微生态制剂在水产养殖中的作用

微生态制剂的主要作用有 :净化水质、改善养殖水体环境 ;抑制病原微生物 ,提高机体免疫力 ;作为饲料添加剂 ,促进养殖生物生长 ;常用的微生物菌群主要有光合细菌、硝化细菌、芽孢杆菌等。综述了微生态制剂在水产养殖中的作用及常用微生物菌群。     

现代生物技术与饲用微生态制剂

近年来,使用抗生素的副作用越来越多地受到关注,世界上许多国家已出台相应政策来控制抗生素的使用。但是由于养殖行业的迅猛发展,养殖密度加大,养殖动物病害发病的风险提高,急需可替代抗生素的新型绿色饲料添加剂产品。微生态制剂作为一种新型绿色饲料添加剂,在养殖行业发挥了重要作用。随着饲用微生态制剂产品研发的深入,现代生物技术在提升微生态制剂的理论和应用研究方面发挥着重要作用。PCR、核酸分子杂交、基因工程以及组学等技术已应用于微生物菌种鉴定、基因改良、作用机理等研究中。本文对饲用微生态制剂的研发现状进行了阐述,并综述了现代生物技术在饲用微生态制剂研究中的应用。     

酶制剂在畜禽养殖中的应用研究进展

酶制剂作为生物催化剂具有专一性和高效性的特征,已被广泛应用于多个领域,其中酶制剂在畜禽养殖领域中的应用增长最快,且最具有潜力。酶制剂作为具有营养性添加剂和非营养性添加剂双重特性的饲料添加剂,不仅可以提高日粮营养消化利用率,还有调节动物肠道健康、杀菌抑菌等功能,在节约饲料资源、减少养殖排放、替代抗生素方面具有很大的市场潜力。本文综述了酶制剂在畜禽养殖行业中应用的不同阶段、不同酶种的功能定位及其研究进展。     

饲用微生物酶制剂的作用及其应用

随着近代生物工程技术的不断进展 ,利用微生物酶制剂来提高饲料利用率 ,消除抗营养因子 ,提高动物的消化能力等已引起饲料工业的高度重视。国外 2 0世纪 70年代开始了饲用酶制剂的研究与应用 ,我国于 2 0世纪 90年代逐步开始这方面的研究 ,目前我国酶制剂在饲料中的使用率仅占 10 % ,而欧洲发达国家 90 %的饲料都使用酶制剂。酶制剂饲料添加剂不仅具有提高饲料利用率 ,促进动物生长 ,防治疾病等作用 ,而且可部分替代抗生素的添加 ,减少了动物体内药物残留和产生耐药性等副作用 ,是一种绿色环保型饲料添加剂 ,具有广阔的发展前景。1　饲用微…     

项目推介

小肽与有益微生物合生元(素)绿色饲料添加剂及其制造技术 小肽与有益微生物组成的合生元(又称合生素),由国家"863"计划资助,是具有国际先进水平的新一代抗生素替代品的主力军,主要含有分子量1kDa以下的小肽类、有益微生物以及纤维素酶、蛋白酶、解肽酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶及抑菌活性物质.是生产绿色食品的理想添加剂,可广泛用于畜禽水产养殖以及饲料生产.该技术已经过中试放大,工艺成熟,授权专利1项.应用效果表现为:刺激动物胃肠道乳酸菌等有益菌生长,抑制有害菌生长;提高畜禽免疫力和抗病力;明显提高动物的生产性能;改善肉品质;替代抗生素.     

益生菌的作用机理及功能的研究进展

益生菌是一种改善肠道菌群平衡的微生物饲料添加剂。本文主要探讨它具有改善肠道功能、增强免疫力、抗高血压,调控泌尿系统健康等功能。从益生菌与致病菌竞争黏附位点、抗菌效应,提高免疫力及其提高消化吸收四个方面综述益生菌抑制致病菌的作用机理。     

饲用微生物的应用及研究现状

1　饲用微生物应用概况饲用微生物又称益生菌、活菌制剂 ,是近年来出现的一类新型饲料添加剂。它是指由许多有益微生物及其代谢产物和生长促进物质组成的 ,可直接饲喂动物的活菌制剂。具有调节动物胃肠道微生物态平衡、维持胃肠道的正常功能、提高宿主的健康水平 ,从而实现其防病、治病、促进生长等功能。由于它是有益活菌制剂 ,又具有无毒、无副作用、无污染、无残留、不产生抗药性等抗生素所不具备的优点 ,所以倍受关注。在饲料行业和畜牧业用有益微生物替代抗生素作为兽药和饲料添加剂 ,现已得到广泛的重视和应用 ,并显示出其光辉的前景…     

