗戊型肝炎病毒IgG抗体水平较同剂量铝佐剂组明显升高(间接ELISA:OD450/620 10.09vs.5.32).IgG2a抗体量略高于铝佐剂组,OD450/620分别为0.17、0.04.IgG1抗体量明显高于铝佐剂组.OD450/620分别为20.48、15.00.IFN--ELISPOT结果显示,微球疫苗能很好的诱导NE2或P34肽抗原特异性免疫应答.结论:戊型肝炎重组蛋白聚乳酸羟基乙酸微球作为疫苗输送体系能明显的提高抗原的免疫原性,有很好的应用前景.     

超临界流体发泡技术制备BMP-2-PLLAms/FGF-2-nHA/PLGA复合支架及体外成骨诱导效应研究

本研究将左旋聚乳酸微球(PLLAms)与纳米羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸-羟基乙醇酸(nHA/PLGA)多孔支架复合,构建可次第释放不同生长因子的骨组织工程支架.首先,制备载骨形态发生蛋白2的左旋聚乳酸微球(BMP-2-PLLAms),然后将微球与nHA/PLGA及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子2(FGF-2)按照一定的比例混合,通过超临界流体发泡制备BMP-2-PLLAms/FGF-2-nHA/PLGA复合支架.制备的BMP-2-PLLA载药微球呈规则球形,粒径分布在6~10μm之间,BMP-2载药量为1.45×10-3%,包封率为61.9%,制备的BMP-2-PLLAms/FGF-2-nHA/PLGA复合支架孔径为100~200μm,孔隙率为75.8%,抗压强度为6.8 MPa,8周降解率为19.9%.7天时,FGF-2和BMP-2的累计释放率分别为77.1%和44.2%;14天时,FGF-2和BMP-2的累计释放率分别为84.9%和61.5%.大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的成骨诱导实验证明复合支架中释放的BMP-2和FGF-2能够持续有效地刺激BMSCs的增殖和分化,具有良好的生物活性.BMP-2-PLLAms/FGF-2-nHA/PLGA复合支架有效实现了FGF-2和BMP-2的次第释放,且能够显著地促进BMSCs的成骨分化.     

装载于PLGA中的5-氟尿嘧啶缓释微球的制备及其体外释放的研究

目的：研究装载于不同分子量的PLGA中的5-氟尿嘧啶微球的制备方法及其在体外条件下的缓释行为。方法：以水包油包固复乳法将5-氟尿嘧啶包裹在高分子聚乳酸-聚羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）中,形成缓释微球,考察其大小,外观,包封率等理化性质,以紫外分光光度法为检测方法研究其体外释放行为。结果：经扫描电子显微镜观察,所制备的微球形态完整,大小较均匀。具有一定得包封率和载药量,体外释放研究表明其处方1和处方2的缓释时间为8天和23天。结论：以水包油包固复乳法制备的PLGA 5-氟尿嘧啶微球能够达到缓释的目的。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.