植物多酚对畜禽肠道健康的保护作用研究进展

肠道疾病造成畜牧业的巨大经济损失,畜禽肠道健康对于畜禽养殖具有重要意义.传统方式一直将抗生素应用于畜禽肠道疾病防治中,极易造成抗生素滥用,也极大地限制了现代畜牧业的健康发展.抗生素替代是产业需求,而植物多酚作为无毒副作用、无药残的抗生素替代物之一,在畜禽生产及畜禽疾病中有广泛的应用价值.本文主要从植物多酚作为抗生素替代品在畜禽生产中的应用,对畜禽肠道的保护功效,以及对畜禽肠道健康的保护作用机制三个方面对其研究进展进行了综述.     

乳酸菌在抗病原微生物感染中的作用

乳酸菌作为益生菌中主要的一大分类,在食品、医药和饲料行业中具有广泛应用。乳酸菌具有多种重要生理功能,如维持肠道微生态的平衡、促进肠道蠕动消化、抗高血压、降低血清胆固醇、黏附或降解有害物质等。近年来研究表明,乳酸菌能够通过不同机制抑制病原微生物感染。本文就乳酸菌增强宿主固有免疫和适应性免疫、直接抑制病毒和细菌、增强肠道上皮细胞屏障功能等作用机制的相关研究进展进行综述。     

乳酸菌在农业和食品加工中的应用研究进展

乳酸菌是发酵糖类物质的主要终产物为乳酸的细菌总称。常见的乳酸菌包括乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、片球菌属（Pediococcus）、明串珠菌属（Leuconostoc）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）和双歧杆菌属（Bifdobacterium）等少数属的种类。许多乳酸菌属于人和动物胃肠道、泌尿生殖道、母乳、口腔等的正常菌群,能产生多种生物活性物质,具有调节肠道菌群平衡、增强机体免疫力、促进机体生长等益生功能,因而乳酸菌具有重要的应用价值。综述了乳酸菌在畜禽养殖饲料添加剂、青贮饲料发酵、水产养殖及植物病害防治等领域的应用研究进展,尤其在“饲料禁抗、养殖减抗、产品无抗”的养殖背景下,乳酸菌制剂是替代抗生素的最佳选择。总结了乳酸菌在奶制品、肉制品加工以及植物基饮料、低糖食品和饮料发酵等方面的开发潜力,展望了乳酸菌研究与应用的发展趋势。     

4株乳酸菌对14种抗生素的敏感性试验

实验模拟饲料中益生菌与抗生素接触环境,对益生菌的存活比率进行量化表示,对用于饲料添加剂的4株乳酸菌进行抗生素敏感性试验。结果表明除极个别乳酸菌和抗生素的组合外,乳酸菌均在此种实验方法下对抗生素有很好的耐受性,实验结果对微生物饲料添加剂的研制及其在畜禽生产中的应用具有指导意义。     

乳酸菌在疾病防治和人体保健中的应用研究进展

肠道微生物在人体健康方面起着重要的作用,良好的肠道微生态环境是维持人体健康的重要因素,随着对肠道微生物越来越多的关注和研究,人们发现益生菌在肠道菌群和宿主健康之间有着复杂的关系。大量的研究发现,乳酸菌作为益生菌在人体肠道微生态平衡、疾病防治和保健中起着至关重要的作用。综述了乳酸菌对人体微生态环境的益生功能,并对乳酸菌和人体微生态环境之间的相互影响和关系,以及乳酸菌对一些常见人体疾病的预防和治疗作用的研究进展。     

乳酸菌对肠免疫调节功能研究进展

乳酸菌作为益生菌是人体肠道中的重要生理菌群,对维持肠道的微生态平衡,缓解过敏,抑制肠道炎症反应等免疫调节方面有重要作用。本文综述了乳酸菌对肠免疫系统的调节作用,主要从调节先天性免疫和获得性免疫系统角度出发,讨论相关研究进展,并对乳酸菌在免疫调节方面的应用前景作了展望。     