几种微生物制剂和微藻在水产养殖中的应用

工厂化高密度养殖,需人工大量投喂饲料,饵料残余及水产动物的排泄物溶解于水中,对养殖水体造成污染,危害养殖对象的健康生长。对鱼虾疾病用药物防治只是暂时性手段,广谱抗生素杀死或抑制了敏感细菌而保留了耐药的致病菌,破坏或干扰了水体原有的正常微生物区系的生态平衡,更增加了养殖动物感染病菌的机会,抗生素在生物体内的残留,最终会对人体产生危害。微生物应用于水产养殖来改善水体生态环境,抑制杀死病原微生物,并可作为饲料添加剂,补充营养成分,改善养殖动物胃肠道有益菌群,达到生态防治的目的,使养殖生产良性发展,取得更好的经济效益、生态效益。本文对目前国内外较为普遍应用于水产养殖的几种微生物、微藻类在水处理、防治病原微生物和病害发生方面的应用情况和发展动态进行了分析。       

论述微生物饲料添加剂的研究和应用

微生物饲料添加剂有多种多样的类型,包括乳酸菌制剂、芽孢杆菌制剂、真菌制剂等,其主要应用范围包括养猪、养鸡、养奶牛等,它在实际运用中具有重要的作用,既能够提供营养物质,调节肠道微生态平衡,提高动物的免疫力。但目前在生产和使用过程中仍然存在着一些问题与不足,今后应该进行深入的研究,使其在实际应用中发挥更大的作用。     

微生物发酵中药饲料添加剂的研究进展

微生物发酵中药饲料添加剂突破性地将中药饲料添加剂和微生态饲料添加剂有机结合,具有提高免疫力、促进动物生长等作用,是替代抗生素的理想饲料添加剂。本文对近几年微生物发酵中药的机理及发酵后药性的变化、微生态饲料添加剂以及微生物发酵中药饲料添加剂进行了阐述。     

微生物发酵饲料在绿色养殖中应用的研究进展

微生物发酵饲料，目前是饲料工业和养殖业的关注热点之一，也是绿色安全养殖的重要条件。我国早在20世纪90年代开始研究。近年来，微生物发酵饲料在畜牧业生产中得到迅速发展，其生产和应用形式更加多样化。在水产畜牧养殖时，将日基础饲粮部分替换成微生物发酵饲料或经复合微生物发酵后直接饲用，因含有活菌及相关代谢产物，能进一步改善动物对饲料的营养吸收、提高动物的生产性能、防病治病和改善养殖环境。未来将在饲料替代抗生素、饲养高品质动物、畜禽防病等方面发挥必不可少的作用。本文阐释了微生物发酵饲料概念，作用机理及其在畜牧业、水产养殖应用中的最新研究现状，为微生物发酵饲料产品及新技术的研发提供参考。     

Review: In vivo and postmortem effects of feed antioxidants in livestock: a review of the implications on authorization of antioxidant feed additives