酶制剂在畜禽养殖中的应用研究进展

酶制剂作为生物催化剂具有专一性和高效性的特征,已被广泛应用于多个领域,其中酶制剂在畜禽养殖领域中的应用增长最快,且最具有潜力。酶制剂作为具有营养性添加剂和非营养性添加剂双重特性的饲料添加剂,不仅可以提高日粮营养消化利用率,还有调节动物肠道健康、杀菌抑菌等功能,在节约饲料资源、减少养殖排放、替代抗生素方面具有很大的市场潜力。本文综述了酶制剂在畜禽养殖行业中应用的不同阶段、不同酶种的功能定位及其研究进展。     

微生物饲料添加剂研究与应用进展

微生物饲料添加剂是依赖益生菌及其代谢产物发挥作用的绿色、安全的添加剂,在替代抗生素方面具有良好的发展前景。由于微生物饲料添加剂具有调节动物微生态平衡、增强免疫力、提高饲料转化率和生产性能、提高畜产品品质、改善养殖环境等诸多作用,因而在畜禽、水产等养殖中发挥着日益重要的作用。从概念剖析、作用机理、主要的微生物种类以及应用效果等方面,对微生物饲料添加剂的研究与应用现状加以简要综述,以期为进一步拓展微生物饲料添加剂的应用提供参考。     

益生菌与肠道健康

肠道菌群与人体肠道健康密切相关.益生菌在防治感染、调节机体菌群平衡,提高机体免疫力和儿童生长发育等发挥关键作用.本文主要介绍了益生菌与肠道健康的主要作用机制及益生菌在消化道疾病的应用.     

戊糖片球菌益生效能及其在动物中的应用前景

动物肠道菌群紊乱是引起其消化系统疾病的重要原因。与抗生素相比，益生菌更安全，有良好的发展前景，而且戊糖片球菌本身就是乳酸菌，因此其具体应用过程备受业界关注。为此，文章对戊糖片球菌的作用机制、应用功能等展开了研究，以期为今后的动物生产应用提供参考价值。     

益生菌调控胃肠道菌群改善肉品质的研究进展

胃肠道菌群对动物健康和生产性能起到重要作用。将益生菌应用于畜禽养殖可调节肠道微生态平衡,调控脂肪代谢,提高饲料利用率以及促进风味物质形成等多种途径提高畜禽肉的品质。本文综述了不同益生菌调节胃肠道微生态的机理,并通过改善肠道菌群结构来改善畜禽肉的品质,为进一步研究开发以胃肠道菌群为靶点的益生菌饲料提供参考。     

Current status and application of lactic acid bacteria in animal production systems with a focus on bacteria from honey bee colonies

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely distributed in nature and, due to their beneficial effects on the host, are used as probiotics. This review describes the applications of LAB in animal production systems such as beekeeping, poultry, swine and bovine production, particularly as probiotics used to improve health, enhance growth and reproductive performance. Given the importance of honeybees in nature and the beekeeping industry as a producer of healthy food worldwide, the focus of this review is on the coexistence of LAB with honeybees, their food and environment. The main LAB species isolated from the beehive and their potential technological use are described. Evidence is provided that 43 LAB bacteria species have been isolated from beehives, of which 20 showed inhibition against 28 species of human and animal pathogens, some of which are resistant to antibiotics. Additionally, the presence of LAB in the beehive and their relationship with antibacterial properties of honey and pollen is discussed. Finally, we describe the use of lactic bacteria from bee colonies and their antimicrobial effect against foodborne pathogens and human health . This review broadens knowledge by highlighting the importance of honeybee colonies as suppliers of LAB and functional food.     

Phytase-Producing Potential and Other Functional Attributes of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolates for Prospective Probiotic Applications

Wide variations among multifaceted-health benefitting attributes of probiotics fueled investigations on targeting efficacious probiotics. In the current study, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from poultry gut, feces of rat, chicken, human infants, and fermented foods were characterized for desired probiotic functional properties including the phytase-producing ability which is one of the wanted characteristics for probiotics for potential applications for upgrading animal nutrition, enhancing feed conversion, and minimizing anti-nutritional properties. Among 62 LAB isolates Weissella kimchii R-3 an isolate from poultry gut exhibited substantial phytase-producing ability (1.77 U/ml) in addition to other functional probiotic characteristics viz. hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, coaggregation with bacterial pathogens, and antimicrobial activity against pathogens. Survival of W. kimchii R-3 cells (in free and calcium alginate encapsulated state) was examined sequentially in simulated gastric and intestinal juices. Encapsulated cells exhibited better survival under simulated gut conditions indicating that encapsulation conferred considerable protection against adverse gut conditions. Furthermore, simulated gastric and intestinal juices with pepsin and pancreatin showed higher survival of cells than the juices without pepsin and pancreatin. W. kimchii R-3 due to its significant functional probiotic attributes may have prospective for commercial applications in human/animal nutrition.     

Updating the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fish farming: natural occurrence and probiotic treatments

Many recent papers have deepened the state of knowledge about lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fish gut. In spite of high variability in fish microbiota, LAB are sometimes abundant in the intestine, notably in freshwater fish. Several strains of Streptococcus are pathogenic to fish. Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae are major fish pathogens, against which commercial vaccines are available. Fortunately, most LAB are harmless, and some strains have been reported for beneficial effects on fish health. A major step forward in recent years was the converging evidence that LAB can stimulate the immune system in fish. An open question is whether viability can affect immunostimulation. The issue is crucial to commercialize live probiotics rather than inactivated preparations or extracts. There has been a regain of interest in allochthonous strains used as probiotics for terrestrial animals or humans, due to economical and regulatory constraints, but the short survival in sea water may limit application to marine fish. If viability is required, alternative treatments may include the incorporation of prebiotics in feed, and other dietary manipulations that could promote intestinal LAB. Antagonism to pathogens is the other main feature of candidate probiotics, and there are many reports concerning mainly carnobacteria and Enterococcus. Some bacteriocins were characterized which may be of interest not only for aquaculture, but also for food preservation.     

畜禽中药-益生菌复合微生态制剂的研究进展

畜禽中药-益生菌复合微生态制剂是指采用现代发酵技术将益生菌与中药联合发酵,发挥两者的协同作用,以提高畜禽免疫功能、保护畜禽健康的一种新型动物微生态制剂。文中通过调研近几年关于益生菌及中药微生态制剂等方面的文献,综述了畜禽中药-益生菌复合微生态制剂的产生背景及菌种特点,并重点阐述了畜禽中药-益生菌复合微生态制剂的作用机制、在畜禽养殖中的应用及存在问题与建议,以期为畜禽中药-益生菌复合微生态制剂的深入研究提供参考和依据。     

Effects of feed additives on the development on the ileal bacterial community of the broiler chicken

Intensifying concerns about the use of antimicrobials in meat and poultry production has enhanced interest in the application of prebiotics, probiotics and enzymes to enhance growth and prevent disease in food animals. Growth-promoting antibiotics enhance growth of animals by reducing the load of bacteria in the intestine, by reducing colonization by intestinal pathogens or by enhancing the growth and/or metabolism of beneficial bacteria in the intestine. Recently, molecular ecology, utilizing DNA-sequence heterogeneity of the 16S rRNA gene, has revealed a surprising diversity of uncharacterized bacteria inhabiting this ecosystem. We used this approach to determine the effect of growth-promoting antibiotics on the development and composition of the ileal bacterial community. Pairwise comparisons, correspondence analysis and community diversity indices revealed significant differences among the treatments (bacitracin/virginiamycin or monensin) and controls. Antibiotics reduced the diversity of the ileal bacterial community and induced communities rich in Clostridia throughout the life of the broiler chicken. These results indicate that some bacterial species, such as lactobacilli, were suppressed and also suggest that many intestinal Clostridia may be non-pathogenic. Future studies should focus on characterizing the important bacterial species needed to stabilize the intestinal microbiota and identifying those commensals that stimulate and enhance development of intestinal function.     

Identification and characterisation of an iron-responsive candidate probiotic

Background

Iron is an essential cofactor in almost all biological systems. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB), frequently employed as probiotics, are unusual in having little or no requirement for iron. Iron in the human body is sequestered by transferrins and lactoferrin, limiting bacterial growth. An increase in the availability of iron in the intestine by bleeding, surgery, or under stress leads to an increase in the growth and virulence of many pathogens. Under these high iron conditions, LAB are rapidly out-competed; for the levels of probiotic bacteria to be maintained under high iron conditions they must be able to respond by increasing growth rate to compete with the normal flora. Despite this, iron-responsive genera are poorly characterised as probiotics.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Here, we show that a panel of probiotics are not able to respond to increased iron availability, and identify an isolate of Streptococcus thermophilus that can increase growth rate in response to increased iron availability. The isolate of S. thermophilus selected was able to reduce epithelial cell death as well as NF-κB signalling and IL-8 production triggered by pathogens. It was capable of crossing an epithelial cell barrier in conjunction with E. coli and downregulating Th1 and Th17 responses in primary human intestinal leukocytes.