The pivotal roles of regulatory jurisdictions in the feed additive sector cannot be over-emphasized. In the European Union (EU), antioxidant substances are authorized as feed additives for prolonging the shelf life of feedstuffs based on their effect for preventing lipid peroxidation. However, the efficacy of antioxidants transcends their functional use as technological additives in animal feeds. Promising research results have revealed the in vivo efficacy of dietary antioxidants for combating oxidative stress in production animals. The in vivo effect of antioxidants is significant for enhancing animal health and welfare. Similarly, postmortem effect of dietary antioxidants has been demonstrated to improve the nutritional, organoleptic and shelf-life qualities of animal products. In practice, dietary antioxidants have been traditionally used by farmers for these benefits in livestock production. However, some antioxidants particularly when supplemented in excess could act as prooxidants and exert detrimental effects on animal well-being and product quality. Presently, there is no exclusive legislation in the EU to justify the authorization of antioxidant products for these in vivo and postmortem efficacy claims. To indicate these efficacy claims and appropriate dosage on product labels, it is important to broaden the authorization status of antioxidants through the appraisal of existing EU legislations on feed additives. Such regulatory review will have major impact on the legislative categorization of antioxidants and the efficacy assessment in the technical dossier application. The present review harnesses the scientific investigations of these efficacy claims in production animals and, proposes potential categorization and appraisal of in vivo methodologies for efficacy assessment of antioxidants. This review further elucidates the implication of such regulatory review on the practical application of antioxidants as feed additives in livestock production. Effecting these regulatory changes will stimulate the innovation of more potent antioxidant products and create potential new markets that will have profound economic impacts on the feed additive industry. Based on the in vivo efficacy claims, antioxidants may have to contend with the legislative controversy of either to be considered as veterinary drugs or feed additives. In this scenario, antioxidants are not intended to diagnose or cure diseases as ascribed to veterinary products. This twisted distinction can be logically debated with reference to the stipulated status of feed additives in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003. Nonetheless, it is imperative for relevant stakeholders in the feed additive industry to lobby for the review of existing EU legislations for authorization of antioxidants for these efficacy claims.     

Dietary phytochemicals as rumen modifiers: a review of the effects on microbial populations

In the recent years, the exploration of bioactive phytochemicals as natural feed additives has been of great interest among nutritionists and rumen microbiologists to modify the rumen fermentation favorably such as defaunation, inhibition of methanogenesis, improvement in protein metabolism, and increasing conjugated linoleic acid content in ruminant derived foods. Many phytochemicals such as saponins, essential oils, tannins and flavonoids from a wide range of plants have been identified, which have potential values for rumen manipulation and enhancing animal productivity as alternatives to chemical feed additives. However, their effectiveness in ruminant production has not been proved to be consistent and conclusive. This review discusses the effects of phytochemicals such as saponins, tannins and essential oils on the rumen microbial populations, i.e., bacteria, protozoa, fungi and archaea with highlighting molecular diversity of microbial community in the rumen. There are contrasting reports of the effects of these phytoadditives on the rumen fermentation and rumen microbes probably depending upon the interactions among the chemical structures and levels of phytochemicals used, nutrient composition of diets and microbial components in the rumen. The study of chemical structure–activity relationships is required to exploit the phytochemicals for obtaining target responses without adversely affecting beneficial microbial populations. A greater understanding of the modulatory effects of phytochemicals on the rumen microbial populations together with fermentation will allow a better management of the rumen ecosystem and a practical application of this feed additive technology in livestock production.     

兽用博落回散对饲用酶制剂酶活性的影响

博落回散能抑菌消炎、改善畜禽肠道内环境,兼具营养和药用双重作用,已经成为一类新型饲料添加剂。酶制剂是目前已在养殖业广泛使用的饲料添加剂,它能提高动物对饲料的消化利用率、提高饲料转化率、降低饲喂成本。博落回散能否和酶制剂同时使用目前尚未有相关的研究报道。本文研究了不同浓度博落回散溶液对8种常用饲用酶制剂活性的影响,实验结果表明,在正常使用浓度(30～50 mg/L)范围内,博落回散不会明显影响淀粉酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶、甘露聚糖酶和木聚糖酶这5种糖基水解酶的活性;对植酸酶、酸性蛋白酶和脂肪酶这3种非糖基水解酶的活性影响不大,这说明博落回散能和酶制剂同时添加到饲料中。本研究为兽用博落回散饲料添加剂在养殖行业的广泛应用提供了实验支持。     

Microbiome analysis of dairy cows fed pasture or total mixed ration diets

Understanding rumen microbial ecology is essential for the development of feed systems designed to improve livestock productivity, health and for methane mitigation strategies from cattle. Although rumen microbial communities have been studied previously, few studies have applied next-generation sequencing technologies to that ecosystem. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in microbial community structure arising from feeding dairy cows two widely used diets: pasture and total mixed ration (TMR). Bacterial, archaeal and protozoal communities were characterized by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism of the amplified SSU rRNA gene and statistical analysis showed that bacterial and archaeal communities were significantly affected by diet, whereas no effect was observed for the protozoal community. Deep amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed significant differences in the bacterial communities between the diets and between rumen solid and liquid content. At the family level, some important groups of rumen bacteria were clearly associated with specific diets, including the higher abundance of the Fibrobacteraceae in TMR solid samples and members of the propionate-producing Veillonelaceae in pasture samples. This study will be relevant to the study of rumen microbial ecology and livestock feed management.     