Conclusions/Significance

We propose that an inability to compete with potential pathogens under conditions of high iron availability such as stress and trauma may contribute to the lack of efficacy of many LAB-based probiotics in treating disease. Therefore, we offer an alternative paradigm which considers that probiotics should be able to be competitive during periods of intestinal bleeding, trauma or stress.     

Selecting lactic acid bacteria for their safety and functionality by use of a mouse colitis model

Studies showed that specific probiotics might provide therapeutic benefits in inflammatory bowel disease. However, a rigorous screening of new probiotics is needed to study possible adverse interactions with the host, particularly when intended for administration to individuals with certain health risks. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of three lactobacilli (LAB) on intestinal inflammation and bacterial translocation using variations of the mouse model of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced acute colitis. We first compared the in vitro ability of LAB to survive gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions and their ability to persist in the GIT of mice following daily oral administration. As a control, we included a nonprobiotic Lactobacillus paracasei strain, previously isolated from an endocarditis patient. Feeding high doses of LAB strains to healthy and to TNBS-treated mice did not induce any detrimental effect or abnormal translocation of the bacteria. Oral administration of Lactobacillus salivarius Ls-33 had a significant preventive effect on colitis in mice, while Lactobacillus plantarum Lp-115 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM did not. None of the three selected LAB strains translocated to extraintestinal organs of TNBS-treated mice. In contrast, L. paracasei exacerbated colitis under severe inflammatory conditions and translocated to extraintestinal organs. This study showed that evaluations of the safety and functionality of new probiotics are recommended. We conclude that not all lactobacilli have similar effects on intestinal inflammation and that selected probiotics such as L. salivarius Ls-33 may be considered in the prevention or treatment of intestinal inflammation.     

Acquired Resistance to Macrolide–Lincosamide–Streptogramin Antibiotics in Lactic Acid Bacteria of Food Origin

Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in clinical settings as well as in food industry. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) commercially used as starter cultures and probiotic supplements are considered as reservoirs of several antibiotic resistance genes. Macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin (MLS) antibiotics have a proven record of excellence in clinical settings. However, the intensive use of tylosin, lincomysin and virginamycin antibiotics of this group as growth promoters in animal husbandry and poultry has resulted in development of resistance in LAB of animal origin. Among the three different mechanisms of MLS resistance, the most commonly observed in LAB are the methylase and efflux mediated resistance. This review summarizes the updated information on MLS resistance genes detected and how resistance to these antibiotics poses a threat when present in food grade LAB.     

Selecting Lactic Acid Bacteria for Their Safety and Functionality by Use of a Mouse Colitis Model

Studies showed that specific probiotics might provide therapeutic benefits in inflammatory bowel disease. However, a rigorous screening of new probiotics is needed to study possible adverse interactions with the host, particularly when intended for administration to individuals with certain health risks. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of three lactobacilli (LAB) on intestinal inflammation and bacterial translocation using variations of the mouse model of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced acute colitis. We first compared the in vitro ability of LAB to survive gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions and their ability to persist in the GIT of mice following daily oral administration. As a control, we included a nonprobiotic Lactobacillus paracasei strain, previously isolated from an endocarditis patient. Feeding high doses of LAB strains to healthy and to TNBS-treated mice did not induce any detrimental effect or abnormal translocation of the bacteria. Oral administration of Lactobacillus salivarius Ls-33 had a significant preventive effect on colitis in mice, while Lactobacillus plantarum Lp-115 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM did not. None of the three selected LAB strains translocated to extraintestinal organs of TNBS-treated mice. In contrast, L. paracasei exacerbated colitis under severe inflammatory conditions and translocated to extraintestinal organs. This study showed that evaluations of the safety and functionality of new probiotics are recommended. We conclude that not all lactobacilli have similar effects on intestinal inflammation and that selected probiotics such as L. salivarius Ls-33 may be considered in the prevention or treatment of intestinal inflammation.