富含蛋氨酸玉米醇溶蛋白在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达

蛋氨酸是畜禽饲料中的第一限制性氨基酸,也是饲料产品进行质量控制与质量评价最为关注的指标之一。利用基因工程方法,从玉米胚乳中克隆高蛋氨酸蛋白基因（10kuδzein）,与pHT43构建重组表达质粒,将其转入枯草芽胞杆菌中,IPTG诱导其表达,发现重组菌在26ku处出现了1条明显条带。HPLC检测蛋氨酸含量,重组菌的蛋氨酸含量比野生型菌株提高了20．51％。该重组菌为以后将其做为饲料添加剂进一步应用提供了技术基础。     

Livestock and feed water productivity in the mixed crop-livestock system

Recently with limited information from intensified grain-based farming systems in developed countries, livestock production is challenged as being huge consumer of freshwater. The smallholder mixed crop-livestock (MCL) system which is predominant in developing countries like Ethiopia, is maintained with considerable contributions of crop residues (CR) to livestock feeding. Inclusion of CR is expected to reduce the water requirement for feed production resulting improvement in livestock water productivity (LWP). This study was conducted to determine feed water productivity (FWP) and LWP in the MCL system. A multistage sampling procedure was followed to select farmers from different wealth status. Wealth status dictated by ownership of key farm resources such as size of cropland and livestock influenced the magnitude of livestock outputs, FWP and LWP. Significant difference in feed collected, freshwater evapotranspired, livestock outputs and water productivity (WP) were observed between wealth groups, where wealthier are relatively more advantaged. Water productivity of CR and grazing land (GL) analyzed separately showed contrasting differences where better-off gained more on CR, whereas vice versa on GL. These counterbalancing of variations may justify the non-significant difference in total FWP between wealth groups. Despite observed differences, low WP on GL indicates the need of interventions at all levels. The variation in WP of CR is attributed to availability of production factors which restrained the capacity of poor farmers most. A linear relationship between the proportion of CR in livestock feed and FWP was evident, but the relationship with LWP was not likely linear. As CR are inherently low in digestibility and nutritive values which have an effect on feed conversion into valuable livestock products and services, increasing share of CR beyond an optimum level is not a viable option to bring improvements in livestock productivity as expressed in terms of LWP. Ensuring land security, installing proper grazing management, improved forage seed supply and application of soil and water conservation are expected to enhance WP on GL. Given the relationship of production factors with crop biomass and associated WP, interventions targeted to improve provision of inputs, credit, extension and training support due emphasis to the poor would increase CR yield and reduce part of water use for feed production. Optimizing feed value of CR with treatment and supplementation, following water efficient forage production methods and maintenance of healthy productive animals are expected to amplify the benefits from livestock and eventually improve LWP.     

蛹虫草饲料添加剂的研究现状及展望

蛹虫草饲料添加剂包括蛹虫草子实体、蛹虫草培养残基、蛹虫草及其培养残基提取物、蛹虫草菌固液发酵产物、 微生物发酵蛹虫草残基等产品。蛹虫草饲料添加剂含有粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸等营养成分,以及虫草素、腺苷、多糖等活性成分,在畜禽、反刍动物、水产品等动物养殖中的应用均获得较好的 效果。对蛹虫草子实体、蛹虫草培养残基、蛹虫草及其培养残基提取物、利用蛹虫草菌及培养残基制作发酵饲料等蛹虫草饲料添加剂在动物养殖中的研究应用进行了总结,对存在的问题及发展前景进行了探讨及展望。     

阿维拉霉素生物合成研究进展

阿维拉霉素是由绿色产色链霉菌生产的寡糖类抗生素,对革兰氏阳性致病菌具有极强抗性,是一种新型饲料添加剂,广泛应用于肉鸡、仔猪等畜禽养殖中。以阿维拉霉素最新国内外研究进展为基础,综述了阿维拉霉素的抑菌机制、结构改造、菌种选育及发酵优化等方面的研究进展,重点阐述了阿维拉霉素的生物合成基因簇、合成途径及生物合成转录调控机制,探讨了提高阿维拉霉素产量的基因工程改造策略,为阿维拉霉素高效合成及工业化高产工程菌株构建等相关研究提供一定的理论参考。